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A series of accelerated thermal ageing tests were conducted on some nuclear cables. On the basis of Arrhenius model, the apparent activation energy of nuclear cable materials was obtained using the elongation at break method and the dielectric loss spectrum method, and the effect of activation energy variation on the ageing life evaluation of nuclear cable materials was studied. Then the thermal ageing reference curves of nuclear cable materials were developed on the basis of fixed activation energy and varying activation energy, respectively, and verified by experiments. The results show that the apparent activation energy decreases gradually with the ageing of cable materials. A small change of apparent activation energy will have great impact on the life evaluation of cable materials. The thermal ageing reference curve on the basis of varying activation energy is more consistent with the actual ageing trend of cable materials, which can be used for the ageing life evaluation of nuclear cable materials.

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对某核电厂核级电缆开展加速热老化试验,基于Arrhenius模型,采用断裂伸长率法和介质损耗频谱法获取核级电缆材料的表观活化能,研究活化能变化对电缆材料寿命评估的影响,然后分别基于固定活化能和变化活化能开发核级电缆材料的热老化基准曲线,并进行试验验证。结果表明:表观活化能随电缆材料的老化呈逐渐减小的趋势;表观活化能的微小变化会对电缆材料的寿命评估产生较大影响,基于变化活化能的热老化基准曲线更符合电缆材料的实际老化趋势,可用于核级电缆材料的老化寿命评估。

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王雷(1987-),女(汉族),安徽亳州人,高级工程师,主要从事核电厂电仪设备状态监检测与老化状态管理方面的研究。

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王雷(1987-),女(汉族),安徽亳州人,高级工程师,主要从事核电厂电仪设备状态监检测与老化状态管理方面的研究。

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王雷(1987-),女(汉族),安徽亳州人,高级工程师,主要从事核电厂电仪设备状态监检测与老化状态管理方面的研究。

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caption=Elementary reaction process inaerobic environment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号阶段基元反应
1链引发

ROOH→ RO•+•OH

2ROOH→ RO•+RO2•+H2O

2链增长

R•+O2→RO2

RO2•+RH→ROOH+ R•

3链终止

2R•→R-R

RO2•+ R•→ROOR

2RO2•→稳定产物+ O2

), ArticleFig(id=1222482915137676180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482906652598783, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

有氧环境下的基元反应进程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号阶段基元反应
1链引发

ROOH→ RO•+•OH

2ROOH→ RO•+RO2•+H2O

2链增长

R•+O2→RO2

RO2•+RH→ROOH+ R•

3链终止

2R•→R-R

RO2•+ R•→ROOR

2RO2•→稳定产物+ O2

), ArticleFig(id=1222482915217367960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482906652598783, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Activation energy of cable sheath underdifferent ageing conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
断裂伸长率/%Ea/(kJ/mol)
101109.909
102110.112
109111.543
110111.754
119113.739
120113.969
129116.022
130116.237
), ArticleFig(id=1222482915334808478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482906652598783, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电缆护套材料在不同老化状态下的活化能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
断裂伸长率/%Ea/(kJ/mol)
101109.909
102110.112
109111.543
110111.754
119113.739
120113.969
129116.022
130116.237
), ArticleFig(id=1222482915414500259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482906652598783, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Activation energy of cable insulation under different ageing conditions based on dielectric loss test, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加速热老化时间/h介质损耗测试温度/℃活化能/(kJ/mol)
768.0050~10081.26
974.7550~10081.90
1364.5750~10075.04
1631.0750~10059.53
), ArticleFig(id=1222482915494192041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482906652598783, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于介质损耗测试获取的不同老化状态下电缆绝缘活化能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加速热老化时间/h介质损耗测试温度/℃活化能/(kJ/mol)
768.0050~10081.26
974.7550~10081.90
1364.5750~10075.04
1631.0750~10059.53
), ArticleFig(id=1222482915590661033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482906652598783, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Oxidation-induced temperature of cable insulation under different ageing conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样老化状态氧化诱导温度/℃
热老化0 h276.7
135℃下热老化212 h254.7
135℃下热老化481 h228.0
135℃下热老化638 h221.4
), ArticleFig(id=1222482915666158507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482906652598783, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

