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Article(id=1235553560822338218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235553554455392591, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1585670400000, receivedDateStr=2020-04-01, revisedDate=1589817600000, revisedDateStr=2020-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772508524374, onlineDateStr=2026-03-03, pubDate=1621440000000, pubDateStr=2021-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772508524374, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772508524374, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772508524374, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1235553554455392591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='108', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772508522857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989531393, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241765354544890513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235553554455392591, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241765354544890514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235553554455392591, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1235553561212408520, articleId=1235553560822338218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence of Test Methods and Electrode Arrangement on Partial Discharge Initiation Voltage of Transformer Oil, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The degree of partial discharge in transformer is an important basis to reflect the ageing degree of transformer insulating oil and evaluate the service life of transformer oil. In this paper, six kinds of transformer insulating oil with different water content were conducted partial discharge tests by two different test methods and four electrode arrangements. The influence of different test methods and electrode arrangements on the partial discharge initial voltage was analyzed. The results show that the partial discharge initial voltage is not only related to the physical and chemical properties of liquid dielectric, but also affected by the electrode arrangement, water content, and test methods. The test methods affect the dispersion of test results. The water content would change the physical and chemical properties of liquid dielectric, thereby it affects the partial discharge initial voltage from the aspects of macro dielectric property and micro ionization process. With the increase of water content, the electrode arrangement and test methods have less influence on the partial discharge initial voltage. The main factors affecting the partial discharge initial voltage of insulating oil with different water contents change from electrode arrangement and test method to the physical and chemical properties of insulating oil.

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变压器内部局部放电的程度是反映变压器绝缘油老化程度、评估变压器油使用寿命的重要依据。本文采用两种不同试验方法、4种电极布置形式对6种不同含水量的变压器绝缘油进行了局部放电试验，分析绝缘油含水量、试验方法、电极布置形式对局部放电起始电压结果的影响。结果表明：局部放电起始电压不仅与液体电介质本身的物理和化学性质有关，也受到电极布置形式、含水量和试验方法的影响；其中试验方法影响了试验结果的分散性，水分由于改变了液体电介质本身的物理和化学性质，从宏观介电性能、微观电离过程两方面影响了局部放电起始电压，含水量越大，电极布置形式、试验方法对局部放电起始电压的影响越小。随着含水量的增加，影响绝缘油局部放电起始电压的主要因素由电极布置形式、试验方法转变为绝缘油物化性质本身。

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白鹭（1988-），女（汉族），山西阳泉人，高级工程师，主要从事配电网故障分析及处置策略的研究。

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白鹭（1988-），女（汉族），山西阳泉人，高级工程师，主要从事配电网故障分析及处置策略的研究。

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白鹭（1988-），女（汉族），山西阳泉人，高级工程师，主要从事配电网故障分析及处置策略的研究。

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language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Structural parameters of different electrode arrangements, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电极结构几何参数/mm
针-板电极(EA1)针尖曲率半径为0.10，板直径为20
针-板电极(EA2)针尖曲率半径为0.02，板直径为20
针-球电极(EA3)针尖曲率半径为0.10，球直径为20
针-球电极(EA4)针尖曲率半径为0.02，球直径为20
), ArticleFig(id=1243118817593901532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235553560822338218, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同电极布置结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电极结构几何参数/mm
针-板电极(EA1)针尖曲率半径为0.10，板直径为20
针-板电极(EA2)针尖曲率半径为0.02，板直径为20
针-球电极(EA3)针尖曲率半径为0.10，球直径为20
针-球电极(EA4)针尖曲率半径为0.02，球直径为20
), ArticleFig(id=1243118817694564833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235553560822338218, language=EN, label=null, caption=Fig.2 Simulation parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
几何结构/mm几何参数/mm
l10.0
R0.5
d50.0
r按照表1取
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仿真参数

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几何结构/mm几何参数/mm
l10.0
R0.5
d50.0
r按照表1取
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试验方法及电极布置形式对变压器油局部放电起始电压的影响
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白鹭 1 , 李冠良 1 , 杨成鹏 2 , 晋涛 1 , 张来福 1 , 李小婧 1
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021,54(5): 85-91
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021, 54(5): 85-91
试验方法及电极布置形式对变压器油局部放电起始电压的影响
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白鹭1, 李冠良1, 杨成鹏2, 晋涛1, 张来福1, 李小婧1
作者信息
  • 1国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院，山西 太原 030001
  • 2国网山西省电力公司信息通信分公司，山西 太原 030021

