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Article(id=1222482904651915736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1591286400000, receivedDateStr=2020-06-05, revisedDate=1594569600000, revisedDateStr=2020-07-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769392237102, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1613750400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769392237102, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769392237102, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769392237102, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222482900604408161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='107', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769392236137, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1770971768252, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229107938527342697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229107938527342698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222482904937128410, articleId=1222482904651915736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Analysis on Radial Temperature Field of Overhead Conductor Based on Finite Element Simulation, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the radial temperature field distribution of overhead conductor, firstly, on the basis of heat transfer theory, a 3D model of finite element simulation was established according to the physical structure of conductor, and a simulation experiment was designed. Then the simulation and experimental results were compared. The results show that under natural convection conditions, the maximum radial temperature difference of the conductor can reach 10.4℃, and the maximum surface temperature difference of different position on conductor is 3.4℃. The simulation results coincide with the measured values under natural convection conditions basically, and the relative error between each layer temperature of the conductor is within ±5%, which verifies the reliability of the simulation model. Under forced convection conditions, there are obvious difference between simulation results and measured values, which indicates that the axial heat transfer of the conductor caused by different heat dissipation conditions has significant effect on the radial temperature field distribution of the conductor. For conservative consideration, in practical applications, the core temperature of conductor can be calculated by multiplying the maximum surface temperature of conductor measured from different position of conductor with correction coefficient of 1.05‒1.10.

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为研究架空导线的径向温度场分布情况，首先以传热学理论为基础，根据导线的物理结构建立有限元三维仿真模型，并设计仿真实验，然后对仿真结果与实验结果进行对比分析。结果表明：自然对流条件下，导线径向温差最高可达10.4℃，不同方位上导线表面最大温差为3.4℃。自然对流条件下的仿真结果与实测值基本吻合，导线各层温度的相对误差均在±5%以内，验证了仿真模型的可靠性；强制对流条件下，仿真结果与实测值存在较大差异，说明不同散热条件引起的导线轴向传热对导线的径向温度场分布造成显著影响。出于保守考虑，工程测温中通过测得导线不同方位上的最大表面温度值乘以修正系数1.05～1.10即可得到导线线芯温度值。

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刘志陆（1989-），男（汉族），广东汕尾人，工程师，研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备状态监测技术等；

李恒真（1984-），男（汉族），山东泰安人，高级工程师，主要从事新能源及储能技术、输变配电设备状态监测技术的研究。

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刘志陆（1989-），男（汉族），广东汕尾人，工程师，研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备状态监测技术等；

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刘志陆（1989-），男（汉族），广东汕尾人，工程师，研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备状态监测技术等；

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李恒真（1984-），男（汉族），山东泰安人，高级工程师，主要从事新能源及储能技术、输变配电设备状态监测技术的研究。

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李恒真（1984-），男（汉族），山东泰安人，高级工程师，主要从事新能源及储能技术、输变配电设备状态监测技术的研究。

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articleId=1222482904651915736, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Temperature distribution cloud diagram for simulation result of group II, figureFileSmall=vUorWH6YCaA2dHSMUtaQXg==, figureFileBig=zbkZKygQ20me3s21i2zlpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222482913279599409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482904651915736, language=CN, label=图7, caption=仿真II组的仿真结果温度分布云图, figureFileSmall=vUorWH6YCaA2dHSMUtaQXg==, figureFileBig=zbkZKygQ20me3s21i2zlpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222482913376068408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482904651915736, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Basic parameters of LGJ-300/40overhead conductors, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数材料
铝钢
标称截面/mm2300.0938.9
结构根数247
单股外径/mm3.992.66
密度/(kg/m3)2 7907 780
比热容/(J/(kg·K))881470
电阻率/(nΩ·m)28.26191.57
电阻温度系数/(℃-1)0.004 030.004 55
导热系数/(W/(m·K))17043
), ArticleFig(id=1222482913476731707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482904651915736, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LGJ-300/40架空导线基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数材料
铝钢
标称截面/mm2300.0938.9
结构根数247
单股外径/mm3.992.66
密度/(kg/m3)2 7907 780
比热容/(J/(kg·K))881470
电阻率/(nΩ·m)28.26191.57
电阻温度系数/(℃-1)0.004 030.004 55
导热系数/(W/(m·K))17043
), ArticleFig(id=1222482913535451966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482904651915736, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Lay ratio for overhead conductors, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构原件绞层节径比
钢及铝包钢加强芯6根层16～26
12根层14～22
铝及铝合金绞层外层10～14
内层10～16
), ArticleFig(id=1222482913631920964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482904651915736, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

