Article(id=1235553555675927106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235553554455392591, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1597939200000, receivedDateStr=2020-08-21, revisedDate=1604073600000, revisedDateStr=2020-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772508523147, onlineDateStr=2026-03-03, pubDate=1621440000000, pubDateStr=2021-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772508523147, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772508523147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772508523147, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1235553554455392591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='108', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772508522857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989531393, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241765354544890513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235553554455392591, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241765354544890514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235553554455392591, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1235553556036637252, articleId=1235553555675927106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of Non-thermal Plasma Modification on Surface Characteristics of Polyimide Nanocomposites Film, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the low-temperature plasma was generated by DBD test platform, and the polyimide (PI) nanocomposite film was modified by the low-temperature plasma. The surface morphology, chemical bond structure, surface conductivity, and corona resistance of the nanocomposite film before and after the low-temperature plasma modification were tested to study the change law of the film surface characteristics. The results show that after surface modification, the nanocomposite film surface becomes rough gradually, and there are micropores and discontinuous protrusions appeared. Polar oxygen-rich groups were introduced on the surface by plasma modification with appropriate modification time. With the increase of modification time, the contact angle decreases, the surface energy and surface conductivity increase, and the corona resistance life increases at first and then decreases. When the low-temperature plasma modification time is 10 s, the corona resistance life of the modified nanocomposites film is 15.7% higher than that of the unmodified nanocomposites film. After modified by the low-temperature plasma, the nanocomposite film has more uniform surface than the pure PI film, and the modified nanocomposite film has the characteristics of small surface energy and large surface conductivity. The large surface conductivity will accelerate the dissipation speed of surface charge of the nanocomposite film, avoid the surface discharge produced by the concentration of local field strength, thereby improving the corona resistance life of the film. To obtain the same modification effect, the nanocomposite film need longer low-temperature plasma modification time than pure PI film.

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本文利用介质阻挡放电(DBD)试验平台产生低温等离子体,用低温等离子体改性聚酰亚胺(PI)纳米复合薄膜,对低温等离子体改性前后的纳米复合薄膜进行表面形貌、化学键结构、表面电导及耐电晕性能测试,研究薄膜表面特性的变化规律。结果表明:表面改性后,纳米复合薄膜表面逐渐变粗糙,并出现微孔、不连续凸起物。合理的等离子体改性时间可以在薄膜表面引入极性基团。随着改性时间的增加,接触角逐渐减小,表面能和表面电导率逐渐加大,耐电晕寿命增加到一定程度随后逐渐减小。当等离子体改性时间为 10 s时,改性后的纳米复合薄膜的耐电晕寿命比未改性的纳米复合薄膜提高了15.7%。经过低温等离子体改性后,纳米复合薄膜表面相比纯PI薄膜表面更加均匀,改性后的纳米复合薄膜具有表面能小、表面电导率大的特性。较大的表面电导率会加快纳米复合薄膜表面电荷消散的速度,避免局部场强的集中产生表面放电,从而提高了薄膜的耐电晕寿命。要获得相同的改性效果,纳米复合薄膜需要的低温等离子体处理时间比纯PI薄膜稍长。

