Article(id=1222482830718919548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482826851771163, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1590422400000, receivedDateStr=2020-05-26, revisedDate=1595088000000, revisedDateStr=2020-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769392219476, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1613750400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769392219476, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769392219476, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769392219476, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222482826851771163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769392218554, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1770971669597, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229107524746670183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482826851771163, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229107524750864488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482826851771163, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=80, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222482831100601230, articleId=1222482830718919548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of Microcapsule on Insulating Properties of Polyethylene, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polyethylene cables would generate crack defects inevitably during long-term operation, which will cause partial discharge faults and threaten the normal operation of power grid. Polyethylene composite materials doped with microcapsules could realize the self-healing of cracks. In order to study the effect of microcapsules on the insulating properties of polyethylene materials before repair, we prepared pure polyethylene samples and polyethylene composite samples doped with different concentrations (0, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%) of microcapsules, and their basic performance, volume resistivity, and AC electric strength were measured. The results show that the volume resistivity of composite samples doped with a small amount of microcapsules (≤1%) is significantly higher than that of pure polyethylene samples. But when the concentration is larger (>1%), the volume resistivity decreases. Compared with the pure polyethylene sample, the AC electric strength of the composite materials decreases, but when the concentration is no greater than 1%, the decrease amplitude is smaller, which could meet the normal operation requirements of cable. This is mainly related to the crystallinity of material, the interface effect between microcapsule and polyethylene, and the characteristics of microcapsule itself. In general, when the doping concentration of microcapsules is no greater than 1%, the insulating properties of the polyethylene composite material can meet the requirements of normal operation for cable.

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聚乙烯电缆在长期运行过程中,难免会出现裂缝缺陷,产生局部放电等故障,威胁电网的正常运行,掺杂微胶囊的聚乙烯复合材料可以实现裂缝的自修复。为了研究修复前微胶囊对聚乙烯材料绝缘性能的影响,本研究制备纯聚乙烯样品和掺杂不同浓度(0、0.5%、1%、5%、10%)微胶囊的聚乙烯复合样品,在满足基本性能的基础上,测定其体积电阻率和交流电气强度。结果表明:掺杂少量微胶囊(≤1%)的复合样品,其体积电阻率较纯聚乙烯样品明显增大;但当浓度较大(>1%)时,体积电阻率减小。另外,和纯聚乙烯样品相比,复合材料的交流电气强度均下降,但当浓度≤1%时,下降幅度较小,可以满足电缆的正常运行要求。这主要与材料的结晶度、掺杂微胶囊后产生的界面效应、微胶囊本身特性有关。总体来说,当掺杂微胶囊的浓度≤1%时,聚乙烯复合材料的绝缘性能可以满足电缆正常运行的要求。

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彭格(1976-),男(汉族),江苏镇江人,高级工程师,主要从事电气检测的研究。

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彭格(1976-),男(汉族),江苏镇江人,高级工程师,主要从事电气检测的研究。

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composite sample, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品ΔHm/(J/g)
纯PE118.5±3.55
PE-0.5%125.8±4.28
PE-1%132.9±6.79
PE-5%124.6±3.44
PE-10%111.4±6.27
), ArticleFig(id=1222974147706212790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482830718919548, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

聚乙烯复合样品的DSC测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品ΔHm/(J/g)
纯PE118.5±3.55
PE-0.5%125.8±4.28
PE-1%132.9±6.79
PE-5%124.6±3.44
PE-10%111.4±6.27
), ArticleFig(id=1222974147785904570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482830718919548, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=AC electric strength of polyethylene composite sample, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品交流电气强度/(kV/mm)
纯PE84.5
PE-0.5%76.2
PE-1%76.4
PE-5%44.3
PE-10%40.8
), ArticleFig(id=1222974147865596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482830718919548, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