    • 白鹭（1988-），女（汉族），山西阳泉人，高级工程师，主要从事配电网故障分析及处置策略的研究。

Influence of Test Methods and Electrode Arrangement on Partial Discharge Initiation Voltage of Transformer Oil
Lu BAI1, Guanliang LI1, Chengpeng YANG2, Tao JIN1, Laifu ZHANG1, Xiaojing LI1
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Research Institute, Taiyuan 030001, China
  • 2State Grid Information & Telecommunication Company of SEPC, Taiyuan 030021, China
出版时间: 2021-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.013
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摘要
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变压器内部局部放电的程度是反映变压器绝缘油老化程度、评估变压器油使用寿命的重要依据。本文采用两种不同试验方法、4种电极布置形式对6种不同含水量的变压器绝缘油进行了局部放电试验，分析绝缘油含水量、试验方法、电极布置形式对局部放电起始电压结果的影响。结果表明：局部放电起始电压不仅与液体电介质本身的物理和化学性质有关，也受到电极布置形式、含水量和试验方法的影响；其中试验方法影响了试验结果的分散性，水分由于改变了液体电介质本身的物理和化学性质，从宏观介电性能、微观电离过程两方面影响了局部放电起始电压，含水量越大，电极布置形式、试验方法对局部放电起始电压的影响越小。随着含水量的增加，影响绝缘油局部放电起始电压的主要因素由电极布置形式、试验方法转变为绝缘油物化性质本身。

变压器  /  植物绝缘油  /  局部放电  /  含水量

The degree of partial discharge in transformer is an important basis to reflect the ageing degree of transformer insulating oil and evaluate the service life of transformer oil. In this paper, six kinds of transformer insulating oil with different water content were conducted partial discharge tests by two different test methods and four electrode arrangements. The influence of different test methods and electrode arrangements on the partial discharge initial voltage was analyzed. The results show that the partial discharge initial voltage is not only related to the physical and chemical properties of liquid dielectric, but also affected by the electrode arrangement, water content, and test methods. The test methods affect the dispersion of test results. The water content would change the physical and chemical properties of liquid dielectric, thereby it affects the partial discharge initial voltage from the aspects of macro dielectric property and micro ionization process. With the increase of water content, the electrode arrangement and test methods have less influence on the partial discharge initial voltage. The main factors affecting the partial discharge initial voltage of insulating oil with different water contents change from electrode arrangement and test method to the physical and chemical properties of insulating oil.