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徐萌(1988-),男(蒙古族),辽宁葫芦岛人,工程师,主要从事轨道交通牵引系统的研究。

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徐萌(1988-),男(蒙古族),辽宁葫芦岛人,工程师,主要从事轨道交通牵引系统的研究。

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徐萌(1988-),男(蒙古族),辽宁葫芦岛人,工程师,主要从事轨道交通牵引系统的研究。

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低温等离子体处理对聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜表面特性的影响
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徐萌 1 , 安钊 2 , 王野 1 , 尹豪杰 2 , 程高远 2 , 张兴涛 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021,54(5): 47-53
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021, 54(5): 47-53
低温等离子体处理对聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜表面特性的影响
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徐萌1, 安钊2, 王野1, 尹豪杰2, 程高远2, 张兴涛2
作者信息
  • 1中车长春轨道客车股份有限公司,吉林 长春 130062
  • 2西南交通大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 徐萌(1988-),男(蒙古族),辽宁葫芦岛人,工程师,主要从事轨道交通牵引系统的研究。

Effect of Non-thermal Plasma Modification on Surface Characteristics of Polyimide Nanocomposites Film
Meng XU1, Zhao AN2, Ye WANG1, Haojie YIN2, Gaoyuan CHENG2, Xingtao ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., Changchun 130062, China
  • 2School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2021-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.007
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本文利用介质阻挡放电(DBD)试验平台产生低温等离子体,用低温等离子体改性聚酰亚胺(PI)纳米复合薄膜,对低温等离子体改性前后的纳米复合薄膜进行表面形貌、化学键结构、表面电导及耐电晕性能测试,研究薄膜表面特性的变化规律。结果表明:表面改性后,纳米复合薄膜表面逐渐变粗糙,并出现微孔、不连续凸起物。合理的等离子体改性时间可以在薄膜表面引入极性基团。随着改性时间的增加,接触角逐渐减小,表面能和表面电导率逐渐加大,耐电晕寿命增加到一定程度随后逐渐减小。当等离子体改性时间为 10 s时,改性后的纳米复合薄膜的耐电晕寿命比未改性的纳米复合薄膜提高了15.7%。经过低温等离子体改性后,纳米复合薄膜表面相比纯PI薄膜表面更加均匀,改性后的纳米复合薄膜具有表面能小、表面电导率大的特性。较大的表面电导率会加快纳米复合薄膜表面电荷消散的速度,避免局部场强的集中产生表面放电,从而提高了薄膜的耐电晕寿命。要获得相同的改性效果,纳米复合薄膜需要的低温等离子体处理时间比纯PI薄膜稍长。

等离子体处理  /  聚酰亚胺  /  纳米复合  /  耐电晕寿命

In this paper, the low-temperature plasma was generated by DBD test platform, and the polyimide (PI) nanocomposite film was modified by the low-temperature plasma. The surface morphology, chemical bond structure, surface conductivity, and corona resistance of the nanocomposite film before and after the low-temperature plasma modification were tested to study the change law of the film surface characteristics. The results show that after surface modification, the nanocomposite film surface becomes rough gradually, and there are micropores and discontinuous protrusions appeared. Polar oxygen-rich groups were introduced on the surface by plasma modification with appropriate modification time. With the increase of modification time, the contact angle decreases, the surface energy and surface conductivity increase, and the corona resistance life increases at first and then decreases. When the low-temperature plasma modification time is 10 s, the corona resistance life of the modified nanocomposites film is 15.7% higher than that of the unmodified nanocomposites film. After modified by the low-temperature plasma, the nanocomposite film has more uniform surface than the pure PI film, and the modified nanocomposite film has the characteristics of small surface energy and large surface conductivity. The large surface conductivity will accelerate the dissipation speed of surface charge of the nanocomposite film, avoid the surface discharge produced by the concentration of local field strength, thereby improving the corona resistance life of the film. To obtain the same modification effect, the nanocomposite film need longer low-temperature plasma modification time than pure PI film.