架空导线绞合节径比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构原件绞层节径比
钢及铝包钢加强芯6根层16～26
12根层14～22
铝及铝合金绞层外层10～14
内层10～16
), ArticleFig(id=1222482913720001352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482904651915736, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Boundary conditions for FEM simulationunder natural convection, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电流/A200300400500600700
环境温度/℃19.018.918.418.218.418.2
外部风速/(m/s)0.10.10.10.10.10.1
), ArticleFig(id=1222482913795498828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482904651915736, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

自然对流下有限元仿真边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电流/A200300400500600700
环境温度/℃19.018.918.418.218.418.2
外部风速/(m/s)0.10.10.10.10.10.1
), ArticleFig(id=1222482913883579216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482904651915736, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Comparison between FEM simulation results and measured values under natural convection condition, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

电流

/A

实测温度/℃仿真温度/℃相对误差/%
钢芯铝层表层钢芯铝层表层钢芯铝层表层
20024.724.424.124.023.623.1-2.83-3.28-4.15
30030.730.129.530.629.728.4-0.33-1.33-3.73
40038.437.436.538.237.736.1-0.52-0.80-1.10
50050.849.448.050.248.747.1-1.18-1.42-1.88
60063.161.259.064.862.657.92.692.29-1.86
70079.176.673.481.877.774.93.411.442.04
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自然对流条件下仿真结果与实测值对比

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电流

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20024.724.424.124.023.623.1-2.83-3.28-4.15
30030.730.129.530.629.728.4-0.33-1.33-3.73
40038.437.436.538.237.736.1-0.52-0.80-1.10
50050.849.448.050.248.747.1-1.18-1.42-1.88
60063.161.259.064.862.657.92.692.29-1.86
70079.176.673.481.877.774.93.411.442.04
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强制对流下有限元仿真条件设置

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电流

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实测温度/℃仿真温度/℃相对误差/%
钢芯铝层表层钢芯铝层表层钢芯铝层表层
40026.025.825.621.821.020.3-16.15-18.60-20.70
50031.230.730.325.323.822.8-18.91-22.48-24.75
60036.936.235.428.827.225.3-21.95-24.86-28.53
70043.442.141.033.230.728.3-23.50-27.08-30.98
80052.450.548.239.636.532.9-24.43-27.72-31.74
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强制对流条件下仿真结果与实测值对比

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电流

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实测温度/℃仿真温度/℃相对误差/%
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40026.025.825.621.821.020.3-16.15-18.60-20.70
50031.230.730.325.323.822.8-18.91-22.48-24.75
60036.936.235.428.827.225.3-21.95-24.86-28.53
70043.442.141.033.230.728.3-23.50-27.08-30.98
80052.450.548.239.636.532.9-24.43-27.72-31.74
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电流/A自然对流下强制对流下
线芯温度/℃表面温度/℃修正值线芯温度/℃表面温度/℃修正值
20024.724.11.02———
30030.729.51.04———
40038.436.51.0526.025.61.02
50050.848.01.0631.230.31.03
60063.159.01.0736.935.41.04
70079.173.41.0843.441.01.06
800———52.448.21.09
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不同负荷下导线表面温度与线芯温度的修正值

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线芯温度/℃表面温度/℃修正值线芯温度/℃表面温度/℃修正值
20024.724.11.02———
30030.729.51.04———
40038.436.51.0526.025.61.02
50050.848.01.0631.230.31.03
60063.159.01.0736.935.41.04
70079.173.41.0843.441.01.06
800———52.448.21.09
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基于有限元仿真的架空导线径向温度场分析
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刘志陆 1 , 李恒真 1 , 刘刚 2 , 张鸣 1 , 谭劲章 1
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021,54(3): 84-90
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021, 54(3): 84-90
基于有限元仿真的架空导线径向温度场分析
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刘志陆1, 李恒真1, 刘刚2, 张鸣1, 谭劲章1
作者信息
  • 1广东电网有限责任公司佛山供电局，广东 佛山 528000
  • 2华南理工大学 电力学院，广东 广州 510640

