Article(id=1235553562126774770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235553554455392591, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1584979200000, receivedDateStr=2020-03-24, revisedDate=1589299200000, revisedDateStr=2020-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772508524686, onlineDateStr=2026-03-03, pubDate=1621440000000, pubDateStr=2021-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772508524686, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772508524686, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772508524686, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1235553554455392591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='108', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772508522857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989531393, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241765354544890513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235553554455392591, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241765354544890514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235553554455392591, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1235553563716416003, articleId=1235553562126774770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on Rejuvenation Effect of Field Returned Cable Based on Cable Insulation Life Extension Technology, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At first, the insulation level of returned cable was analyzed by ultra-low frequency (VLF) dielectric loss test method and microscope observation method. And then, the organic-inorganic composite repair fluid was injected into the cable core through a repair system. After repairing for 24 h, the generated filler was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), and the insulation level of the cable after repairing was analyzed by VLF dielectric loss test method and breakdown voltage test method. The microscopic test results show that after injecting the organic-inorganic composite repair fluid, the micropores and defects will be filled during the penetration and reaction process of repair fluid in cable insulation layer, both the number and size of micropores in repaired cable insulation are smaller than those in unrepaired sample, at the same time, the hydroxyl absorption peak is reduced significantly. The VLF dielectric loss test results show that the performance indexes of the cable after repairing is enhanced, and the breakdown voltage is improved. It is proved that the organic-inorganic composite repairing technology can improve the insulating properties of field returned cable effectively and prolong the cable insulation life.

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首先采用超低频(VLF)介损测试法和显微镜观察法分析退运电缆的绝缘水平,然后通过修复系统向电缆缆芯注入有机-无机复合修复液。修复24 h后,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(IR)两种微观测试方法对生成的填充物进行分析,并采用VLF介损测试法和击穿电压测试法对修复后的电缆绝缘水平进行分析。微观测试结果表明:注入有机-无机复合修复液后,修复液在电缆绝缘层内部渗透和反应过程中会填充微孔和缺陷,修复后电缆绝缘中的微孔数量和尺寸均小于未修复样本,同时表征水分的羟基特征峰明显降低。VLF介损测试结果表明,修复后的电缆各项性能指标增强,击穿电压得到了提高。证明有机-无机复合修复技术能够有效提升现场退运电缆的绝缘性能并延长电缆绝缘寿命。

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罗阳帆(1993-),男(汉族),四川自贡人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态监测与故障诊断的研究;

周凯(1975-),男(汉族),四川宜宾人,教授,主要从事电缆设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

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罗阳帆(1993-),男(汉族),四川自贡人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态监测与故障诊断的研究;

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周凯(1975-),男(汉族),四川宜宾人,教授,主要从事电缆设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

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周凯(1975-),男(汉族),四川宜宾人,教授,主要从事电缆设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

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电缆编号横截面/mm2长度/m运行信息
电缆13004.2事故处理退运电缆,运行22年
电缆23004.2运行15年后的退运电缆
电缆32404.2运行20年后的退运电缆
), ArticleFig(id=1243118809415005155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235553562126774770, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

退运电缆信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电缆编号横截面/mm2长度/m运行信息
电缆13004.2事故处理退运电缆,运行22年
电缆23004.2运行15年后的退运电缆
电缆32404.2运行20年后的退运电缆
), ArticleFig(id=1243118809507279849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235553562126774770, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=The VLF dielectric loss test results of the returned cables before repairing, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线路电缆相

Δtanδ

/(×10-3)

时间稳定性

/(×10-3)

tanδ平均值

/(×10-3)

电缆1A22.143.4220.32
B103.201.1155.04
C102.851.5585.06
电缆2A55.445.6744.67
B78.630.3358.41
C56.260.2335.57
电缆3A22.750.4015.13
B39.100.2535.61
C74.684.6767.72
), ArticleFig(id=1243118809582777324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235553562126774770, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

退运电缆修复前VLF介损测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线路电缆相

Δtanδ

/(×10-3)

时间稳定性

/(×10-3)

tanδ平均值

/(×10-3)