聚乙烯复合样品的交流电气场强

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品交流电气强度/(kV/mm)
纯PE84.5
PE-0.5%76.2
PE-1%76.4
PE-5%44.3
PE-10%40.8
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微胶囊对聚乙烯材料绝缘性能的影响研究
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彭格 1 , 张艳芳 2 , 李玉栋 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021,54(2): 80-86
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021, 54(2): 80-86
微胶囊对聚乙烯材料绝缘性能的影响研究
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彭格1, 张艳芳2, 李玉栋2
作者信息
  • 1重庆科技检测中心,重庆 401123
  • 2重庆大学 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室,重庆 400044
  • 彭格(1976-),男(汉族),江苏镇江人,高级工程师,主要从事电气检测的研究。

Effect of Microcapsule on Insulating Properties of Polyethylene
Ge PENG1, Yanfang ZHANG2, Yudong LI2
Affiliations
  • 1Chongqing Science and Technology Testing Center, Chongqing 401123, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
出版时间: 2021-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.014
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聚乙烯电缆在长期运行过程中,难免会出现裂缝缺陷,产生局部放电等故障,威胁电网的正常运行,掺杂微胶囊的聚乙烯复合材料可以实现裂缝的自修复。为了研究修复前微胶囊对聚乙烯材料绝缘性能的影响,本研究制备纯聚乙烯样品和掺杂不同浓度(0、0.5%、1%、5%、10%)微胶囊的聚乙烯复合样品,在满足基本性能的基础上,测定其体积电阻率和交流电气强度。结果表明:掺杂少量微胶囊(≤1%)的复合样品,其体积电阻率较纯聚乙烯样品明显增大;但当浓度较大(>1%)时,体积电阻率减小。另外,和纯聚乙烯样品相比,复合材料的交流电气强度均下降,但当浓度≤1%时,下降幅度较小,可以满足电缆的正常运行要求。这主要与材料的结晶度、掺杂微胶囊后产生的界面效应、微胶囊本身特性有关。总体来说,当掺杂微胶囊的浓度≤1%时,聚乙烯复合材料的绝缘性能可以满足电缆正常运行的要求。

聚乙烯  /  微胶囊  /  掺杂浓度  /  绝缘性能  /  结晶度

Polyethylene cables would generate crack defects inevitably during long-term operation, which will cause partial discharge faults and threaten the normal operation of power grid. Polyethylene composite materials doped with microcapsules could realize the self-healing of cracks. In order to study the effect of microcapsules on the insulating properties of polyethylene materials before repair, we prepared pure polyethylene samples and polyethylene composite samples doped with different concentrations (0, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%) of microcapsules, and their basic performance, volume resistivity, and AC electric strength were measured. The results show that the volume resistivity of composite samples doped with a small amount of microcapsules (≤1%) is significantly higher than that of pure polyethylene samples. But when the concentration is larger (>1%), the volume resistivity decreases. Compared with the pure polyethylene sample, the AC electric strength of the composite materials decreases, but when the concentration is no greater than 1%, the decrease amplitude is smaller, which could meet the normal operation requirements of cable. This is mainly related to the crystallinity of material, the interface effect between microcapsule and polyethylene, and the characteristics of microcapsule itself. In general, when the doping concentration of microcapsules is no greater than 1%, the insulating properties of the polyethylene composite material can meet the requirements of normal operation for cable.

