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Article(id=1222495719492145744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222495713427186326, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1591286400000, receivedDateStr=2020-06-05, revisedDate=1594742400000, revisedDateStr=2020-07-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769395292398, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1618848000000, pubDateStr=2021-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769395292398, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769395292398, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769395292398, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222495713427186326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='108', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769395290953, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1770971792201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229108038972534891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222495713427186326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229108038972534892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222495713427186326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222495721077592670, articleId=1222495719492145744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Design and True Type Test of Trampled Composite Insulation Cross Arm Tower for 500 kV Line, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

According to the actual situation of outgoing section at Changping station of Zhangnan-Changping 500 kV round Ⅲ line (Beijing section), a trampled composite insulation cross arm narrow base linear tower for 500 kV line was designed and developed. The cross arm structure used the form of “two pull and two press”, and suspension insulator string was not required, which can reduce the fault caused by the monsoon discharge at tower head. Alicyclic epoxy umbrella skirts were arranged at intervals in the middle of compression bar, which makes the structure can be trampled. According to the original line form, considering the tower structure, air clearance requirements, and deflection deformation calculated by simulation under the conditions of reserved safety factor, we confirmed the structure height and mandrel diameter of the product. The mechanical instability conditions of the structure were analyzed under three severe working conditions, including break line, vertical strong wind, and ice covering. The results show that the overall first-order buckling coefficient is greater than 2.5, the axial stress of each unit is far less than the mechanical strength of metal and composite materials, and the structure has high safety. The mechanical properties of 1∶1 true type test tower and the electrical properties of upper phase composite insulation cross arm can meet the test standard and design requirements.

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依据张南-昌平Ⅲ回500 kV线路（北京段）昌平站出线段实际情况，设计开发500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担窄基直线塔。横担结构采用简单紧凑的“两拉两压”形式，省去悬垂绝缘子串，减少因塔头风偏放电造成故障现象，在压杆中间间隔布置脂环族环氧伞裙，使结构具备可踩踏功能。依据原有线路形式，考虑铁塔塔型结构、空气间隙要求、仿真计算预留安全系数工况下的挠度变形，确定产品结构高度、芯体直径。分析结构在断线、大风90°、覆冰3种严苛工况下受力失稳情况。结果表明：整体一阶屈曲系数均大于2.5，各部件轴向应力均远小于金属及复合材料力学强度，设计结构的安全性高。1∶1真型试验塔整塔力学性能及上相可踩踏复合绝缘横担电性能测试结果均能满足标准及设计要求。

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袁金（1995-），男（满族），辽宁锦州人，工程师，主要从事树脂基复合材料方向研究。

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袁金（1995-），男（满族），辽宁锦州人，工程师，主要从事树脂基复合材料方向研究。

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袁金（1995-），男（满族），辽宁锦州人，工程师，主要从事树脂基复合材料方向研究。

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articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=结构设计), Keyword(id=1243119744719634635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=ANSYS仿真), Keyword(id=1243119744795132113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=真型试验)], refs=[Reference(id=1243119750130286966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=31, issue=10, pageStart=76, pageEnd=82, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=朱岸明, 杨大渭, 刘云贺, journalName=电网与清洁能源, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱岸明,杨大渭,刘云贺,等. 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caption=Local meteorological conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气象条件气温/℃风速/(m/s)冰厚/mm
最高气温4000
最低气温-3000
基本风速-5290
年平均气温1000
覆冰-51010
大气过电压有风15100
无风1500
操作过电压10150
安装情况-15100
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当地气象条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气象条件气温/℃风速/(m/s)冰厚/mm
最高气温4000
最低气温-3000
基本风速-5290
年平均气温1000
覆冰-51010
大气过电压有风15100
无风1500
操作过电压10150
安装情况-15100
), ArticleFig(id=1243119746384773407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Service conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

杆塔

型式

呼高

/m

全高

/m

水平档距

/m

垂直档距

/m

转角度数

/(°)

FSZ136625007000
), ArticleFig(id=1243119746489631012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

使用条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

杆塔

型式

呼高

/m

全高

/m

水平档距

/m

垂直档距

/m

转角度数

/(°)