    • 刘志陆（1989-），男（汉族），广东汕尾人，工程师，研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备状态监测技术等；

    李恒真（1984-），男（汉族），山东泰安人，高级工程师，主要从事新能源及储能技术、输变配电设备状态监测技术的研究。

Analysis on Radial Temperature Field of Overhead Conductor Based on Finite Element Simulation
Zhilu LIU1, Hengzhen LI1, Gang LIU2, Ming ZHANG1, Jinzhang TAN1
Affiliations
  • 1Foshan Power Supply Bureau of Guangdong Power Grid Corporation Limited, Foshan 528000, China
  • 2School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2021-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.014
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摘要
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为研究架空导线的径向温度场分布情况，首先以传热学理论为基础，根据导线的物理结构建立有限元三维仿真模型，并设计仿真实验，然后对仿真结果与实验结果进行对比分析。结果表明：自然对流条件下，导线径向温差最高可达10.4℃，不同方位上导线表面最大温差为3.4℃。自然对流条件下的仿真结果与实测值基本吻合，导线各层温度的相对误差均在±5%以内，验证了仿真模型的可靠性；强制对流条件下，仿真结果与实测值存在较大差异，说明不同散热条件引起的导线轴向传热对导线的径向温度场分布造成显著影响。出于保守考虑，工程测温中通过测得导线不同方位上的最大表面温度值乘以修正系数1.05～1.10即可得到导线线芯温度值。

架空导线  /  径向温差  /  有限元仿真  /  轴向传热  /  表面温度  /  线芯温度

In order to study the radial temperature field distribution of overhead conductor, firstly, on the basis of heat transfer theory, a 3D model of finite element simulation was established according to the physical structure of conductor, and a simulation experiment was designed. Then the simulation and experimental results were compared. The results show that under natural convection conditions, the maximum radial temperature difference of the conductor can reach 10.4℃, and the maximum surface temperature difference of different position on conductor is 3.4℃. The simulation results coincide with the measured values under natural convection conditions basically, and the relative error between each layer temperature of the conductor is within ±5%, which verifies the reliability of the simulation model. Under forced convection conditions, there are obvious difference between simulation results and measured values, which indicates that the axial heat transfer of the conductor caused by different heat dissipation conditions has significant effect on the radial temperature field distribution of the conductor. For conservative consideration, in practical applications, the core temperature of conductor can be calculated by multiplying the maximum surface temperature of conductor measured from different position of conductor with correction coefficient of 1.05‒1.10.