polyethylene  /  microcapsule  /  doping concentration  /  insulating properties  /  crystallinity
彭格, 张艳芳, 李玉栋. 微胶囊对聚乙烯材料绝缘性能的影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (2) : 80 -86 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.014
Ge PENG, Yanfang ZHANG, Yudong LI. Effect of Microcapsule on Insulating Properties of Polyethylene[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (2) : 80 -86 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.014
随着社会的快速发展,现代电力系统正逐步向特高压、智能化的大电网方向发展,而电力电缆因其可靠性高、占地少、维护工作量少等优势,已经成为现代电网的重要骨架[1-2]。聚乙烯材料因其优异的电气绝缘特性而被广泛应用于电缆绝缘层中[3-6]。虽然聚乙烯材料有着优异的电气绝缘性能,但在制造、敷设及运行过程中,由于工艺的限制、施工不规范、电热应力长期作用等因素的影响,其绝缘层会产生微孔、开裂等缺陷。在高电场下,这些缺陷会逐步扩大,达到一定程度会畸变电场,产生电树枝,引发局部放电等现象,威胁电网的正常运行,严重时甚至会发生事故[7-10]
现有检测技术很难发现电缆内部的微小缺陷,即使能够发现,除了更换电缆,别无他法。而更换电缆需要花费巨大的人力、物力、财力[11-13]。因此,研究掺杂微胶囊的自修复聚乙烯绝缘材料,从根本上修复裂缝、延长绝缘材料的运行寿命,对提升电力系统的安全性和可靠性具有重要意义。
微胶囊自修复技术是将修复剂封装在微型胶囊内,并均匀掺杂在原材料基体中,当发生缺陷时,缺陷会致使附近的微胶囊破裂,此时,修复剂被释放,并在催化剂的作用下发生聚合反应修复缺陷结构,从而及时止损,防止缺陷进一步恶化,并在一定程度上使绝缘材料性能获得恢复[14]
本研究采用的是脲醛树脂(PUF)/双环戊二烯(DCPD)微胶囊[15]。微胶囊包括芯材和壁材,双环戊二烯作为芯材(修复剂),被脲醛树脂壁材包裹并保护。将微胶囊掺杂在聚乙烯基体中,当材料产生损伤缺陷时,导致附近微胶囊破裂,此时双环戊二烯流出,并在附近催化剂的作用下,通过开环聚合反应生成聚双环戊二烯(PDCPD),从而对缺陷进行修复。这种微胶囊自修复技术能够实现材料机械损伤(划痕)和电损伤(电树枝)的自修复[16]。但掺杂微胶囊势必会影响聚乙烯材料的各项性能。而绝缘性能是聚乙烯电缆材料最重要的性能,直接决定材料的可使用性。在自修复损伤之前,要保证复合材料能满足电力系统对绝缘材料电气绝缘性能的运行要求。本文研究微胶囊对聚乙烯材料电气绝缘性能方面的影响规律,并探究其机理,使复合材料在满足电气绝缘性能要求的基础上进行自修复。
对于微胶囊壁材,掺杂在聚乙烯基体材料中需要稳定性好、不易破碎、与基体接触良好、且能够对损伤及时触发,所以需要采用稳定性好、可控性高、力学性能合适的脲醛树脂(PUF)作为囊壁材料。芯材选择双环戊二烯(DCPD),因其聚合产物聚双环戊二烯(PDCPD)的密度和介电常数与聚乙烯相近,两者相容性好,能够有效均匀缺陷处局部高场强[13,17]
采用原位聚合法制备微胶囊。制备过程分两步:第一步,尿素和甲醛反应形成预聚体溶液;第二步,加入双环戊二烯芯材,使壁材包裹芯材,形成微胶囊[16,18-19]。具体操作如下:
将尿素用去离子水溶解,然后加入适量37%浓度的甲醛溶液,尿素和甲醛的质量比为1∶2.3。采用磁力搅拌机,转速调节为400 r/min,温度调节为70~73℃,pH值调节为8~9,持续反应1 h。反应完成后溶液呈无色透明状,此为预聚体溶液,需冷却至室温。