电缆绝缘在不同老化状态下的氧化诱导温度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样老化状态氧化诱导温度/℃
热老化0 h276.7
135℃下热老化212 h254.7
135℃下热老化481 h228.0
135℃下热老化638 h221.4
), ArticleFig(id=1222482915724878766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482906652598783, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Thermal ageing reference curve deviation at 135℃, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

断裂

伸长率

/%

实际老化

时间/h

固定活化能变化活化能
评估老化时间/h偏差率/%评估老化时间/h偏差率/%
145.18212.527529.425118.1
134.35850.561827.374712.2
), ArticleFig(id=1222482915808764853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482906652598783, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

135℃下热老化基准曲线偏差计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

断裂

伸长率

/%

实际老化

时间/h

固定活化能变化活化能
评估老化时间/h偏差率/%评估老化时间/h偏差率/%
145.18212.527529.425118.1
134.35850.561827.374712.2
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基于变化活化能的核级电缆老化寿命评估
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王雷 1 , 詹英杰 2 , 云浩 1 , 汪亮 1 , 张益舟 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(3): 68-72
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(3): 68-72
基于变化活化能的核级电缆老化寿命评估
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王雷1, 詹英杰2, 云浩1, 汪亮1, 张益舟1
作者信息
  • 1中核武汉核电运行技术股份有限公司,湖北 武汉 430223
  • 2华能山东石岛湾核电有限公司,山东 威海 264300
  • 王雷(1987-),女(汉族),安徽亳州人,高级工程师,主要从事核电厂电仪设备状态监检测与老化状态管理方面的研究。

Ageing Life Evaluation on Nuclear Cables Basing on Varying Activation Energy
Lei WANG1, Yingjie ZHAN2, Hao YUN1, Liang WANG1, Yizhou ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1China Nuclear Power Operation Technology Corporation Ltd., Wuhan 430223, China
  • 2Huaneng Shandong Shidao Bay Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Weihai 264300, China
出版时间: 2021-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.011
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对某核电厂核级电缆开展加速热老化试验,基于Arrhenius模型,采用断裂伸长率法和介质损耗频谱法获取核级电缆材料的表观活化能,研究活化能变化对电缆材料寿命评估的影响,然后分别基于固定活化能和变化活化能开发核级电缆材料的热老化基准曲线,并进行试验验证。结果表明:表观活化能随电缆材料的老化呈逐渐减小的趋势;表观活化能的微小变化会对电缆材料的寿命评估产生较大影响,基于变化活化能的热老化基准曲线更符合电缆材料的实际老化趋势,可用于核级电缆材料的老化寿命评估。

核级电缆  /  表观活化能  /  基准曲线  /  寿命评估

A series of accelerated thermal ageing tests were conducted on some nuclear cables. On the basis of Arrhenius model, the apparent activation energy of nuclear cable materials was obtained using the elongation at break method and the dielectric loss spectrum method, and the effect of activation energy variation on the ageing life evaluation of nuclear cable materials was studied. Then the thermal ageing reference curves of nuclear cable materials were developed on the basis of fixed activation energy and varying activation energy, respectively, and verified by experiments. The results show that the apparent activation energy decreases gradually with the ageing of cable materials. A small change of apparent activation energy will have great impact on the life evaluation of cable materials. The thermal ageing reference curve on the basis of varying activation energy is more consistent with the actual ageing trend of cable materials, which can be used for the ageing life evaluation of nuclear cable materials.