overhead conductor  /  radial temperature difference  /  finite element simulation  /  axial heat transfer  /  surface temperature  /  core temperature
刘志陆, 李恒真, 刘刚, 张鸣, 谭劲章. 基于有限元仿真的架空导线径向温度场分析. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (3) : 84 -90 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.014
Zhilu LIU, Hengzhen LI, Gang LIU, Ming ZHANG, Jinzhang TAN. Analysis on Radial Temperature Field of Overhead Conductor Based on Finite Element Simulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (3) : 84 -90 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.014
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0 引言
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导线温度是输电线路设计和运行中的重要参数[1-2]。导线温度直接决定着线路弧垂的大小，而弧垂的大小又影响着线路对地距离和交叉跨越距离，进而直接影响着线路的安全稳定运行[3]。若导线长期运行在较高温度下，则会对导线的机械强度和运行寿命造成一定影响。因此，世界各国都根据实际情况设定了导线运行温度的最高限额[4]。技术规程DL/T 5092—1999规定，架空输电线路长期允许运行的导线温度不能超过70℃[5]。但是规程中没有说明该运行温度是指导线的内部温度、表面温度，还是导线的平均温度。
实际运行中，由于现有导线测温技术的限制，只能通过红外测温或者在线测温的方式测量导线的表面温度，并以此作为运行时的导线温度[6-8]。相关研究表明[9-13]，由于架空导线用钢芯铝绞线自身结构的特点，在承载电流时导线存在径向的温度梯度，导线内部的温度往往高于导线的表面温度，且导线载流量越大，导线温度越高，则导线的径向温差越大。由于钢芯铝绞线中铝线与钢芯材料性能的差异，在高温时铝线的热膨胀量远大于钢芯，铝线会发生径向膨胀，导致导线结构膨松，使得内部气隙加大，从而产生“鸟笼”现象。“鸟笼”现象的出现将使导线内部散热条件恶化，加剧导线内外温度差异。此时，铝线将不再承受拉力作用，整条导线的力学性能将完全显示为钢芯的力学性能[14]。这种情况下，通过导线表面温度表征导线整体温度来计算导线的弧垂将出现较大误差，甚至导致安全事故的发生，给电网运行带来一定的安全隐患。因此，非常有必要研究不同条件下导线的径向温度分布情况。
本研究以LGJ-300/40型钢芯铝绞线为研究对象，从导线的实际物理结构出发，构建钢芯铝绞线的三维仿真模型，以导线的稳态热平衡原理为基础，利用有限元分析软件对不同条件下钢芯铝绞线的径向温度分布进行仿真分析，并通过实验验证仿真模型的可靠性，为实现各种条件下导线径向温度分布的分析与研究提供一种高效、便捷的方法。
1 架空导线径向温度场有限元分析的三维建模
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为分析不同载流条件下不同散热条件对架空导线径向温度场分布的影响，基于传热学理论[15]，利用有限元分析软件建立三维温度场模型，对架空导线进行热流耦合场的仿真分析。
选用LGJ-300/40型钢芯铝绞线作为研究对象，其由7根镀锌钢丝和两层共24根硬铝线绞合而成，外径为23.94 mm，相关物理参数见表1[16-17]。
根据GB/T 1179—2017[16]，架空输电线路用钢芯铝绞线各层的节径比和绞向需满足以下基本要求：①导线的所有单线同心绞合；②相邻层的绞向相反，最外层绞向为右向；③导线的节径比应符合表2的规定；④对于多层绞线，任何层的节径比不大于紧邻内层的节径比。
为满足以上基本要求并结合实际导线参数，取导线的绞合节径比分别为：外层铝绞线取14，邻外层取16，6根钢芯层取20。构建LGJ-300/40型架空导线的三维物理模型如图1所示。
考虑到导线温度对周围环境的影响范围和模型的计算精度等要求，以导线轴心为轴心建立半径为0.4 m的圆柱形外部空气边界层，其中导线的外径为0.023 94 m。