FSZ136625007000
), ArticleFig(id=1243119746598682921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Tower head air clearance requirements, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目要求值
海拔高度/m1 000
工频电压间隙/m1.3
操作过电压间隙/m2.7
雷电过电压间隙/m4.1
带电作业间隙/m3.2
), ArticleFig(id=1243119746711929132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

塔头空气间隙要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目要求值
海拔高度/m1 000
工频电压间隙/m1.3
操作过电压间隙/m2.7
雷电过电压间隙/m4.1
带电作业间隙/m3.2
), ArticleFig(id=1243119746804203822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Engineering design conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况XYZ
大风90°80.36080.05
大风60°60.27080.05
大风45°40.1812.0580.05
大风0°020.0980.05
断线项057.53125.84
正吊7.760131.19
正锚5.0816.05143.78
覆冰23.4823.97177.67
), ArticleFig(id=1243119746909061423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

工程设计条件

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工况XYZ
大风90°80.36080.05
大风60°60.27080.05
大风45°40.1812.0580.05
大风0°020.0980.05
断线项057.53125.84
正吊7.760131.19
正锚5.0816.05143.78
覆冰23.4823.97177.67
), ArticleFig(id=1243119747013919031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Structure parameter ofintermediate composite insulated cross arm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构总长/m尺寸/mm
钢管2.0Φ219×13×2 000
压杆5.1Φ150×5 100
拉杆7.0Φ34×5 100
), ArticleFig(id=1243119747118776636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

中横担结构参数

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结构总长/m尺寸/mm
钢管2.0Φ219×13×2 000
压杆5.1Φ150×5 100
拉杆7.0Φ34×5 100
), ArticleFig(id=1243119747215245628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=Material property parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件项目性能
拉杆压杆
芯体拉伸强度/MPa1 2001 000
拉伸模量/GPa4545
弯曲强度/MPa1 1001 100
弯曲模量/GPa4040
压缩强度/MPa500550
压缩模量/GPa4545
层间剪切强度/MPa5050
泊松比/%0.300.36
密度/(g/cm3)2.02.0

可踩踏伞裙

（脂环族环氧）

拉伸强度/MPa60
断裂伸长率/%6.5
邵氏A硬度90
), ArticleFig(id=1243119747320103232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

材料性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件项目性能
拉杆压杆
芯体拉伸强度/MPa1 2001 000
拉伸模量/GPa4545
弯曲强度/MPa1 1001 100
弯曲模量/GPa4040
压缩强度/MPa500550
压缩模量/GPa4545
层间剪切强度/MPa5050
泊松比/%0.300.36
密度/(g/cm3)2.02.0

可踩踏伞裙

（脂环族环氧）

拉伸强度/MPa60
断裂伸长率/%6.5
邵氏A硬度90
), ArticleFig(id=1243119747433349446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=Displacement deformation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况各加荷点最大位移形变/mm
LTV
17(-129)7(260)9(-125)
27(96)7(217)8/9(-115)
37(1 229)7(-178)8(-64)
41(568)7(-93)4(-39)
57(-187)7(1 002)9(-257)
67(770)7(-114)7/9(-315)
), ArticleFig(id=1243119747525624135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

位移形变结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况各加荷点最大位移形变/mm
LTV
17(-129)7(260)9(-125)
27(96)7(217)8/9(-115)
37(1 229)7(-178)8(-64)
41(568)7(-93)4(-39)
57(-187)7(1 002)9(-257)
67(770)7(-114)7/9(-315)
), ArticleFig(id=1243119747622093131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=Test results of shock withstand voltage, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目规定值/kV校正值/kV试验值/kV闪络/耐受/次
干雷电2 0502 0322 058～2 0940/15
湿操作+1 240+1 240+1 248～+1 2740/15
), ArticleFig(id=1243119747705979214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

冲击耐受电压试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目规定值/kV校正值/kV试验值/kV闪络/耐受/次
干雷电2 0502 0322 058～2 0940/15
湿操作+1 240+1 240+1 248～+1 2740/15
), ArticleFig(id=1243119749220122962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=Test results of wet-withstandvoltage at power frequency, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规定值/kV校正值/kV试验值/kV耐受时间/min结果
7407397401耐受
), ArticleFig(id=1243119749324980563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

工频湿耐受电压试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规定值/kV校正值/kV试验值/kV耐受时间/min结果
7407397401耐受
), ArticleFig(id=1243119749442421081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=Test results of corona andradio interference voltage, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电晕熄灭电压/kV无线电干扰电压/μV结果
规定值实测值规定值实测值
360541≤1 000446通过
), ArticleFig(id=1243119749538890077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