nuclear cable  /  apparent activation energy  /  reference curve  /  life evaluation
王雷, 詹英杰, 云浩, 汪亮, 张益舟. 基于变化活化能的核级电缆老化寿命评估. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (3) : 68 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.011
Lei WANG, Yingjie ZHAN, Hao YUN, Liang WANG, Yizhou ZHANG. Ageing Life Evaluation on Nuclear Cables Basing on Varying Activation Energy[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (3) : 68 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.011
核级电缆用于核电厂重要设备的电力供应和仪表控制信号传输,具有重要的安全功能,对核设施的安全稳定运行具有重要意义。随着服役时间的增加,电缆材料会逐渐劣化,严重时甚至会导致电缆安全功能的丧失。作为核设施老化管理中的关键检测项目,核级电缆老化寿命评估一直是业内的研究热点。
Arrhenius模型在橡胶材料长期老化评估中已经得到了普遍应用和认可[1-2]。电缆聚合物材料的热老化满足Arrhenius规律,基于Arrhenius的热老化状态评估模型也是目前应用最为广泛的一种电缆老化寿命评估模型,该模型能够借助实验室加速老化数据实现在一定环境温度范围内电缆老化寿命的等效外推[3-5]。表观活化能是Arrhenius模型提出的一项重要参数,基于Arrhenius模型对核级电缆开展热老化寿命评估时,业内一般将表观活化能作为固定参数使用,然而研究表明,表观活化能随着材料老化不是一成不变的,且表观活化能的变化对材料寿命评估有着不可忽视的影响。本研究通过试验,研究Arrhenius模型中的表观活化能随电缆材料老化的变化规律,并基于变化的表观活化能和Arrhenius模型开展电缆老化寿命评估。
交联聚烯烃材料的热老化过程实质上是在热氧环境下的自由基链式自催化氧化反应,一般包括3个基元反应进程[6]:链引发反应、链增长反应和链终止反应。链引发反应是指交联聚烯烃材料在热氧环境下反应产生过氧化氢,借助外部能量,使聚合物内部过氧化氢化学键发生断裂,生成自由基R•或者含氧自由基RO2•(R为高分子基团);随后自由基与氧气或分解生成的单体分子RH发生反应,使反应过程演变至链增长阶段;当链增长到一定程度,链自由基终止,形成结构不同的稳定产物,具体反应进程如表1所示。
从上述自由基链式反应进程可知,聚合物材料降解是外部能量(热)和有氧环境共同作用的结果。外部能量激发高分子材料越过其自身化学键能垒,以实现后续氧气参与的基元反应。因此,电缆材料老化是化学键能垒和有氧环境两个方面共同作用的结果。
通常使用表观活化能作为3个基元反应的能垒宏观表征。S TADAO等[7-8]通过物理建模分析,认为抗氧化剂效应的实质是减少自由基(三基元反应的引发阶段)的产生,而不是通过与自由基的反应来终止氧化作用。因此,可认为抗氧化剂与材料表观活化能相关。材料表观活化能可表示为式(1)
Ea=Ep+(Ed-Et)/2
式(1)中:Ea为材料表观活化能;Ep为链增长活化能;Ed为链引发活化能;Et为链终止活化能。
Arrhenius方程给出了材料在不同温度(T1T2)下达到同一老化状态的老化时间(t1t2)之间的关系,如式(2)所示。
t1t2=exp EaR1T1-1T2
式(2)中:R为摩尔气体常数。
式(2)两边取自然对数,可得到式(3)
lnt1-lnt2=EaR1T1-1T2
a=Ea/R,则可得到电缆材料的寿命t与老化温度T之间的关系,如式(4)所示。
lnt=a×1T+b
式(4)中:ab为与电缆材料性能相关的待定系数,a与电缆材料的活化能有关。
以电缆样本的某一老化敏感性能指标值来表征电缆的老化状态,求取电缆材料达到同一老化状态时热老化温度与时间的关系,即可获取电缆材料的活化能。