对该结构模型进行分段网格划分，其中对导线及其邻近空气层进行精细网格划分，以提高仿真计算精度。对各结构层加载相应的物性参数，其中导线部分的热生成率q可通过式（1）～（2）计算。
qc=Ic2Rc(Tc)Ac
qs=Is2Rs(Ts)As
式（1）～（2）中：qc、qs分别为每股铝线和钢芯的热生成率，W/m3；Ic、Is分别为流经每股铝线和钢芯的电流，A；Rc(Tc)、Rs(Ts)分别为铝线温度为Tc温度下各股铝线的交流电阻以及钢芯温度为Ts温度下各股钢芯的交流电阻，Ω/m；Ac、As分别为单股铝线和钢芯的截面积，m2。其中Rc(Tc)、Rs(Ts)可分别通过式（3）～（4）计算。
Rc(Tc)=ρcAc1+αcTc-20
Rs(Ts)=ρsAs1+αsTs-20
式（3）～（4）中：ρc、ρs分别为20℃时铝绞线和钢芯的电阻率，Ω·m；αc、αs分别为铝绞线和钢芯的电阻温度系数，℃-1。Tc和Ts分别为铝绞线和钢芯的温度，℃。根据式（1）～（4）可求得某一载流负荷下导线各层的热生成率。
2 实验系统设计
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为了测得架空导线在各种载流条件下钢芯铝绞线各层的温度，设计了架空导线大电流实验系统平台，并设计相应实验对导线各层温度进行测量。图2为架空导线大电流实验系统装置的示意图。
大电流实验系统分为室内和室外两部分，主要由以下几部分组成：稳流试验系统、升流器、无功补偿电力电容器（其作用主要是提供无功功率，提升系统的升流能力）、试验架空线路、自动气象站、温度传感器（T型热电偶）。试验架空导线由3根水泥杆塔支撑，连接室内和室外线路，其中室内线路段与升流系统连接，在导线中感应产生大电流。室内线路长度约为8 m，设置室内温度监测点1个。室外线路长度约为35 m，其中杆塔1和杆塔2之间距离约为15 m，杆塔2与杆塔3之间距离约为18 m，杆塔1与杆塔3之间距离约为5 m。在杆塔1和杆塔2以及杆塔2和杆塔3之间各设置一个导线温度监测点。
实验用的架空导线型号为LGJ-300/40钢芯铝绞线，70℃时的额定载流量为503 A，导线各物理参数见表1。
为准确测得架空导线内部各层的温度，需要将温度传感器的测温探头伸至导线内部，并使其与导线紧密接触。导线内部各层及表面测温点的布置方式如图3所示。
3 有限元仿真结果与分析
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3.1 自然对流条件下的有限元仿真结果与分析
利用已建立的LGJ-300/40型钢芯铝绞线的仿真模型进行有限元CFD（computational fluid dynamics）仿真，仿真条件设置如表3所示。导线载流为700 A时的仿真结果如图4所示，其中模拟风向设置为从左向右。
由表3和图4可知，在环境温度为18.2℃，横向风速为0.1 m/s的自然对流条件下，导线加载700 A的电流时，导线内部的最高温度可达354.16 K，即81.0℃，而导线铝层温度和表面温度分别为350.25 K和347.14 K，即77.1℃和74.0℃；导线表面最低温度为343.75 K，即70.6℃。导线内外温差最大可达10.4℃；而不同方位上导线表面温度亦存在差异，最大相差3.4℃，迎风面部位的导线温度低于背风面部位的导线温度。
由图4(a)可知，在自然对流状态、高载流条件下，架空导线存在径向温度梯度，内部温度明显高于导线表层温度，且受气流的影响，即使在同一绞层的不同方位上也同样存在温度差异。由图4(b)可知，高温的架空导线会对周围的气流状况产生影响，从而改变周围空气层的温度场分布。导线表面与环境的温差最大，所以在导线近表面的温度梯度最大，随着与导线表面距离的增大，周围温度梯度逐渐减小。导线温度对周围空气层温度场的影响范围最大不超过0.4 m，在距离导线表面0.2 m半径的距离上导线温度产生的气流影响已经非常小，该位置的温度已经与外部环境温度相差无几，可认为已经不受导线温度场的影响。
其他载流条件下的仿真结果与实验实测值对比如表4所示。由表4可知，该仿真模型仿真结果与实验实测值的误差小于±5%，最大温差为2.7℃，即700 A载流下仿真的钢芯温度与实测钢芯温差；最大误差出现在200 A载流下的表层温度，即仿真表层温度比实测表层温度低1℃，相对误差为 -4.15%。