电晕及无线电干扰电压试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电晕熄灭电压/kV无线电干扰电压/μV结果
规定值实测值规定值实测值
360541≤1 000446通过
), ArticleFig(id=1243119749673107810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=EN, label=Tab.11, caption=Pollution tolerance voltage test results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爬电距离/mm施加耐受电压/kV耐受时间/min结果
16 050318100耐受
16 050318100耐受
16 050318100耐受
), ArticleFig(id=1243119749777965415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495719492145744, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

污秽耐受电压试验结果

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爬电距离/mm施加耐受电压/kV耐受时间/min结果
16 050318100耐受
16 050318100耐受
16 050318100耐受
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500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担塔设计及真型试验
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袁金 1 , 邢照亮 2 , 张卓 2 , 朱占巍 3 , 于成 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(4): 50-57
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(4): 50-57
500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担塔设计及真型试验
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袁金1, 邢照亮2, 张卓2, 朱占巍3, 于成1
作者信息
  • 1北玻电力复合材料有限公司，山东 枣庄 277500
  • 2全球能源互联网研究院有限公司 先进输电技术国家重点实验室，北京 102209
  • 3国网北京市电力公司，北京 100031

    • 袁金（1995-），男（满族），辽宁锦州人，工程师，主要从事树脂基复合材料方向研究。

Design and True Type Test of Trampled Composite Insulation Cross Arm Tower for 500 kV Line
Jin YUAN1, Zhaoliang XING2, Zhuo ZHANG2, Zhanwei ZHU3, Cheng YU1
Affiliations
  • 1BeiBo Electric Power Composite Materials Co., Ltd., Zaozhuang 277500, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Advanced Transmission Technology, Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
  • 3State Grid Beijing Electric Power Company, Beijing 100031, China
出版时间: 2021-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.04.009
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摘要
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依据张南-昌平Ⅲ回500 kV线路（北京段）昌平站出线段实际情况，设计开发500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担窄基直线塔。横担结构采用简单紧凑的“两拉两压”形式，省去悬垂绝缘子串，减少因塔头风偏放电造成故障现象，在压杆中间间隔布置脂环族环氧伞裙，使结构具备可踩踏功能。依据原有线路形式，考虑铁塔塔型结构、空气间隙要求、仿真计算预留安全系数工况下的挠度变形，确定产品结构高度、芯体直径。分析结构在断线、大风90°、覆冰3种严苛工况下受力失稳情况。结果表明：整体一阶屈曲系数均大于2.5，各部件轴向应力均远小于金属及复合材料力学强度，设计结构的安全性高。1∶1真型试验塔整塔力学性能及上相可踩踏复合绝缘横担电性能测试结果均能满足标准及设计要求。

复合绝缘横担  /  可踩踏  /  结构设计  /  ANSYS仿真  /  真型试验

According to the actual situation of outgoing section at Changping station of Zhangnan-Changping 500 kV round Ⅲ line (Beijing section), a trampled composite insulation cross arm narrow base linear tower for 500 kV line was designed and developed. The cross arm structure used the form of “two pull and two press”, and suspension insulator string was not required, which can reduce the fault caused by the monsoon discharge at tower head. Alicyclic epoxy umbrella skirts were arranged at intervals in the middle of compression bar, which makes the structure can be trampled. According to the original line form, considering the tower structure, air clearance requirements, and deflection deformation calculated by simulation under the conditions of reserved safety factor, we confirmed the structure height and mandrel diameter of the product. The mechanical instability conditions of the structure were analyzed under three severe working conditions, including break line, vertical strong wind, and ice covering. The results show that the overall first-order buckling coefficient is greater than 2.5, the axial stress of each unit is far less than the mechanical strength of metal and composite materials, and the structure has high safety. The mechanical properties of 1∶1 true type test tower and the electrical properties of upper phase composite insulation cross arm can meet the test standard and design requirements.