电缆1A22.143.4220.32
B103.201.1155.04
C102.851.5585.06
电缆2A55.445.6744.67
B78.630.3358.41
C56.260.2335.57
电缆3A22.750.4015.13
B39.100.2535.61
C74.684.6767.72
), ArticleFig(id=1243118809746355185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235553562126774770, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=The breakdown voltage test results of thereturned cables before and after repairing, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线路修复相击穿电压/kV
修复前修复后
电缆1C16.320.5
电缆2B19.520.4
电缆3C18.319.8
), ArticleFig(id=1243118809821852664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235553562126774770, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

退运电缆修复前后击穿电压测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线路修复相击穿电压/kV
修复前修复后
电缆1C16.320.5
电缆2B19.520.4
电缆3C18.319.8
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基于电缆绝缘寿命扩展技术的现场退运电缆修复效果研究
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罗阳帆 , 周凯 , 李康乐 , 李诗雨
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(5): 54-60
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(5): 54-60
基于电缆绝缘寿命扩展技术的现场退运电缆修复效果研究
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罗阳帆, 周凯, 李康乐, 李诗雨
作者信息
  • 四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 罗阳帆(1993-),男(汉族),四川自贡人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态监测与故障诊断的研究;

    周凯(1975-),男(汉族),四川宜宾人,教授,主要从事电缆设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

Research on Rejuvenation Effect of Field Returned Cable Based on Cable Insulation Life Extension Technology
Yangfan LUO, Kai ZHOU, Kangle LI, Shiyu LI
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2021-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.008
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首先采用超低频(VLF)介损测试法和显微镜观察法分析退运电缆的绝缘水平,然后通过修复系统向电缆缆芯注入有机-无机复合修复液。修复24 h后,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(IR)两种微观测试方法对生成的填充物进行分析,并采用VLF介损测试法和击穿电压测试法对修复后的电缆绝缘水平进行分析。微观测试结果表明:注入有机-无机复合修复液后,修复液在电缆绝缘层内部渗透和反应过程中会填充微孔和缺陷,修复后电缆绝缘中的微孔数量和尺寸均小于未修复样本,同时表征水分的羟基特征峰明显降低。VLF介损测试结果表明,修复后的电缆各项性能指标增强,击穿电压得到了提高。证明有机-无机复合修复技术能够有效提升现场退运电缆的绝缘性能并延长电缆绝缘寿命。

交联聚乙烯电缆  /  水树老化  /  有机-无机复合修复液  /  绝缘修复  /  击穿电压

At first, the insulation level of returned cable was analyzed by ultra-low frequency (VLF) dielectric loss test method and microscope observation method. And then, the organic-inorganic composite repair fluid was injected into the cable core through a repair system. After repairing for 24 h, the generated filler was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), and the insulation level of the cable after repairing was analyzed by VLF dielectric loss test method and breakdown voltage test method. The microscopic test results show that after injecting the organic-inorganic composite repair fluid, the micropores and defects will be filled during the penetration and reaction process of repair fluid in cable insulation layer, both the number and size of micropores in repaired cable insulation are smaller than those in unrepaired sample, at the same time, the hydroxyl absorption peak is reduced significantly. The VLF dielectric loss test results show that the performance indexes of the cable after repairing is enhanced, and the breakdown voltage is improved. It is proved that the organic-inorganic composite repairing technology can improve the insulating properties of field returned cable effectively and prolong the cable insulation life.