transformer  /  vegetable insulating oil  /  partial discharge  /  moisture content
白鹭, 李冠良, 杨成鹏, 晋涛, 张来福, 李小婧. 试验方法及电极布置形式对变压器油局部放电起始电压的影响. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (5) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.013
Lu BAI, Guanliang LI, Chengpeng YANG, Tao JIN, Laifu ZHANG, Xiaojing LI. Influence of Test Methods and Electrode Arrangement on Partial Discharge Initiation Voltage of Transformer Oil[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (5) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.013
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0 引言
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矿物绝缘油是一种广泛应用于电力变压器的液体绝缘介质，随着变压器的更新换代，以及人们对于矿物绝缘油物理和化学特性认识的不断深入，进一步推动了矿物绝缘油的技术和运行经验累积[1-3]。但在矿物绝缘油的应用中，人们发现矿物变压器油具有燃点低、毒性大、生物降解性差等缺点，此时合成酯和天然酯类绝缘油作为矿物油的替代品进入研究人员的视野。
合成酯和天然酯类绝缘油具有无毒性、可生物降解对环境友好的优点，因此各国研究人员开始逐步将植物绝缘油应用于配电变压器和部分高压变压器中[4-6]。随着植物绝缘油在变压器中获得越来越多的应用，加速了世界各地对植物绝缘油的研究[7-13]。研究表明，变压器的油纸绝缘系统中，变压器油中溶解的水分是一种不可避免的杂质，会引起绝缘油性能下降并为变压器正常运行带来安全隐患，植物油对水分具有高溶解度，可以降低绝缘纸内部的水含量，从而延缓绝缘纸的老化过程。
变压器内部局部放电通常起始于电场高或者存在气泡的位置，这些位置电场极不均匀从而引起场致发射现象[14-15]。变压器油的物理和化学性质会由于局部放电的存在而劣化，劣化过程中绝缘油中的碳氢分子发生分解，最终引起绝缘油的老化，因此监测变压器内部局部放电是评估变压器油使用寿命的重要手段[16-18]。变压器内部局部放电起始过程具有随机性，取决于电极附近的局部电场强度，而空间电荷对电极附近局部场强的畸变作用也会对局部放电的起始过程造成影响，因此确定局部放电起始电压来定义局部放电的起始十分重要[19]。
随着绝缘油研究的深入，各种天然或合成酯绝缘油的电气特性已经得到了较为广泛的研究。在不同种类的绝缘油研究方面，A SUSILO等[20]对比研究了人工合成棕榈酯绝缘油和矿物油的局部放电特性；S BANUMATHI等[21]综合比较了橄榄油、蓖麻油和矿物油的局部放电特性；研究发现，植物绝缘油中的局部放电活动比矿物油低。在含水量的影响方面，J FABIAN等[22]研究了水分对矿物油、天然植物绝缘油、合成酯类绝缘油中局部放电特性的影响，结果表明含水量较低时植物绝缘油的局部放电活动程度比矿物油低，但含水量上升后植物绝缘油的局部放电活动程度超过矿物油；S CHANDRASEKAR等[23]研究发现随着时间的推移，植物油中局部放电活动程度急剧增加，而矿物油局部放电活动增加程度比植物油低。可见绝缘油电气特性的研究取得了一定成果，但就含水量对局部放电活动的影响并未达成一致，特别是随着含水量的变化，植物油、矿物油局部放电活动的变化规律并不相同，这是因为研究时采用了不同的试验方法，也未深入考虑绝缘油中水分对试验结果的影响。
本文采用不同含水量的绝缘油研究试验方法、电极布置形式对局部放电起始电压的影响，为选择适当的试验方法、电极布置形式研究绝缘油的电气特性提供参考。
1 试验
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试验用试样是天然酯变压器油，采用4种不同尺寸和形状参数的电极进行试验，这4种电极均能产生非均匀电场，4种电极尺寸参数如表1所示。
4种电极布置形式下，每种电极之间的间隙距离都是50 mm；试验采用同种变压器油，配置6种不同的湿度参数，含水量分别为60×10-6、250×10-6、415×10-6、560×10-6、725×10-6、950×10-6。
为得到不同含水量的绝缘油试样，采用磁力搅拌机搅拌油的同时，在油表面通入水蒸气，含水量则通过Karl Fischer titrator-Metrohm 852 Titrando型滴定仪进行测量，通过控制水蒸气通入的持续时间来控制含水量。混合完成后，采用Concept 80型宽带介电谱测试系统测试绝缘油的酸值和相对介电常数，其中相对介电常数按照GB/T 5654—2007《液体绝缘材料相对电容率、介质损耗因数和直流电阻率的测量》的要求进行测量，酸值按照GB/T 264—1983《石油产品酸值测定法》的要求进行测量。