composite insulation cross arm  /  trampled  /  structural design  /  ANSYS simulation  /  true type test
袁金, 邢照亮, 张卓, 朱占巍, 于成. 500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担塔设计及真型试验. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (4) : 50 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.04.009
Jin YUAN, Zhaoliang XING, Zhuo ZHANG, Zhanwei ZHU, Cheng YU. Design and True Type Test of Trampled Composite Insulation Cross Arm Tower for 500 kV Line[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (4) : 50 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.04.009
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0 引言
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复合绝缘横担能有效利用狭窄的走廊环境，降低杆塔高度，节约大量的人力、物力和财力[1-3]。由于本身为绝缘部件，耐污秽及防雷电击穿效果突出，当采用复合绝缘横担时，横担和导线之间可不采用悬垂绝缘子串，从而可以减少因输电杆塔塔头风偏放电造成的故障。复合绝缘横担内芯体为纤维增强树脂基复合材料部件，力学性能优异，弯曲强度高于瓷绝缘横担，可避免像瓷绝缘横担那样容易脆裂受损[4]。合理运用复合绝缘横担代替传统铁、瓷横担对建设“资源节约型、环境友好型”输电线路，保障线路安全可靠运行具有重要意义。
现阶段大部分复合绝缘横担采用内部复合材料芯体，外部整体注射或套装硅橡胶伞裙的结构形式。硅橡胶为软质材料，其长期运行老化后会造成踩踏损伤，因此不能很好地满足长期运维要求。本研究提出一种组合柱式可踩踏运维复合绝缘横担，区别于传统伞裙设计形式，该绝缘横担集可踩踏伞裙材料与硅橡胶伞裙材料为一体，将两种伞裙交替排布，既可以满足长期自然条件和高压带电环境的要求，又方便后期运行维护。
在张南-昌平Ⅲ回500 kV线路昌平站出线段，线路走廊宽度非常拥挤，如何减少走廊宽度及塔基占地成为首要考虑的因素。为此，本研究按照当地实际情况设计开发了新型500 kV直线复合绝缘横担窄基塔，相对于传统铁塔，该窄基塔在设计时显著降低了铁塔高度和输电走廊宽度，杆塔质量大幅减轻。根据塔位环境、运行维护、施工方法、制造工艺、通用设计等因素对横担的要求，以结构简单、受力均衡、传力清晰、外形美观为原则，从荷载、材料、外形规划及构件布置等方面进行综合设计及结构优化。
2019年1月18日，国家电网公司应用可踩踏运维复合绝缘横担的张南-昌平Ⅲ回500 kV线路（北京段）工程首次正式通电运行，为2022年北京冬奥会提供电力服务。此次500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担为国内首次设计并示范应用，结构及连接方式均为首创，为后续更高电压等级复合绝缘横担结构设计积累了经验。
1 设计条件
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根据张南-昌平Ⅲ回500 kV线路（北京段）工程的实际情况，确定可踩踏复合绝缘横担塔工程技术条件。
1.1 环境条件
海拔高度为1 000 m，d级污区，平丘地形。
1.2 气象条件
当地的气象条件如表1所示。雷暴日数为45天/年，冰的密度为0.9 g/cm3。
1.3 导地线
导线为4×JL3/G1A-630/45型高电导率钢芯铝绞线，外径为33.8 mm，分裂间距为500 mm；地线为JLB40-150型镀锌钢绞线，外径为15.75 mm。
1.4 使用条件
结合张南-昌平Ⅲ回500 kV线路工程实际情况和典型设计模块，规划的复合横担铁塔使用条件如表2所示。
2 结构设计