XLPE cable  /  water tree ageing  /  organic-inorganic composite repair fluid  /  insulation rejuvenation  /  breakdown voltage
罗阳帆, 周凯, 李康乐, 李诗雨. 基于电缆绝缘寿命扩展技术的现场退运电缆修复效果研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (5) : 54 -60 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.008
Yangfan LUO, Kai ZHOU, Kangle LI, Shiyu LI. Research on Rejuvenation Effect of Field Returned Cable Based on Cable Insulation Life Extension Technology[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (5) : 54 -60 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.008
随着现代化城市的发展,交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆正逐渐取代架空线路,成为城市配电网中主要的线路设备[1-2]。但电缆沟道环境较为复杂,若存在积水,水分将在电缆运行过程中逐步渗入电缆绝缘并在电缆绝缘中引发水树,使得电缆逐渐老化,提高了电缆发生击穿故障的风险[3-4]。另外,在长期电场作用下电缆绝缘中可能产生电树,随着电树的发展,最终将导致绝缘击穿。综上,水树和电树都将导致电缆绝缘老化,从而影响电力系统的安全稳定运行。若能对电缆绝缘及时进行修复,则可延长电缆的绝缘使用寿命,提高供电可靠性,减少因为电缆事故带来的经济损失。
对于电缆绝缘中的水树,通常是在绝缘中注入修复液以消除其中的水分,从而达到绝缘修复的目的。而对于电缆绝缘中的电树,学者们提出了多种电树自愈合的方法,文献[5]提出在电缆绝缘中添加少量的超顺磁性纳米颗粒,在振荡磁场下,这些颗粒迁移至电树区域并在此区域产生高温,从而将电树区域的材料融化并实现修复。文献[6]通过在电缆绝缘中添加包含愈合剂的微胶囊,当电树发展至微胶囊时,其中的愈合剂释放,与基体发生交联反应从而修复绝缘。文献[7]提出利用二乙基四甲基咪唑改性环氧树脂,从而实现愈合剂和基体的阴离子聚合及绝缘修复。
XLPE电缆的老化主要是水树老化,针对水树老化的绝缘修复研究,主要是向电缆注入不同成分的修复液,用于修复电缆内的水树,提高电缆绝缘性能[8-9]。早期修复技术采用主要成分为有机硅的电缆修复液修复电缆,有机硅可与电缆中的水发生化学反应并生成有机填充物,填充水树孔洞,从而阻止运行环境中的水分进入电缆[10-13]。为了让修复液中各类成分在注入到电缆后的扩散速率一致,防止扩散不均匀带来的影响,有学者进一步改进了修复液的成分,提升了反应速率[14]。然而,研究发现仅基于有机成分的修复液在提升电缆耐局部放电特性等方面存在不足,进而提出了在有机修复液中添加无机成分的有机-无机复合修复技术,该技术可进一步提升电缆绝缘性能[15-18]。虽然该技术在实验室加速老化电缆上验证了其提升电缆绝缘性能的有效性,但现场电缆运行环境复杂,在长期运行过程中电缆绝缘的理化性能不同于在实验室加速老化的电缆。目前关于有机-无机复合修复液对现场运行时间较长的电缆是否同样具有修复作用尚未见报道。
本研究将有机-无机复合的修复液运用到现场退运电缆的绝缘修复中,研究该方法对现场运行电缆的修复效果。
电缆样本来自于现场长时间运行后退运的电缆,详细信息如表1所示。其中电缆1为事故处理后的退运电缆,电缆2和电缆3为达到额定运行期限后退运的电缆。
将退运电缆截断,剥除铠装,使用切片机将其三相切成厚度为100 μm左右的薄片,将薄片用亚甲基蓝溶液处理后,使用光学显微镜观察其微观形态,放大倍数为64倍,为了形成对比,还采用YJLV223×95型新电缆样本进行比较,结果如图1所示。从图1可以看出,新电缆样本中,内、外半导电层与绝缘的交界处十分清晰,界线分明。而退运电缆明显存在着区别于新电缆样本的老化现象,在退运电缆三相绝缘中的内、外半导电层和绝缘层界面均存在连续的片状老化层,尺寸从数微米到数十微米不等。