对比分析表4数据可知，架空导线在低载流时，导线各层温度仿真结果相对实测值偏小；而在高载流时，导线各层温度仿真结果相对实测值偏大，主要原因在于仿真计算设置的边界风速固定为0.1 m/s，而实际实验过程中，对于无风条件的控制比较困难，实测的风速在0～0.1 m/s内存在微小的波动变化，使得实测结果无法十分精准地反映导线的稳态温度结果。对于线路运维人员来讲，更关心在无风或低风速、高载流下的导线温度情况，而在该边界条件下，仿真结果值偏大，对于线路运维而言可以采取更加保守的运维策略，更有利于线路的安全可靠运行。
总的来讲，自然对流条件下的仿真结果与实测值的相对误差较小，在工程误差允许范围内，说明该仿真模型准确，仿真结果可靠。
3.2 强制对流条件下的有限元仿真结果与分析
利用已建立的LGJ-300/40型架空导线的仿真模型进行有限元CFD仿真，仿真条件设置如表5所示，导线载流为700 A时的仿真结果如图5所示，其中模拟风向设置为从左向右。
由表5和图5可知，在环境温度为16.8℃，横向风速为2.8 m/s的强制对流条件下，导线加载700 A的电流时，导线内部最高温度可达306.2 K，即33.1℃，而导线铝层温度和表面温度分别为306.0 K和302.6 K，即32.9℃和29.5℃；导线表面最低温度仅为297.5 K，即24.5℃。导线内外温差最高可达8.6℃；而不同方位上导线表面最大温差为5.1℃。
从图5(a)可以看出，在高风速、大载流条件下，导线温度从内到外各层存在明显的径向梯度分布。导线同一绞层不同方位上的温差也比较明显，迎风面的导线表面温度低于背风面的导线表面温度。对比图4(a)和图5(a)可知，高风速下的导线最高温度较低风速下的导线最高温度低48℃，温度差异非常明显。可见风速的大小对导线的散热影响非常大，因此在工程实际中对于低风速、高载流下的导线运行状态必须给予高度重视。
由图5(b)可知，导线温度对周围空气层温度场的影响范围最大不超过0.4 m，在距离导线表面0.15 m半径的距离上导线温度产生的气流影响已经非常小，该位置的温度已经与外部环境温度相差无几，可认为已经不受导线温度场的影响，且相比低风速下的导线周围温度场分布情况，高风速下导线对周围空气温度场的影响程度要小，导线周围温度梯度变化比较大。
进一步对其他载流条件下LGJ-300/40型架空导线的仿真模型进行有限元CFD仿真，结果如表6所示。
由表6可知，高风速条件下，导线温度的仿真结果明显低于实测值，误差比较大。随着导线载流量的增加，导线的稳态温度逐渐升高，导线各层温度的仿真结果误差也随之增大。在风速为2.8 m/s、导线载流量为800 A条件下导线各层温度的仿真结果误差最大，分别达到-24.43%、-27.72%、-31.74%，各层温度差值分别为-12.8、-14.0、-15.3℃。从图5(a)可以看出，在高风速条件下，导线各层的温度分布并不均匀，且同一层绞线不同方位上的温度也存在较大差异。
对比自然对流条件下、不同载流量下导线的各层温度仿真结果可发现，强制对流条件下的仿真结果误差非常大，且温差随着载流量的增加而增大。
3.3 自然对流与强制对流条件下仿真结果的对比与分析
从以上仿真结果可知，在低风速或无风条件下，利用本研究所建立的架空导线有限元仿真模型进行不同负载条件下导线径向温度场分布的仿真分析，其结果是可靠的，温度仿真结果与实测值的误差基本控制在±5%以内，温差值基本保持在3℃以内。而当导线处于高风速的强制对流条件下，导线径向温度场的仿真结果却差强人意，最大误差超过31%，最大温差也超过15℃。
事实上，利用有限元仿真软件进行温度场仿真时，仿真所设定的条件是确定的、理想化的，仿真的计算过程理论上是正确的。而实际中，进行架空导线载流实验时，其温度监测点是局部的，由于实验条件的限制，在高风速实验时仅能对温度监测点局部导线段施加特定的横向风速，而其余实验线路段处于自然对流状态。根据传热学理论分析，受高速横向风强制对流影响的局部导线段的稳态温度要明显低于自然对流状态下的其余导线段，则在同一条导线上存在明显的轴向温度梯度，受此轴向温度梯度的影响，导线的传热方式也将发生改变，由单纯的径向传热变成径向加轴向传热。由于轴向传热的影响，处于自然对流状态下的导线段的温度较高，会向邻近的处于强制对流状态下的低温导线段进行热量传递，其结果导致处于高风速下的局部段导线的温度较理想条件下该风速作用下的导线理论温度要高，即实验实测导线各层的温度高于仿真计算结果，且随着载流量的增加，实测值和仿真结果相差越来越大。
为验证轴向传热对仿真结果的影响，设计了如下仿真试验：建立一段长度为2.2 m、直径等于23.94 mm（LGJ-300/40型号导线的外直径尺寸）的圆柱型直导线模型，直导线内部再建立一个直径为7.98 mm（LGJ-300/40型号导线钢芯的直径尺寸）的圆柱体模型代表导线的钢芯部分，分别加载相应铝线和镀锌钢丝的材料属性。划分网格后，利用该三维模型进行以下两组对比仿真计算。