试样局部放电的测量遵照相关标准的要求进行，局部放电起始电压试验方法主要有以下两种：①依照IEC 61294:1993推荐的方法进行，以1 kV/s的速度升高电压，直到测量得到的局放电荷量达到100 pC。②基于改进型IEC 61294:1993法，具体步骤是以1 kV/s的速度升高电压，直至放电量达到70 pC（预计放电量的70%），之后加压方式改为每分钟升高1 kV，直到局部放电电荷量达到100 pC。
按照上述两种试验方法，在不同电极布置形式、不同变压器油含水量条件下进行10次试验，然后统计试验数据的平均值。
局部放电起始电压的测量基于脉冲电流法，试验布置如图1所示。试验回路由电源单元、模型单元和测量单元3个部分组成。电源单元包括调压器T1和60 kV/60 MVA试验变压器、无晕试验变压器T2（在额定电压下的局部放电量小于5 pC）、阻值为5.3 kΩ的保护电阻R（试样击穿时起到限流作用，保护试验变压器和电极不被破坏）和容量为1 000 pF的电容分压器Ck（由C1和C2两个电容组成）。测量单元的核心设备D为超宽频带数字示波器LeCroy Wavepro7 100，其最大采样率为20 GSa/s，最大带宽为2 GHz，采用隔离变压器对示波器进行单独供电；检测阻抗Z的阻值为50 Ω，起到获取流过试样的电容电流脉冲信号和保护示波器的双重作用；分压器Ck低压臂的电压信号接入数字示波器D，作为获取50 Hz的工频参考信号。
2 试验结果
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2.1 物理和化学特性
图2为试验绝缘油达到不同含水量后测量得到的相对介电常数与酸值。其中酸值的定义是中和 1 g变压油中含有的酸性成分所需氢氧化钾的毫克数，单位为mgKOH/g，试验中测得的酸值为有机酸和无机酸的总和，称为总酸值。从图2可以看出，随着试样含水量的上升，绝缘油的相对介电常数、酸值都有所上升；其中相对介电常数反映出绝缘油整体的宏观极化程度，极化程度的增加会导致绝缘介质内部附加场强的增加。由图2(a)可以看出，绝缘油相对介电常数的增长在含水量达到415×10-6后放缓，表明含水量大于415×10-6后绝缘油中的附加场强增加变得缓慢，这一增长趋势与酸值随含水量的变化趋势相似，而绝缘油中酸值的上升主要是由于水分溶解于油后，绝缘油发生水解造成的。
2.2 局部放电起始电压
图3为不同含水量条件下，采用不同试验方法和电极布置形式得到的局部放电起始电压。从图3可以看出，电极布置形式采用EA1形式时，测量得到的局部放电起始电压最高，在变压器油含水量为60×10-6时，不管电极如何布置以及采用何种试验方法，大部分试验都测得了最高的局部放电起始电压。
无论采用试验方法①还是试验方法②，EA1形式的电极布置都具有最高的局部放电起始电压，这是因为EA1形式的电极布置具有最均匀的电场分布，但是随着含水量的上升，这一规律变得不明显，表明水分的溶解能够明显改变局部放电起始电压的试验规律。当电极布置形式不同时，无论接地电极采用板电极还是球电极，针尖曲率半径较大时局部放电起始电压更高，这一规律随着变压器油含水量的增加变得逐渐不明显。针尖曲率半径的试验
结果与矿物变压器油中得到的结果相似，但矿物油的研究中暂未考虑试样含水量的影响[16-18]。不同电极布置条件下，采用不同试验方法时，局部放电起始电压是否会出现明显差异则取决于试样变压器油中的含水量。
图4为不同电极布置形式下含水量对局部放电起始电压的影响。从图4可以看出，电极布置形式采用EA1时，局部放电起始电压随着变压器油含水量的升高而显著下降，而采用其他布置形式时这一规律都不如EA1明显对比两种试验方法可以看出，采用第②种试验方法得到的局部放电起始电压更小，并且随着变压器油含水量的上升，不同试验方法得到的局部放电起始电压差异逐渐减小，但采用试验方法②时，数据的误差线更短，表明数据分散性更小，得出的结果更可信。
3 分析与讨论
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3.1 含水量对绝缘油局部放电起始电压的影响
从绝缘油介电性能的角度来看，天然酯绝缘油是混脂肪酸甘油三酯的混合物，分子结构中存在羧基、酰基等极性基团，属于偶极性电介质。因此天然酯绝缘油在交流电场作用下除了发生电子位移极化以外，还发生偶极子转向极化。植物绝缘油液体分子具有固有偶极矩，它们之间的距离近，相互作用强，造成强附加电场，植物绝缘油的介电常数遵从式（1）。
2εr+n2εrn2+22=C0+Cs(f0αe1+αd1+fsαe2+αd2)3ε0
式（1）中：ε0为真空介电常数；εr为相对介电常数；n为折射率；αe为电子式位移极化；αd为极性分子的转向极化；假设C0为植物绝缘油的分子浓度，CS为酸性产物的分子浓度，αe1和αd1分别代表植物绝缘油的电子位移极化和转向极化；αe2和αd2分别代表酸性产物分子的电子位移极化和转向极化；f0和fs分别代表绝缘油和酸性产物的极化占比系数，分别取0.85和0.15。
当植物绝缘油中的酸性产物增多时，可视其为一种混合的极性液体，由图2中相对介电常数、酸值与含水量的关系可知，二者在增长规律上相似，正是由于水分的混入导致绝缘油水解产生酸性产物，使得绝缘油的相对介电常数按照式（1）所揭示的规律增加，进一步增加了绝缘油中的附加场强，使得局部放电起始电压降低。
另一方面从微观电离过程来说，金属电极与液体接触的界面会产生一个亥姆赫兹层[24]，假设亥姆赫兹层的厚度为d，则电极端部的高电场强度将会影响界面张力γ，界面张力的计算如式（2）所示。