为了进一步分析退运电缆的绝缘性能及确定修复相,需要对退运电缆进行超低频(VLF)介损测试。在测试前,首先对3根退运电缆进行热缩终端处理,以消除测试中表面泄漏电流及残余应力对后续测试的影响。然后对经过热缩终端处理后的电缆进行VLF介损测试,测试电压为0.1 Hz正弦激励,包括0.5U0U0、1.5U0U0为电缆额定相电压8.7 kV)。
表2为3根不同退运电缆的VLF介损测试结果,其中Δtanδ为1.5U0和0.5U0下介质损耗因数(tanδ)的平均值之差,时间稳定性为U0下tanδ的标准偏差,tanδ平均值为U0下tanδ的平均值。基于IEEE Std 400.2TM-2013[19],分析表2数据可知,3根退运电缆都存在不同程度的老化,其中电缆1的A、B、C三相均为严重老化状态,其中C相老化最为严重,三相的Δtanδ、时间稳定性、tanδ平均值均大幅超过IEEE Std 400.2-2013标准中的严重老化标准值(80×10-3、0.5×10-3、50×10-3)。电缆2的A、B两相为严重老化状态,C相为老化状态。其中B相Δtanδ为78.63×10-3,大幅超过老化标准值5×10-3;时间稳定性为0.33×10-3,超过老化标准值0.1×10-3;tanδ平均值为58.41×10-3,超过严重老化标准值50×10-3。电缆3的A、B两相为老化状态,C相为严重老化状态,C相Δtanδ为74.68×10-3,大幅超过老化标准值5×10-3,时间稳定性为4.67×10-3,超过严重老化标准值0.5×10-3,tanδ平均值为67.72×10-3,超过严重老化标准值50×10-3。分别选择每根电缆中老化最严重的一相作为修复对象,即电缆1的C相、电缆2的B相、电缆3的C相。
采用图2所示修复系统对退运电缆进行修复,修复24 h后评估修复效果。通过该修复系统可以将修复液注入到电缆的缆芯内并渗透至绝缘本体。所采用的修复液是一种新型有机-无机复合的修复液,已经在实验室证明了该修复液能够有效修复加速水树老化电缆,提升其绝缘性能[15-18]
为了对退运电缆内、外半导电层交界处绝缘的连续片状老化层进行分析,分别取其内半导电层侧绝缘与外半导电层侧绝缘在液氮中冷冻淬断,然后在SEM下观察,分析退运电缆三相绝缘层微观形貌的差异。为了形成对照,还采用新电缆样本进行比较,放大倍数为5 000倍,观测结果如图3所示,其中左图为外半导电层侧绝缘,右图为内半导电层侧绝缘。从图3可以看出,新电缆样本的整个断面平整,没有发现明显的微孔。电缆2的内、外半导电层侧XLPE绝缘均未发现尺寸较为明显的微孔,整体绝
缘老化现象并不明显。而在电缆1的内、外半导电层侧以及电缆3的外半导电层侧均存在着少许微孔,微孔尺寸小于1 μm,表明XLPE绝缘层发生了一定程度的老化;修复后的电缆绝缘中微孔数量和尺寸均小于未修复样本,表明修复液可有效填充水树微孔。
采用IR分析退运电缆修复前后绝缘层中化学成分的变化,切片绝缘厚度约为100 μm,分析部位分别为靠近内半导电层和外半导电层的XLPE绝缘层。图4为新电缆绝缘层与3根退运电缆修复前后绝缘层的IR分析结果对比图。由图4可知,新电缆样本中的红外吸收峰主要有5个,依次出现在波数为719、1 375、1 470、2 849、2 917 cm-1处。本研究分析的3根退运电缆样本都在820 cm-1处出现了苯环吸收峰,这是由于XLPE绝缘交联过程中的交联剂可能采用了过氧化二异丙苯。
由于电缆绝缘老化过程中往往伴随着支链、端基的断裂及氧化,导致XLPE绝缘材料的聚合度逐渐下降。因此,电缆绝缘整体劣化越严重,其红外光谱在2 750~3 000 cm-1处的峰值越弱,且表征其聚合度的719 cm-1处吸收峰也减弱。而支链断裂后,末端的亚甲基最终以甲基的形式存在,因而在1 375 cm-1处-CH3的变形振动峰出现一定程度的增强。
退运电缆修复前后的IR分析结果表明,修复前,3根退运电缆在3340 cm-1和1643 cm-1处存在微弱的O-H键伸缩振动峰和弯曲振动峰,说明这些退运电缆相较于新电缆样本,其绝缘内部含水量有所上升。此外,退运电缆在运行过程中可能存在着一定程度的氧化,其分子链中的亚甲基被氧化为羰基,因而在1 741 cm-1处观察到较为明显的C=O键的吸收峰。