仿真I组：利用公式（1）～（2）计算导线电流为700 A时钢芯和铝线的产热率，再根据文献[18]中的相关公式和参数分别计算风速为0.1 m/s和3.0 m/s时的导线表面对流换热系数h1和h2；在三维导线模型中部长度为0.2 m的局部表面加载风速为3.0 m/s时对应的对流换热系数h2，而在其端部各1 m长度的局部加载风速为0.1 m/s时对应的对流换热系数h1，对钢芯和铝线加载700 A电流下对应产热率后开始仿真计算。仿真结果如图6所示。
仿真II组：在三维导线模型的表面都加载风速为3.0 m/s时对应的换热系数h2，对钢芯和铝线加载700 A电流下对应产热率后开始仿真计算。仿真结果如图7所示。
对比图6和图7可知，在导线全段都处于高风速环境时，导线全段的温度一致，导线的稳态温度约为307.5 K，不存在轴向温度梯度；而导线在只有局部处于高风速、其余处于自然对流状态的环境中时，当温度达到稳态时，处于自然对流状态的导线两端温度比较高，为378.8 K，且存在对称的轴向温度梯度分布，而处于高风速的局部导线段温度比较低，为333.0 K，较导线两端温度低了45.8 K。在导线载流量相同的条件下，由于轴向传热的影响，只有局部处于3.0 m/s高风速的导线段温度较全段都处于3.0 m/s高风速理想条件下的导线温度高了约25.5 K。可见，导线轴向传热的影响是非常明显的。在工程实际应用中，利用有限元仿真进行导线温度场计算时必须考虑导线的轴向传热，尤其在线路处于不同环境条件，或线路局部散热条件特别好或特别恶劣时。
本次仿真试验的结果验证了轴向传热对实验实测值和仿真结果存在较大的影响，定性解释了利用有限元模型仿真高风速强制对流条件下导线径向温度场分布结果与实验测量值存在较大误差的原因。
3.4 工程应用中如何考虑导线径向温差的影响
由前文仿真结果及实验实测值分析可知，载流导线存在径向温差，导线同一绞层不同方位上也存在温度差异，且温差随着导线负荷的增加而增大。而线路运维人员通常采用红外热成像仪对输电线路进行导线温度测量，其测量结果显然存在较大误差。为准确反映导线的真实温度，需对测量值进行修正。
将表5和表6中导线温度实测值的线芯温度与表面最高温度进行对比分析，结果如表7所示。
从表7可知，温度修正值随导线负荷的增加而增大，考虑高温对导线弧垂、机械强度等方面的影响，为了在符合技术规程规定的温度范围内保证电网安全运行，在高负载下可按较严苛条件取值，故取温度修正系数k=1.05～1.10，以确保线路在足够的安全裕度下运行。即当使用红外测温仪测量导线温度时应测量同一位置不同方位上的温度值并取其最大值作为导线表面温度值，再将该温度值乘以修正系数k得到导线线芯温度值。修正公式如式（5）所示。
Tcore=kTsurf
式（5）中：Tcore为导线线芯温度，℃；Tsurf为导线表面最高温度，℃；k为温度修正系数，高负载条件下可取1.05～1.10。
4 结论
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（1）在自然对流条件下，导线内外温差最大可达10.4℃；不同方位上导线表面温度最大相差3.4℃，且处于迎风方位的导线温度低于背风方位的导线温度。
（2）自然对流条件下的仿真结果与实测值基本吻合，温差绝对值小于3℃，导线各层温度相对误差均小于±5%，验证了仿真模型的可靠性。
（3）强制对流条件下的仿真结果与实测值相差比较大，导线各层温度相对误差最大达到-31.74%，说明轴向传热对架空导线径向温度场分布的影响显著，强制对流条件下利用有限元进行导线温度径向温度场分布的仿真时应考虑轴向传热对测温准确性的影响。
（4）工程测温中，高负载条件下可通过测量导线不同方位上的表面温度，取其最大值并乘以修正系数1.05～1.10得到导线线芯温度。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.014
  • 接收时间：2020-06-05
  • 首发时间：2026-01-26
  • 出版时间：2021-02-20
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  • 收稿日期：2020-06-05
  • 修回日期：2020-07-13
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    1广东电网有限责任公司佛山供电局，广东 佛山 528000
    2华南理工大学 电力学院，广东 广州 510640
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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