以国内核电厂某典型1E级电缆为试验对象,开展加速热老化试验。电缆绝缘/护套材料为交联聚烯烃,鉴定等级为K1类,设计寿命为60年,正常运行时最高温度参数为69.5℃。
加速老化试验在空气热老化烘箱中开展,根据工业鉴定试验要求选择加热温度为135、150、165、180℃,分别对应的热老化时间为1 760、1 680、250、375 h,获取电缆在不同温度下加热至不同老化阶段时的性能指标(断裂伸长率(EAB)、介质损耗频谱、氧化诱导温度(OIT)),进而得到每个温度下电缆性能指标随老化时间的变化曲线。
断裂伸长率等效损伤分析法是用于测定聚合物材料性能的传统方法。根据式(4)可知,在不考虑活化能变化的情况下,电缆材料寿命的自然对数lnt与老化温度的倒数1/T呈线性关系。通过试验获取电缆护套材料在4个温度下断裂伸长率随老化时间的变化曲线,求取电缆护套材料在不同温度下达到同一老化状态的时间,如图1所示。
对于式(4),设x=1/Ty=lnt,则y=ax+b。将从图1获取的特定断裂伸长率下的时间-温度坐标(lnt,1/T)代入公式,采用最小二乘法直线拟合计算方法求取系数ab,进而计算出电缆护套材料在不同断裂伸长率下的活化能Ea,部分数据如表2所示。根据表2可知,在不同的老化状态下,电缆护套材料的活化能存在差异,电缆护套的Ea随护套断裂伸长率的减小而减小,即电缆护套活化能随电缆老化而减小。
用介质损耗评估电缆绝缘老化状态时必须考虑测试温度对绝缘材料介质损耗的影响[2]。设定介质损耗测试的参考温度为T2,测试温度为T1,根据电介质极化原理,电缆绝缘在时域和频域上的极化特性偏移关系一般用函数fχ表示,如式(5)~(6)所示。
ft,T2=αT1,T2·f(τT1,T2·t,T1)
χ*ω,T2=βT1,T2·χ*ΩT1,T2·ωT1
式(5)~(6)中:αT1,T2τT1,T2分别为介质损耗在时域范围内的幅值偏移和时间偏移;βT1,T2ΩT1,T2分别为介质损耗在频域范围内的幅值偏移和频率偏移。
根据式(5)及傅里叶反变换,可得到式(7)
ΩT1,T2=1τT1,T2
对于时域的极化特性,根据经典的Arrhenius方程,可计算出绝缘介质达到某一极化状态下需要的时间,如式(8)所示。
τ=Aexp(Ea/RT)
根据式(7)式(8),绝缘介质达到某一极化状态下需要的频率可表示为式(9)
f=ω2π=12πτ=A'exp(-Ea/RT)
式(9)两边取自然对数可得到式(10)~(11)。
lnf=-EaR×1T+b
lnf1-lnf2=-EaR×(1T1-1T2)
因此,在某一极化状态下,绝缘介质的lnf与1/T呈线性关系。在对数坐标系下,按照式(10)将绝缘介质在某测试温度T1下的介电频谱响应曲线沿频率轴平移,即可得到绝缘介质在参考温度T2下的介电频谱响应曲线。式(11)为绝缘介质的介质损耗温度补偿因子计算公式。将电缆在同一极化状态对应的试验温度和频率点(1/T,lnf)利用最小二乘法进行直线拟合,即可求得电缆绝缘材料的活化能。
以在135℃下老化768 h的电缆样本为例,基于介质损耗频谱法计算电缆绝缘材料的活化能。试验应用扫频的方式测量电缆绝缘材料在30~100℃下的介电频谱响应曲线,结果如图2所示,图中采用对数坐标,横坐标为测试频率,纵坐标为电缆绝缘的介质损耗因数。
图2中30~80℃下的介电频谱响应曲线取同一介质损耗因数,获取电缆绝缘材料达到同一极化状态对应的温度和频率点(1/T,lnf),利用最小二乘法进行直线拟合,求得电缆的介质损耗温度补偿因子公式,通过其斜率得到电缆绝缘材料的活化能Ea,如图3所示。从图3可以看出,获得的活化能相差不大,说明采用本方法的计算结果可靠。
对不同老化状态下的电缆做介质损耗频谱测试,获取电缆绝缘材料活化能随电缆老化的变化情况,如表3所示。从表3可以看出,电缆绝缘的活化能随着材料老化时间的增加而逐渐减小。
电缆护套和绝缘材料活化能的测算结果显示,随着热老化进程的发展,护套和绝缘材料的表观活化能均有不同程度的下降。电缆材料的热老化过程实质上为材料的热氧降解过程,因此可通过氧化诱导温度测试来分析材料的老化进程。氧化诱导温度可反映出材料的热稳定性,特别是抗氧化能力。
电缆绝缘材料的氧化诱导温度测试结果如表4所示。从表4可以看出,随着热老化时间的增加,电缆绝缘材料的氧化诱导温度呈下降趋势。由此可见,在热老化过程中,随着电缆老化程度的加深,其抗氧化能力下降,导致绝缘材料的表观活化能出现不同程度的下降。