而在修复后,电缆1中出现了Si-O键(1 259 cm-1)的吸收峰,表明修复液渗透至XLPE绝缘内部。红外光谱中3 340 cm-1和1 643 cm-1处O-H键的伸缩振动峰和弯曲振动峰、1 741 cm-1处C=O键的特征吸收峰均存在着不同程度的降低,这是由于修复液在电缆绝缘中的渗透和反应过程中不断消耗绝缘内部水分,导致表征水分的羟基吸收峰明显降低。羰
键吸收峰的降低是由于修复液包含无机成分,抗氧化性能有所提升。上述结果表明采用有机-无机复合修复液对退运电缆进行修复后,电缆的绝缘性能可能有所提高。
对3根退运电缆的修复相进行修复24 h后,其VLF介损测试结果如表3所示。从表3可以看出,修复后电缆1的Δtanδ和tanδ平均值均从严重老化状态降为老化状态,分别下降了86.51×10-3和68.64×10-3,下降幅度分别为84.11%和80.70%;而时间稳定性也从严重老化状态降为正常状态,下降了1.52×10-3,下降幅度为98.06%。
修复后电缆2的Δtanδ为18.44×10-3,虽仍超过老化标准值,但比修复前下降了60.19×10-3,下降幅度为76.55%;时间稳定性为0.07×10-3,由老化状态降为正常状态,下降了0.26×10-3,下降幅度为78.79%;tanδ平均值为10.27×10-3,由严重老化状态降为老化状态,下降了48.14×10-3,下降幅度为82.42%。
修复后电缆3的Δtanδ为29.71×10-3,虽仍超过老化标准值,但下降了44.97×10-3,下降幅度为60.22%;时间稳定性为0.54×10-3,虽仍超过严重老化标准值,但已接近严重老化标准值0.5×10-3,下降了4.13×10-3,下降幅度为88.44%;tanδ平均值为23.07×10-3,由严重老化状态降为老化状态,下降了44.65×10-3,下降幅度为65.93%。
根据VLF介损测试结果可知,3根退运电缆的修复相得到了修复,绝缘性能均得到了较大的提升。
采用逐步升压法对修复前后的退运电缆进行测试,首先使用交联电缆切片机从电缆轴向上切取一定大小的薄片样本,然后对修复前后的样本进行逐级耐压实验,具体升压过程如图5所示。
考虑到实验过程中,由于样本数量的限制,并且样本的击穿具有一定的随机性与分散性,采用双参数微布尔分布来对试样的击穿电压进行统计处理,并以击穿概率为63.2%时的数值作为击穿电压的表征值[20]。退运电缆修复前后的击穿电压测试结果如表4所示。
以退运电缆1为例,其击穿概率与施加电压的关系如图6所示。由图6可知,在击穿概率为63.2%时,修复前电缆1的击穿电压为16.3 kV,而修复后的击穿电压提高至20.5 kV。因此,采用本研究的电缆绝缘寿命扩展技术能够修复严重老化的电缆,延长电缆使用寿命。
本研究提出了适用于现场退运电缆的绝缘寿命扩展技术,通过有机-无机复合修复液对退运电缆进行了绝缘修复,得到主要结论如下:
(1)修复后电缆内的水树微孔被修复液与水分反应得到的填充物所填充,抑制了水树的发展,同时起到了预防作用。
(2)VLF介损测试结果表明修复后的电缆绝缘水平得到了恢复,击穿电压测试也表明修复后电缆的耐压水平得到了提高。证明本研究的电缆绝缘寿命扩展技术能够修复严重老化的电缆,延长电缆使用寿命。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877142)
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2021年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.008
  • 接收时间:2020-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-03
  • 出版时间:2021-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-03-24
  • 修回日期:2020-05-13
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877142)
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    四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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