将芯材DCPD(质量约为尿素的4倍)、去离子水、乳化剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)等混合,采用机械搅拌,在40℃水浴条件下使其成为稳定的水包油乳液。此时,将预聚体加入水包油溶液中,同时加入改性剂间苯二酚,搅拌5~10 min。然后转换为磁力搅拌,并采用稀盐酸(HCl)慢慢调节pH值至3,调节温度为60~63℃、转速为400 r/min,持续反应3 h。反应完成后过滤出微胶囊,并将其干燥24 h,得到粉末状微胶囊。微胶囊的扫描电镜图如图1所示。由图1可以看出,微胶囊形态饱满、完整。
聚乙烯复合样品制备需要聚乙烯、微胶囊、催化剂3种原料。微胶囊为PUF/DCPD微胶囊。聚乙烯选择2426H型低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)颗粒,其杂质少、纯度高。另外,为保证LDPE和微胶囊的充分均匀混合,将LDPE颗粒研磨成粉末状(15目)。催化剂选择钌卡宾络合物催化剂(Grubbs催化剂),其催化效率较高;本研究中,所用试剂均为分析纯。
将LDPE粉末、微胶囊、催化剂充分混合均匀,接着将混合原料倒入模具中,利用平板硫化机将其热压成型(压力适中以防压碎微胶囊),最后进行冷却干燥。在制备过程中,调节微胶囊的掺杂浓度分别为0、0.5%、1%、5%、10%,制备出纯PE、PE-0.5%、PE-1%、PE-5%、PE-10%复合样品。制备出的纯聚乙烯和聚乙烯/微胶囊复合样品的光学显微镜图如图2图3所示。由图3可以看出,聚乙烯复合样品内微胶囊的形态完整,没有出现破裂现象,说明制备方法可行。
拉伸测试采用济南艾德诺LD-5型万能拉伸实验机进行,拉伸速率为200 mm/min。热重测试采用深圳贝尔科技有限公司的热重分析仪进行,温度范围为30~600℃,升温速率为10 ℃/min,氮气流速为100 mL/min。结晶特性采用差示扫描量热分析仪(DSC)进行测试,选定测试温度为60~150℃,升温速率为10 ℃/min,氮气流速为100 mL/min。体积电阻率采用BEST-212型体积电阻率测定仪测量。上述各种测试每种样品均进行3次测试,以减小实验的偶然性和分散性。
交流电气强度采用交直流加压平台进行测试,逐级升压,升压速率为1 kV/s,直到聚乙烯样品击穿。样品和电极浸泡在矿物绝缘油中,以防止沿面放电对测试结果的干扰。另外,对于交流电气强度的测试,每种聚乙烯样品测10个点,以降低实验结果的偶然性和分散性。
聚乙烯复合样品的拉伸性能如图4所示。从图4可以看出,和纯聚乙烯样品相比,掺杂0.5%和1%微胶囊的聚乙烯复合样品的拉伸性能下降很小,可以满足电缆的正常运行要求。
聚乙烯复合样品的热重分析结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,和纯聚乙烯样品相比,掺杂微胶囊后,复合样品的热重曲线并没有发生明显变化,而且掺杂1%微胶囊的复合样品热学性能稍强。所以,掺杂1%微胶囊的复合样品可以满足电缆的正常运行要求。
聚乙烯/微胶囊复合样品可以实现机械损伤(划痕)和电损伤(电树枝)的自修复[16]。其中,机械损伤(划痕)的自修复过程如图6所示。从图6可以看出,纯聚乙烯样品在加热前后划痕基本无变化,说明纯聚乙烯样品无自修复性能;而聚乙烯/微胶囊复合样品在加热前后划痕减小明显,说明此微胶囊自修复技术具有机械损伤(划痕)的自修复性能。
聚乙烯是非极性结晶聚合物,其结晶特性可以反映材料的各种性能。材料结晶度(Xc)的计算公式如式(1)所示。
Xc=ΔHm(1-ω)HN×100%
式(1)中:ΔHm为样品的熔融热;HN为聚乙烯全结晶度时的熔融热,取值为293.6 J/g。
图7为纯聚乙烯以及聚乙烯/微胶囊复合样品的热流熔融曲线图,由图7曲线可得出每个样品的熔融热,进而由式(1)得出材料的结晶度。熔融热、结晶度结果如表1所示,结晶度变化趋势如图8所示。
图8可知,随掺杂微胶囊浓度的增大,材料结晶度出现先增大后减小的趋势;当微胶囊的掺杂浓度为1%时,材料的结晶度最大;复合材料的结晶度均大于纯聚乙烯样品。这主要和掺杂微胶囊产生的界面结构、微胶囊本身特性有关。