plasma modification  /  polyimide  /  nanocomposites  /  corona lifetime
徐萌, 安钊, 王野, 尹豪杰, 程高远, 张兴涛. 低温等离子体处理对聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜表面特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (5) : 47 -53 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.007
Meng XU, Zhao AN, Ye WANG, Haojie YIN, Gaoyuan CHENG, Xingtao ZHANG. Effect of Non-thermal Plasma Modification on Surface Characteristics of Polyimide Nanocomposites Film[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (5) : 47 -53 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.007
现代高速铁路在速度、重载和环保方面得到了很大提升,使其在全世界的应用越来越广泛。动车组的高速持续运行依靠变频调速牵引电机,因此对牵引电机的稳定性及可靠性提出了更高的要求[1]。随着脉宽调制(pulse width modulation,PWM)技术的快速发展,PWM技术越来越多地应用在电机控制中。虽然PWM技术可以较好地提高牵引电机的性能,但是PWM脉冲会在极短时间对变频电机绝缘材料造成剧烈冲击,加快绝缘材料老化,从而间接造成牵引电机损坏[2-4]。聚酰亚胺(polyimide,PI)因其具有较好的热稳定性、力学性能以及电气绝缘性能,广泛应用于各行各业。随着高速铁路的快速发展,变频牵引电机受到动车组轴距的限制将向高功率、小型化、轻量化发展,使得变频牵引电机绝缘性能亟需进一步提高,其中提高PI薄膜的耐电晕性能是重中之重。
国内外众多学者开展了提高PI薄膜耐电晕性能的研究,结果表明,通过在PI基体中添加MMT-AlN、SiO2、纳米TiO2、纳米Al2O3等填料,可提高PI复合薄膜的耐电晕寿命[5-9]
PI薄膜在PWM脉冲下的耐电晕性能与其表面电荷输运能力密切相关。因此,可利用表面处理的方式,改变PI薄膜表面特性,达到提高耐电晕性能的目的。低温等离子体具有较高的化学活性,对聚合物表面进行改性时只改变其表面特性,不对聚合物内部产生热破坏,还兼具经济、环保和安全性,因此在聚合物表面改性中得到了较为广泛应用[10-12]。然而,利用等离子体对聚合物表面进行改性,提高薄膜电性能的研究较少,有少量研究表明,等离子体改性可有效提高聚合物真空中的沿面闪络电压[13]和击穿电压[14]。本课题组前期研究表明,等离子体改性可提高PI薄膜的耐电晕性能[15],因此亟需开展等离子体改性纳米复合薄膜的相关工作。
本文利用低温等离子体对PI纳米复合薄膜表面进行改性,研究其表面特性的变化规律,分析低温等离子体对PI复合薄膜耐电晕寿命的影响,探究进一步提高PI纳米复合薄膜耐电晕寿命的方法。
首先,将硅烷偶联剂(KH550)处理过的纳米氧化铝粒子加入N,N二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)溶剂中,超声振动,使纳米氧化铝粒子分散均匀。再加入适量4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA),并机械搅拌直至溶解。然后,称取一定质量的1,2,4,5-均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA),保证ODA和PMDA的摩尔比为1∶1.02,分3次加入PMDA,并保持机械搅拌。为了保证反应充分,在加完PMDA后继续机械搅拌6~7 h。搅拌完成后,利用真空泵抽取溶胶中的气泡,然后进行铺膜,并置于烘箱内梯度升温进行亚胺化反应。最终,得到Al2O3质量分数为5%的PI纳米复合薄膜,试样厚度为50 μm。在等离子体处理之前,使用无水乙醇擦拭薄膜表面,待其充分干燥后裁剪成尺寸为2 cm×2 cm的试样。