∇γ=-∫0dεE2dx
式（2）所示是电极表面附近液体的界面张力变化量，可见电场作用下产生的界面张力变化量为负，使将得界面张力降低，从而使得界面处液体密度降低，并导致微气泡的产生，此时电荷可以从电极表面射入电极附近的气泡中；而针尖处发生的电离，产生高速运动的电子，在电场的作用下发生迁移，加强了电离、产生焦耳热，并进一步使得液体汽化产生微气泡，使得局部场强大幅增强[25-26]。变压器所用的天然酯绝缘油是由甘油三酯和三个长链脂肪酸分子通过酯键连接在一起，脂肪酸链在天然酯变压器油的物理和化学性质方面起主导作用，而水分恰好能够溶解在天然酯变压器油中，改变了绝缘油液体的分子结构。由于液体的黏度和液体电离条件影响着载流子的数目[27]，因此水溶解于酯类变压器油中以后，影响了载流子的迁移率，此时水分的溶解降低了油中的局部放电起始电压，与图4变压器油随含水量上升局部放电起始电压显著降低的趋势相对应。
3.2 电极布置对局部放电起始电压的影响
试验测量得到的不同局部放电起始电压主要与电场强度有关。电场强度的不均匀性主要取决于针尖电极的曲率半径和间隙距离。电极布置形式采用针板布置时，针尖附近的局部电场E可通过式（3）计算。
E=Ur⋅lna+rr
式（3）中：U是电源施加的电压；r是针尖的曲率半径；a是电极间电气间隙的距离。
由式（3）可知，减小针尖曲率半径后，针尖附近局部电场得到加强，同时会增大间隙中电场分布的不均匀程度。因此对于针球电极系统，由于球电极的曲率半径小于板电极，针-球电极系统的电场不均匀程度要大于针-板电极系统，从而导致针-球电极系统的局部放电起始电压降低。
本文基于MATLAB软件平台的PDE tool box工具箱，建立了试验布置的电场分布计算模型，几何模型和参数设置如图5所示，仿真参数如表2所示。
通过PDE工具箱计算间隙的电场不均匀系数f（f=Emax/Eavg），得到局部放电起始电压与电场不均匀系数的关系如图6所示。从图6可以看出，总体上看随着电场不均匀系数的增大，局部放电起始电压降低，这一规律在含水量较低时尤其明显，而含水量的上升削弱了这一趋势，特别是显著降低了较均匀电场（电场不均匀系数为2.42）条件下的局部放电起始电压。
3.3 试验方法对局部放电起始电压的影响
绝缘油中发生局部放电时，流注放电通道发展的过程中局部电场同样会得到加强，在流注的起始阶段（流注长度不超过3 mm），局部电场数值的改变比电极系统几何结构带来的变化更大[28-29]。采用试验方法①进行试验时，局部放电始终处于不稳定的发展阶段，在此过程中电极系统局部电场的分布极易受到局部放电起始流注的影响，导致试验结果具有较高分散性，如图4中的误差线所示。采用试验方法②进行试验时，可以使电极附近的局部放电趋向稳定，以这种方式得到的试验结果受起始流注的影响较小，得到的结果分散性较小，因此采用不同试验方法测得的局部放电起始电压虽然具有相同的变化规律，但是试验方法②得到的数据更精确。
4 结论
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（1）当接地电极采用平板时，针尖电极的曲率半径对局部放电起始电压有显著影响，表明在间隙电场分布整体较为均匀的前提下，放电电极曲率半径决定了局部放电起始电压的大小。
（2）试验方法对变压器油的局部放电起始电压测量的影响主要体现在采用不同试验方法得到的结果分散性具有一定差异，采用先升压至放电量达到70 pC，再每分钟升高1 kV的试验方法，可以减小试验结果的分散性。
（3）水分溶解于变压器油中产生的酸性物质，宏观上改变了绝缘油极化程度，微观上改变了绝缘油内电离过程、带电粒子运动能力，导致变压器油局部放电起始电压随着含水量的增加而降低，并且水分的增加削弱了电场分布、试验方法对结果的影响，表明随着含水量增加，影响绝缘油局部放电起始电压的主要因素由电极布置、试验方法转变为绝缘油物化性质本身。
基金
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  • 国网山西省电力公司科技项目(52053018000M)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2021年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.013
  • 接收时间：2020-04-01
  • 首发时间：2026-03-03
  • 出版时间：2021-05-20
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  • 收稿日期：2020-04-01
  • 修回日期：2020-05-19
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国网山西省电力公司科技项目(52053018000M)
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    1国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院，山西 太原 030001
    2国网山西省电力公司信息通信分公司，山西 太原 030021
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
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