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依据GB 50545—2010设计规范要求[5]，海拔高度小于1 000 m的地区，复合材料杆塔在塔头结构布置时，相间操作过电压、相间最小间隙和档距设计中要考虑导线风偏对工频电压和操作过电压相间最小间隙的影响，产品塔头空气间隙应大于表3所示的要求值。
2.1 结构形式
复合绝缘横担结构形式大体分为“一拉一压”、“一拉两压”、“两拉一压”、“两拉两压”、“三拉一压”及格构式等。
依据前期设计经验，“一拉一压”结构横担在特定工况下（如断线工况，顺线向荷载大），整体变形及应力值较大，需适当加粗横担压杆及拉杆尺寸；“三拉一压”和“两拉一压”结构横担在某些特定工况下，会使侧向的其一拉杆承受压力，导致承受压力的拉杆容易失稳，若要增加其稳定性，则需加大拉杆的尺寸，因此这种结构效率很低，而且对于“三拉一压”中三根拉杆均在上面的结构，横担中部拉杆所承载的力很小，可以直接去除；格构式横担结构可设计性强，但连接结构及电场环境较复杂，且涉及到多规格制件制作、安装维护，经济成本较高；“两拉两压”和“一拉两压”这两种结构效率比较高，结构稳定。“两拉两压”适合于格构式铁塔结构，横担连接点位于铁塔主杆上，“一拉两压”结构适合于单柱电杆结构，横担连接点也位于电杆主杆上。
综合考虑，本次可踩踏复合绝缘横担选择“两拉两压”式结构，如图1所示。
压杆由E玻纤增强中温环氧树脂采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型（RTM），芯体直径为150 mm。拉杆采用树脂反应注射拉挤工艺成型（RIM），芯体直径为34 mm。两端压接Q345B金属连接金具。外绝缘采用高温硫化硅橡胶整体注射成型，可踩踏部分采用耐自然老化性能优异的脂环族环氧树脂预制并粘结成型。同时为避免因产品挠度变形整体下垂导致的拉杆单边受力，在拉杆与铁塔连接端设计可调节长度金具，螺栓紧固方式均为双螺母配合螺纹紧固胶。
2.2 伞形设计
依据GB/T 26218.3—2011[6-7]，通过电压等级与当地污秽度确定产品统一爬电距离，并进行修正计算。确定产品爬电距离不小于16 010 mm，因为硬质伞裙长期自然老化、运维过程踩踏等对电学性能的影响未有明确的结论，所以本次设计爬电距离时不考虑硬质伞裙部分，整体的电性能由硅橡胶伞裙和复合材料芯体承担。
伞裙结构设计为大小交替伞形式，同时为达到运检便捷的可踩踏功能，在产品压杆部件中间每600 mm硅橡胶伞裙中间设计一段250 mm的脂环族环氧伞裙，如图2(a)所示，拉杆伞裙结构如图2(b)所示。
3 ANSYS仿真分析
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复合材料在弯曲载荷作用下形变较大，特别是在严苛工况下，过大的形变将影响输电线的电气安全距离，因此应在复合材料设计过程中首先解决结构刚度问题[8-9]。
依据河北张南-昌平500 kV送出第三回工程（北京段）设计条件作为复合横担的设计基础，选取结构高度、挠度变形最大的中项复合绝缘横担进行仿真分析。具体条件如表4所示。
依据线路原有形式，考虑铁塔塔型结构及电气间隙要求，同时增加仿真计算预留安全系数工况下复合绝缘横担的挠度变形，最终确定产品结构高度、芯体直径。
在计算过程中发现，中项复合绝缘横担整个结构高度压杆都采用复合材料芯体时，中项横担结构整体变形在断线工况时的一阶屈曲系数为1.99。为避免后续长期带电运行过程出现安全事故，减少中相横担压杆长度，在整体结构高度不变的情况下，压杆与铁塔之间连接2.0 m长的Q345金属管，以提高结构安全系数及降低挠度变形。
绘制电气间隙圆并确定塔头单线图，设计产品结构参数如表5所示。结构计算时所用的材料参数如表6。
3.1 中项横担力学仿真计算
复合绝缘横担在受力破坏时，拉杆一般在受轴拉力大于自身能承受的临界拉伸强度而发生强度破坏，压杆一般在受轴压力大于自身能承受的临界压缩强度而发生失稳破坏。两种情况均会造成单个部件或者整体结构破坏，丧失整体稳定性。
线性屈曲是以小位移小应变的线弹性理论为基础，在分析中不会考虑结构在受力形变过程中结构构型的变化，当载荷达到某一临界值时，结构构型将突然转变为另一个平衡状态，称之为屈曲，此时有限元一阶屈曲模态下计算得到的特征值即为该构件的临界荷载[10-11]。
选取断线、大风90°、覆冰3种严苛工况进行中项可踩踏复合绝缘横担整体结构计算。考虑可踩踏复合绝缘横担自重，断线工况仿真计算结果见图3(a)，大风90°工况仿真计算结果见图3(b)，覆冰工况仿真计算结果见图3(c)。