聚乙烯内部有晶区和非晶区,纯聚乙烯材料中只有晶区与非晶区的界面,当掺杂微胶囊后,会引入大量界面区域,主要是微胶囊与聚乙烯基体之间的界面(催化剂的含量极少,暂不考虑催化剂与聚乙烯、微胶囊之间的界面)。界面区域在聚乙烯重结晶过程中起到异相成核作用,降低了聚乙烯基体结晶过程的成核自由能,提高了结晶率,使材料的结晶度增大。所以,当掺杂微胶囊浓度较小时,聚乙烯复合材料的结晶度有上升趋势,但和聚乙烯相比,微胶囊本身的结晶度较低,当掺杂微胶囊的浓度过大时,非结晶结构的占比较大,在掺杂微胶囊提高结晶度的同时,微胶囊占比大会降低复合材料的结晶度。因此聚乙烯复合材料的结晶度出现先增大后减小的趋势。
绝缘性能是绝缘材料最本质的性能,它的优劣直接决定着材料和设备的可使用性,进而影响电网的安全运行。本研究主要从体积电阻率和交流电气强度来评估材料绝缘性能的优劣,进而评估聚乙烯/微胶囊自修复方法的可行性。
体积电阻率是材料每单位体积对电流的阻抗,可以用来表征材料的电气绝缘性能。通常情况下,材料的体积电阻率越高,材料用做电绝缘部件的效能越高。体积电阻率的计算公式如式(2)所示。
ρν=RνSh
式(2)中:ρv为样品的体积电阻率;Rv为测试的电阻值;h为样品厚度;S为电极面积。
聚乙烯复合样品的体积电阻率如图9所示。
图9可以看出,当微胶囊的掺杂浓度为0.5%和1%时,聚乙烯/微胶囊复合样品的体积电阻率较纯聚乙烯样品明显提高;当微胶囊的掺杂浓度为5%和10%时,聚乙烯/微胶囊复合材料的体积电阻率又明显下降,且均低于纯聚乙烯样品;当微胶囊掺杂浓度为0.5%时,体积电阻率最大,这说明当微胶囊的掺杂浓度较小(≤1%)时,有助于聚乙烯绝缘材料体积电阻率的提高,但当掺杂浓度较大(>1%)时,微胶囊的掺杂会使聚乙烯绝缘材料的体积电阻率下降,且低于纯聚乙烯。
聚乙烯/微胶囊复合材料的体积电阻率变化与材料结晶度、掺杂微胶囊产生的界面结构、微胶囊本身特性有关。微胶囊的掺杂会诱导材料的结晶行为,降低聚乙烯基体结晶过程的成核自由能,提高结晶率,使材料的结晶度增大。结晶度的增大,导致材料致密性增强,抑制载流子的注入与迁移,从而使得体积电阻率提高。
掺杂微胶囊会增加微胶囊与聚乙烯之间的界面结构,从而增加界面效应。图10为聚乙烯基体材料中界面(微胶囊与聚乙烯、晶区与非晶区)俘获载流子示意图。
图10可以看出,界面处包含大量的电荷陷阱,能够俘获载流子,抑制其迁移,降低迁移速率;而且电荷陷阱会增强异性电荷的中和作用,减小载流子的浓度。这两种情况均会降低材料的导电性,从而使体积电阻率提高。因此,和纯聚乙烯材料相比,掺杂0.5%、1%的微胶囊聚乙烯复合材料的体积电阻率提高。但是,微胶囊的体积电阻率远小于聚乙烯,微胶囊的浓度过大时,势必会降低材料整体的体积电阻率;另外,掺杂微胶囊浓度过大时,会出现团聚现象,导致界面重叠,在聚乙烯基体内出现电子通道,降低材料的体积电阻率;再者,掺杂微胶囊会引入极性基团杂质,在高电场下发生电离,增大载流子浓度,增加导电性,从而降低体积电阻率。因此,掺杂5%、10%的微胶囊聚乙烯复合材料的体积电阻率又出现下降现象。
通常情况下,绝缘材料运用于工频条件,故交流电气强度可以直观地表征材料的电绝缘性能。由于在实验过程中,不能保证每次测试样品及条件完全相同,因此,击穿数据会有较大的分散性。为了科学地对数据进行分析,采用Weibull分布对最终的实验结果进行研究,计算得到样品的尺度参数和形状参数。Weibull分布的表达式如式(3)所示。
FU; α, β=1-exp-Uαβ
式(3)中:U为击穿电压值;α为尺度参数,表示样品击穿概率为63.2%时的击穿电压;β为形状参数,表示实验数据的分散性,在击穿实验中表示电压范围的度量,其值越大,击穿电压的范围越小。图11为聚乙烯/微胶囊复合样品交流电气强度的Weibull分布图,通过该方法可以计算得到样品的尺度参数,交流电气强度击穿概率为63.2%时的结果如表2所示。