大气压介质阻挡放电(DBD)试验系统由电源、高低压电极、陶瓷片及示波器等装置组成。该试验系统用于产生试验所需的低温等离子体。采用的电源为CTP-2000K,频率范围为5~20 kHz,电压范围为0~30 kV。高、低压电极均由直径为51 mm的不锈钢圆柱体制作而成。介质阻挡材料为陶瓷片,陶瓷片的规格:96%氧化铝含量,厚度为1 mm。示波器型号为Tektronix MDO3024。试验在大气压、相对湿度67%和室温25℃下进行。低温等离子体电源电压峰峰值设为22.9 kV,频率为8 kHz,气隙距离固定为1 mm,放电的功率密度为24.5 W/cm3。将干燥后的PI纳米复合薄膜放置于DBD试验平台的气隙中,利用产生的低温等离子体对PI纳米复合薄膜表面进行改性处理,改性时间分别设置为0、10、20、30、60、90 s,并依次标记为PI-A、PI-A-10、PI-A-20、PI-A-30、PI-A-60、PI-A-90。
采用扫描电镜(SEM,JSM-7001F,日本电子株式会社)对低温等离子体改性前后PI纳米复合薄膜的微观形貌进行测试。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR,Nicolet iZ10)对改性前后PI纳米复合薄膜的化学键结构进行测试,波数为4 000~700 cm-1
薄膜表面的接触角与其表面能成反比关系,薄膜表面接触角越小,其表面能越大。计算薄膜接触角时,前提条件是不计重力以及将薄膜表面的液滴视作球形物体,接触角计算公式如式(1)所示[16]
θ=2tan-12hD
式(1)中:θ为薄膜表面接触角;h为薄膜表面液滴球截形高度;D为薄膜表面液滴球截形直径。
试验过程中,高度h和直径D都是从4个方向测量计算得到,将hD的数值代入式(1)即可求得接触角θ。表面能的计算依据Owens理论,薄膜的表面能由极性分量和色散分量组成,极性分量影响薄膜表面的亲水性,色散分量影响薄膜表面的憎水性[17]
耐电晕寿命测试系统如图1所示,由高压脉冲电源、击穿保护装置、棒板电极等组成。耐电晕寿命测试系统中的双极性高频方波发生器依据IEC 60034-18-42:2017设计。高压脉冲电源输出的方波脉冲电压峰值在0.5~10 kV可调,输出频率为1~20 kHz,上升沿时间为100~520 ns连续可调,方波电压占空比为0.5。依据ASTM D2275-01:2008设计试验用棒板电极,上电极即棒电极为直径6 mm的不锈钢柱电极,电极的边缘曲率半径为1 mm;下电极即板电极为直径51 mm的不锈钢板电极。对薄膜进行耐电晕寿命测试时,电压峰峰值设为1 200 V,电源频率设为20 kHz,上升时间设置为100 ns,试验在25℃下进行,每种试样在相同试验条件下测试5个,结果取平均值。
PI纳米复合薄膜电导率测试参照GB/T 1410—2006进行,所用设备为AVO型绝缘电阻测试仪,美国MEGGER有限公司。电源电压设为500 V,测试时间为1 min。
等离子体改性前后薄膜表面的微观形貌变化如图2所示。
图2可以看出,未经过等离子体处理的试样PI-A,其表面较为平整,纳米粒子较为均匀地分布在PI薄膜中;薄膜在DBD试验平台被低温等离子体改性10 s之后,PI-A-10薄膜表面依旧平整,但是薄膜表面粗糙度增加,较多的沙粒状物质密集分布在薄膜表面,活性物质暴露;薄膜被低温等离子体改性30 s之后,发现微孔开始出现在PI-A-30薄膜表面,并且大量连续凸起物较为均匀地分布在表面;当改性时间增加到90 s时,PI-A-90薄膜表面的微孔变大、汇聚,薄膜表面的凸起物分布不再连续和均匀,而是呈岛屿状分布。
等离子体改性前后薄膜的FTIR测试结果如图3所示。
图3(a)可以看出,在高波数段,当等离子体改性时间为10 s和30 s时,在3 220 cm-1处出现新的吸收峰,对应-NH2,并且-COOH上-OH的宽峰(2 900~3 200 cm-1)以及纳米粒子引入的-OH峰(3 200~3 360 cm-1)均出现增强。但等离子体改性时间为90 s时,上述特征峰均消失。以上结果表明,只有采取合理的等离子体改性时间,才能在薄膜表面引入极性基团。