分析结构在3种严苛工况下的计算结果，整体一阶屈曲系数均大于2.5，其中覆冰工况下拉杆受轴拉力最大，换算拉伸强度后约为193.3 MPa。断线工况下压杆受轴压力最大，换算为压缩强度约为14.2 MPa，均小于Q345金属器及表6中的材料设计参数。最大形变均发生在覆冰工况，此工况条件下整体结构最大形变为329.7 mm，压杆最大形变为73.4 mm，拉杆最大形变为329.7 mm。仿真结果显示，可踩踏复合绝缘横担整体结构设计合理，安全性可以保障。
3.2 可踩踏伞裙受力分析
设定施工及后续线路运维过程中，操作人员横向移动，可踩踏环氧伞裙受力方向为斜45°，受力宽度为50 mm。可踩踏环氧伞裙直径为280 mm，灌注复合材料芯棒直径为150 mm，水平、垂直方向载荷均为700 N。
图4为可踩踏伞裙的受力分析图。
由图4可以看出，可踩踏伞裙变形及等效应力分布，其最大形变为0.97 mm，位于踩踏处，可踩踏伞裙最大应力为17.2 MPa，远小于环氧树脂的强度值60 MPa，强度满足要求。
4 真型试验
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复合绝缘横担塔与传统的全金属塔不同，属于全新的材料领域，有必要对复合绝缘横担塔进行全尺寸真型试验，验证其结构性能和安全可靠性，为复合材料杆塔的工程应用提供实证依据[12-18]。
为了进一步在输电线路工程中推广应用复合材料，依托张南-昌平Ⅲ回500 kV线路工程对FSZ1型可踩踏复合绝缘横担塔进行应用研究。500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担塔在输电线路工程中的应用尚属首次，鉴于其材料性能、整体结构的特殊性，测试了500 kV复合横担真型塔在各种荷载组合作用下的形变以及破坏等特点，全面检验该500 kV复合横担塔设计的合理性和安全性，确保该塔的整体强度、刚度满足工程应用要求。对潮湿、污秽条件下电性能进行测试，达到测试结果符合线路安全可靠运行的目的。
4.1 整塔力学性能测试
4.1.1 试验工况
整塔力学性能在中国电力科学研究院有限公司霸州基地测试，加荷级别按照IEC 60652-2002进行[19]。试验工况为运行及事故情况下的6种主要工况：工况1：吊右中导线；工况2：锚右中导线；工况3：断右地、右上导线；工况4：不均匀覆冰最大弯；工况5：大风90°（超载）；工况6：断右地、右中导线。
4.1.2 试验塔及加荷点
试验塔及加荷点如图5所示。其中，W表示风荷加荷点；L、T、V为导地线荷载加荷点；观测点为位移变形测试点。
4.1.3 试验过程
复合杆塔组装时严格按照施工图的要求进行，组装完成后（未挂线），其任何方向的水平位移不得超过0.05%H（H为塔高）。固定基础可靠的锚固，以防试验加荷过程中基础移动。
试验加荷过程中，在加荷的两个方向各设一台经纬仪，观测并记录试验过程中复合塔的位移。观测的位移值剔除初始形变和残余形变的影响。
4.1.4 结果分析
试验工况下，各加荷点最大位移形变如表7所示。表7中数据前编号为加荷点位置，括号中为形变值。无倒塌破坏现象。
根据IEC 60652-2002要求，所有工况在最大设计载荷条件下均成功抵抗1 min，无组件局部变形、失效现象。从表7位移形变结果可以看出，最大位移发生在断右地、右上导线工况，其L向位移为1 229 mm，为计算高度的1.95%，满足正常比例要求范围。对比中项复合绝缘横担整体结构实际与仿真变形量，误差在15%以内，仿真结果较为准确。
4.2 可踩踏复合绝缘上项横担电性能测试
通过测试500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担1∶1真型试验件电性能，验证现有结构、形式的合理性，为运维带电作业提供试验支撑。试验在中国电力科学研究院有限公司电力工业电力设备与仪表质量检验测试中心进行。选取结构高度最短的上项横担进行测试，测试现场如图6所示。
4.2.1 干雷电/湿操作冲击耐受电压试验
试验使用5 400 kV冲击电压发生器，容量为527 kJ，产生雷电冲击电压波及标准操作冲击电压波。测试系统中的电压测量装置为分压器及64M型峰值电压表，测量系统误差小于3%。
按照GB/T 16927.1—2011[20]的有关规定进行。试验大气条件为大气压力b=100.4 kPa，露点温度td=17.5℃，湿球温度tw=14℃，测试距离L=3.9 m，大气修正因数Kt=0.991，结果如表8所示。
对上项横担进行15次干雷电/湿操作冲击耐受电压试验，结果规定值电压下均耐受且过程中无闪络现象。
4.2.2 1 min工频湿耐受电压试验