随着老化加剧,电缆绝缘材料的表观活化能逐渐降低,意味着材料进行基元反应所需的外部能量更低,材料的热氧化反应因为老化而被加速。在电缆绝缘材料的热老化进程中,随着抗氧化剂等添加剂的挥发,其表面微观结构也会发生变化,如图4所示,热老化后电缆绝缘材料的表面粗糙度增加,发生“空穴效应”。这种“空穴效应”增加了氧气与材料的接触表面,也会在某种程度上加速材料的热氧化反应。
表2中活化能Ea求取平均值,获取电缆护套材料的平均活化能为113.005 kJ/mol,同时可得到电缆护套材料在不同温度下达到同一老化状态时的时间关系如式(12)所示。
lnt1-lnt2=13596.171×1T1-1T2
通过式(12)计算,得出电缆护套材料在135℃下老化768 h,相当于在69.5℃下老化51.1年。
表2中活化能Ea取最小值为109.909 kJ/mol,同时可得到电缆护套材料在不同温度下达到同一老化状态时的时间关系如式(13)所示。
lnt1-lnt2=13223.696×1T1-1T2
通过式(13)计算,得出电缆护套材料在135℃下老化768 h,相当于在69.5℃下老化42.9年。因此,活化能的微小变化将会给电缆材料的寿命评估计算带来很大差别,应严格使用表观活化能。
根据表观活化能和Arrhenius变形公式(式(3)),在对数坐标下,将温度T2下的电缆老化状态曲线沿时间轴平移一段距离,即可转换成参考温度T1下的电缆老化状态曲线。这为不同运行温度下电缆的老化状态评估提供了极大的便利。
使用表2中获取的电缆护套平均活化能113.005 kJ/mol,将试验中各温度下的电缆老化状态曲线转换到参考温度135℃下,并迭代计算拟合出电缆老化基准曲线(R2=0.854),结果如图5所示。
使用表2中获取的电缆护套变化活化能,将不同温度下的电缆老化状态曲线沿时间轴平移一段距离,转换成参考温度135℃下的电缆老化基准曲线,迭代计算获得电缆老化的基准曲线(R2=0.927),如图6所示。
在135℃下对电缆开展加速热老化试验,以电缆护套材料的断裂伸长率为指标,获取电缆护套达到各老化阶段的实际老化时间与老化基准曲线的评估时间,结果如表5所示。通过比较可知,采用变化活化能获取的电缆老化基准曲线,在寿命评估应用时寿命偏差率更小,更符合电缆材料的实际老化状态趋势。
(1)基于Arrhenius方程研究测定电缆材料活化能的方法,基于断裂伸长率的方法获取了电缆护套材料的活化能,基于介质损耗频谱的方法获取了电缆绝缘材料的活化能。
(2)电缆材料的活化能随材料的老化而逐渐减小,这是因为随着材料老化,其内部的抗氧化剂逐渐挥发,导致材料的表观活化能出现一定程度的减小。活化能的微小变化会严重影响电缆材料寿命的评估,应重视活化能的精确性。
(3)相对于常规的基于固定活化能的电缆材料老化状态评估方法,基于变化活化能建立的电缆材料老化基准曲线,更能反映电缆材料的实际老化趋势。
  • 华能集团总部科技项目(HNKJ18-H44 HTR-PM)
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2021年第54卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.011
  • 接收时间:2020-04-13
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-04-13
  • 修回日期:2020-10-19
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华能集团总部科技项目(HNKJ18-H44 HTR-PM)
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    1中核武汉核电运行技术股份有限公司,湖北 武汉 430223
    2华能山东石岛湾核电有限公司,山东 威海 264300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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