图3(b)可以看出,在低波数段,随着等离子体改性时间的增加,特征峰逐渐减弱,在前30 s变化不大,30 s后减弱趋势逐渐增大。这些特征峰均对应PI的本征化学结构,如波数1 773、1 712、718 cm-1处的吸收峰与PI分子上的酰亚胺环有关;波数1 596、1 494、1 305、1 161、1 082、1 010 cm-1等处的吸收峰与苯环有关;波数1 112 cm-1代表酰亚胺环上C-N-C键的横向拉伸;波数1 365 cm-1代表酰亚胺环上C-N-C键的轴向拉伸;PI分子链上的醚键C-O-C则与波数1 228 cm-1处的吸收峰相关。由此证明等离子体改性时间过长,会对PI纳米膜的本征结构造成破坏。
图4为薄膜表面接触角与等离子体改性时间的关系,试验所用液体分别为蒸馏水和丙三醇。从图4可以看出,随着等离子体改性时间的增加,PI纳米复合薄膜表面接触角逐渐减小,这表明薄膜表面的亲水性逐渐增加。
图5为根据接触角测量结果计算得到的表面能及其分量,图中γspγsdγs分别表示薄膜的极性分量、色散分量及表面能。
图5可以看出,随着等离子体改性时间的增加,薄膜的表面能逐渐增大。可以注意到,随着改性时间的增加,与薄膜亲水性相关的极性分量逐渐增加,而与薄膜表面憎水性相关的色散分量基本不变。这表明当低温等离子体改性薄膜的时间增加时,薄膜表面的亲水性呈现逐渐增强的变化规律,其表面能增加的主要因素是极性分量随改性时间增加而增加。DBD试验平台制备的低温等离子体会让空气中的分子或中性粒子发生电离,这些电离的粒子会撞击PI分子链中比较脆弱的C-N及C-O-C(醚键),并与空气中的氧原子和氢原子等发生作用,在PI分子链中引入-OH、-COOH、-NH2等极性基团[18-19],从而增强了PI纳米复合薄膜表面的亲水性以及表面能。
薄膜耐电晕寿命随等离子体改性时间的变化曲线如图6所示。从图6可以看出,随着低温等离子体改性时间的增加,薄膜耐电晕时间呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律。低温等离子体改性时间为10 s时,PI纳米复合薄膜的耐电晕时间达到最大值,比未改性的PI纳米复合薄膜耐电晕时间提高了15.7%,说明低温等离子体改性可以提高PI纳米复合薄膜的耐电晕寿命。
表面电导率是衡量绝缘材料表面特性的重要参数之一,它可以用来表征电荷在材料表面移动的难易程度,表面电导率越高,则电荷在材料表面越容易移动。图7为薄膜表面电导率与低温等离子体改性时间的关系。从图7可以看出,随着等离子体改性时间的增加,薄膜的表面电导率逐渐增加。以等离子体改性时间30 s为界限,前后两段曲线的增长率明显不同。可以归结于二者的机理不同,当等离子体改性时间小于30 s时,等离子体改性在薄膜表面引入的极性基团使薄膜表面电导增大;等离子体改性时间大于30 s时,表面电导的增大与PI本体的劣化有关。
当低温等离子体改性纳米复合薄膜的时间小于10 s时,薄膜表面会引入羟基、羧基等极性基团,薄膜的表面极性增加,薄膜的介电常数随着表面极性的增加而增大,根据文献[20]可知,介电常数越大,则电子从电极注入到薄膜内部所需克服的势垒越大,电子需要更大的能量才能注入到薄膜内部,因此减少了一部分电子的注入,从而减少了薄膜内部空间电荷的形成,进而减少了电荷入陷时的能量释放,并降低了局部电场不均和局部温度过热,延长了薄膜的耐电晕寿命。
当低温等离子体改性纳米复合薄膜的时间大于20 s时,改性时间过长破坏了先前在薄膜引入的极性基团,加之薄膜长时间被低温等离子体作用,薄膜表面产生了大量微孔,表面变得极为疏松,导致薄膜表面致密性降低,使得电子更容易注入到薄膜内部,破坏了薄膜的绝缘性能[21]。因此,薄膜的耐电晕寿命随之缩短。
采用低温等离子体改性PI纳米复合薄膜,可以提高PI纳米复合薄膜的耐电晕寿命。与低温等离子体改性纯PI薄膜相比[13],改性前后纳米复合薄膜性能的变化呈现以下5个特点:
(1)低温等离子体改性时间为10 s时,未掺杂纳米的纯PI薄膜表面出现连续线状凸起物但表面较为光滑,而较多的沙粒状物质密集分布在纳米复合薄膜表面;当改性时间增加到90 s时,未掺杂纳米的纯PI薄膜表面微孔逐步变大且表面为连续的凸起物,呈带状分布,大部分是沟壑,而纳米复合薄膜表面的微孔在慢慢变大,微孔变大的程度小于纯膜,薄膜表面的凸起物分布不再连续和均匀,而是呈岛屿状分布,大部分是凸起。这表明等离子体对纳米复合薄膜的表面改性更为均匀,复合薄膜中引入的纳米粒子起到了减缓等离子体灼伤薄膜表面的作用。
(2)化学键变化方面,在PTIR谱图的高波数段,当低温等离子体改性纳米复合薄膜90 s时,-NH2等吸收峰才消失,而低温等离子体改性纯PI薄膜仅30 s时,-NH2等吸收峰已观测不到。这是由于低温等离子体对纳米复合薄膜的表面改性比对纯PI薄膜的表面改性更为均匀,减缓了局部能量集中造成的薄膜表面局部劣化。在低波数段,复合薄膜与纯PI薄膜吸收峰的变化趋势大致相同,均呈现单调减小的变化规律,并且减小速率从30 s后迅速增大。
(3)纳米复合薄膜和纯PI薄膜在等离子体处理后的接触角和表面能变化趋势相同,只是在相同的改性时间下,纳米复合薄膜的接触角和表面能较纯PI膜小。其原因在于:①纳米复合薄膜表面较纯PI薄膜更加粗糙;②纳米粒子的添加本身引入了亲水性的羟基。
(4)对比纳米复合薄膜和纯PI薄膜耐电晕时间随改性时间变化的关系,并计算出相邻改性时间段两种薄膜耐电晕寿命的差值,如图8所示。
图8可以看出,纳米复合薄膜与纯PI薄膜的耐电晕寿命均先增大后减小;改性时间为0~10 s时,纳米复合薄膜的增长幅值大于纯PI薄膜,表面改性对纳米复合薄膜的效果更明显;纯PI薄膜的最大负数值在改性时间为20~30 s时出现,而纳米复合薄膜则出现在30~60 s时间段,表明纳米复合薄膜具有延迟等离子破坏时间的作用,即获得相同改性效果需更长的改性时间。
(5)纳米复合薄膜和纯PI薄膜表面电导率随改性时间的变化趋势基本一致,在相同改性时间下,纳米复合薄膜的表面电导率大于纯PI薄膜的表面电导率。其原因在于:①添加的纳米粒子使纳米复合薄膜中存在较多杂散离子;②纳米粒子在纳米复合薄膜中引入的界面区发生重叠,形成了导电通道。薄膜表面电导率的增加,有利于表面电荷在脉冲电压极性反转时的及时消散,从而避免局部场强的集中并产生表面放电,有效提高了薄膜的耐电晕寿命。但是,改性时间过长,导致PI本体劣化之后,薄膜耐电晕寿命会随之降低。因此,需要选择合理的等离子体改性时间,才能使纳米复合薄膜耐电晕寿命得到提高。
(1)采用低温等离子体改性PI纳米复合薄膜,增加了表面的粗糙度并引入极性基团。随着改性时间的增加,薄膜表面接触角逐渐减小,表面能逐渐增大,表面电导率逐渐增加,耐电晕寿命呈现先增大后减小的变化规律。
(2)与低温等离子体改性纯PI薄膜相比,低温等离子体对纳米复合薄膜的表面改性更为均匀,减缓了薄膜表面局部劣化,纳米复合薄膜呈现较小的表面能和较大的表面电导率。
(3)表面电导率的增加有利于表面电荷在脉冲电压极性反转时及时消散,从而避免因局部场强集中而产生表面放电,有效提高了薄膜耐电晕寿命。
(4)为避免PI本体的劣化,需要选择合理的改性时间。要获得与纯PI薄膜相同的改性效果,等离子体改性纳米复合薄膜所需的时间稍长。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.05.007
  • 接收时间:2020-08-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-03
  • 出版时间:2021-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-08-21
  • 修回日期:2020-10-31
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    1中车长春轨道客车股份有限公司,吉林 长春 130062
    2西南交通大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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