通过1 min工频湿耐受电压试验对500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担施加规定电压，测试规定电压下的绝缘强度试验，结果如表9所示。试验大气条件为b=100.4 kPa，td=22.5℃，tw=20℃，L=3.9 m，Kt=1.000。人工雨电阻率ρ20=109.2 μS/cm2；淋雨率水平分量为1.8 mm/min，垂直分量为1.8 mm/min。
先进行5次工频电压闪络试验，并取平均值，然后对3支产品分别进行80%闪络电压值并保持耐受30 min。试验完毕测试产品表面温度，温度变化不超过5 K，耐压过程中无击穿、闪络现象。说明结构整体绝缘水平、过电压耐浸能力满足设计要求。
4.2.3 电晕及无线电干扰电压试验
对500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担进行电晕及无线电干扰电压试验，试验大气条件为b=100.4 kPa，td=17.5℃，tw=14℃，L=3.9m，Kt=1.000，结果如表10所示。
试验在全黑条件下进行，试验时逐步升高施加在试品上的电压，直至观察到试品电晕的产生，然后逐步降低施加在试品上的电压，直至试品上的电晕消失，维持5 min，记录该电压作为电晕熄灭电压。重复3次，取其平均值作为该试品的电晕熄灭电压。测得电晕熄灭电压为541 kV，无线电干扰电压为446 μV，均符合设计要求。
4.2.4 人工污秽试验
选取3支500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担压杆进行d级污秽度条件测试，表面面积为132 000 cm2。试验采用800 kV交流污秽试验电源，施加的相对电压降按标准对试验回路的要求。雾室尺寸为Φ22 m×25 m。
以硅藻土、氯化钠和蒸馏水组成糊状物进行污染，染污前先去掉试品的憎水性（使其达到HC7级），用“定量涂刷法”将配置好的污秽物质均匀地涂刷在试品表面。待试品迁移96 h后，立即送入雾室进行污耐压试验，试验中灰密NSDD为1.0 mg/cm2，盐密ESDD为0.1 mg/cm2，试验结果如表11所示。由表11可知，对污秽处理后的3支复合绝缘横担压杆施加318 kV电压均能耐受100 min，测试结果符合设计要求。
5 结论
收起
（1）通过结构设计、仿真分析、真型试验验证，制作并应用了500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担。依据实际工况，整体结构采用“两拉两压”形式，压杆与拉杆芯体分别采用复合材料先进RTM和RIM工艺，可极大减少浸润不良造成的孔隙，有效提高耐电压能力。
（2）硅橡胶为软质材料，其长期运行老化后踩踏会造成损伤，为便捷前期安装施工及后续运行维护，在产品压杆部件硅橡胶伞裙中间间隔设置脂环族环氧伞裙，使结构具备可踩踏功能。整体的电性能设计时不考虑脂环族环氧伞裙部分，由硅橡胶伞裙和复合材料芯体承担。
（3）分析500 kV可踩踏复合绝缘横担结构在严苛工况下受力失稳情况，仿真结果显示结构整体一阶屈曲系数均大于2.5，其压杆轴向压力及拉杆轴向拉力均远小于金属及复合材料力学强度，设计结构的安全性可以保障。
（4）对1∶1真型试验塔整塔力学性能及上相复合绝缘横担电性能进行测试，测试结果均满足标准及设计要求。
基金
收起
  • 国家电网公司科技项目(SGRIDGKJ[2017]607)
文献
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2021年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.04.009
  • 接收时间：2020-06-05
  • 首发时间：2026-01-26
  • 出版时间：2021-04-20
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  • 收稿日期：2020-06-05
  • 修回日期：2020-07-15
基金
国家电网公司科技项目(SGRIDGKJ[2017]607)
作者信息
    1北玻电力复合材料有限公司，山东 枣庄 277500
    2全球能源互联网研究院有限公司 先进输电技术国家重点实验室，北京 102209
    3国网北京市电力公司，北京 100031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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