图11可以看出,随掺杂微胶囊的增多,聚乙烯绝缘材料的交流电气强度整体上呈逐渐下降的趋势,可见掺杂微胶囊会降低聚乙烯材料的电气强度。当微胶囊浓度为0.5%和1%时,聚乙烯复合材料的交流电气强度较纯聚乙烯样品下降约10%,可以满足电力系统对材料电气绝缘性能的运行要求。但当掺杂微胶囊浓度大于1%时,复合材料的交流电气强度出现明显下降,下降了约50%,无法满足电气绝缘性能的运行要求。微胶囊对聚乙烯复合材料交流电气强度的影响主要由复合材料性能变化、掺杂微胶囊引起的界面效应、微胶囊本身性能等各种因素共同决定。
前文结果表明,掺杂微胶囊可诱导材料的结晶行为,提升聚乙烯材料的结晶度,使得材料致密性增强,从而抑制载流子的注入与迁移,提高材料的体积电阻率,但同时会使得已注入的电荷积聚在介质内,从而使局部电场畸变加剧,过度集中的电场容易导致发生击穿现象。
微胶囊与聚乙烯基体间的界面效应可能会引入结构缺陷,产生低密度区,进而形成较为集中的电场,这样会增加局部放电点,从而降低电气强度。而且,界面区域产生大量电荷陷阱,俘获更多的空间电荷,抑制载流子的迁移,缩短载流子的平均自由程,而被俘获电子的能量转移为热电子,可将大分子链破坏成小分子结构,在电极附近形成低密度区,易发生碰撞电离,进而导致放电击穿。
掺杂微胶囊相当于引入了大量极性基团杂质,在高电场下容易发生电离,增大载流子的密度,加大碰撞电离,从而更易诱发放电击穿。过多的微胶囊会导致其间距缩小,甚至接触,界面区域出现重叠,形成新的导电通道,反而减少了载流子的迁移阻碍,载流子获得更多能量,进而轰击聚乙烯材料的分子结构,导致材料结构破坏,表现为电气强度的降低。另外,微胶囊本身的电气强度要低于聚乙烯材料,所以掺杂微胶囊后势必会降低材料的电气强度。当微胶囊掺杂浓度低时,占比较少,电气强度降低较少,但当微胶囊浓度大于1%时,占比较大,严重影响材料的性能,导致电气强度下降严重。再者,纯聚乙烯是一个整体,而掺杂微胶囊后,微胶囊和聚乙烯是熔融在一起,整体性不如纯聚乙烯材料,结构受到影响,势必也会降低电气强度。
(1)随着掺杂微胶囊浓度的增大,聚乙烯材料内部结晶度先增大后减小,这主要是由微胶囊与聚乙烯之间的界面结构、微胶囊本身结晶度较小所致。
(2)当掺杂微胶囊的浓度≤1%时,有助于聚乙烯绝缘材料体积电阻率的增大,但当掺杂浓度>1%时,微胶囊会使聚乙烯绝缘材料的体积电阻率下降,且小于纯聚乙烯材料。微胶囊对聚乙烯复合材料体积电阻率的影响主要与材料的结晶度、掺杂微胶囊产生的界面结构、微胶囊本身性质有关。
(3)掺杂微胶囊会使聚乙烯绝缘材料的交流电气强度下降。但当微胶囊浓度≤1%时,下降幅度较小。掺杂微胶囊对聚乙烯复合材料交流电气强度的影响主要由复合材料性能变化、掺杂微胶囊产生的界面效应、微胶囊本身性能等各种因素共同决定。
(4)当掺杂微胶囊的浓度较小(≤1%)时,聚乙烯/微胶囊复合材料可以在满足电力系统绝缘性能的运行要求下,实现电缆材料的自修复性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777018)
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2021年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.014
  • 接收时间:2020-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-05-26
  • 修回日期:2020-07-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777018)
作者信息
    1重庆科技检测中心,重庆 401123
    2重庆大学 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室,重庆 400044
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.014
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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