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In the electrical test and operation of generator, the hypotenuse electric field at the end of stator winding is very high, which is a weak part that corona discharge often occurs. In this study, an analytical model and a finite element model of the hypotenuse electric field at the end of stator winding were established. The influencing factors and laws of the hypotenuse electric field were studied, and the influence of the hypotenuse clearance, rotating angle, and dielectric constant of the filling medium on the maximum electric field was analyzed. An effective method to optimize the electric field at the end was presented. The results show that under the in-phase winding, the hypotenuse electric field can be optimized by decreasing the surface electric field of stator bar, the width of bar, and the rotating angle of bar or increasing the hypotenuse clearance; Under the out-of-phase winding, the hypotenuse electric field can be optimized by increasing the dielectric constant of filling medium and the hypotenuse clearance of winding. The finite element model of hypotenuse electric field can accurately analyze the maximum electric field and the distribution trend at the end of winding. The correctness of the model is verified by corona test of UV imaging equipment, which indicate that that the model has good engineering application value.

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发电机在电气试验和运行中,定子绕组端部斜边电场很高,是易发生电晕放电的薄弱部位。本研究建立了定子绕组端部斜边电场的解析模型和有限元模型,研究了斜边电场的影响因素和规律,分析了斜边间隙、转角和填充介质介电常数变化对最大电场的影响,提出了改善端部电场的有效方法。结果表明:同相绕组下降低定子线棒的表面电场、减小线棒宽度、增大斜边间隙、减小线棒转角,异相绕组下增大气体填充介质的介电常数和绕组斜边间隙,均能有效改善斜边电场。绕组斜边电场有限元模型能够准确地分析绕组端部最大电场及分布趋势。通过紫外成像设备的电晕试验,验证了该模型的正确性,表明该模型具有良好的工程应用价值。

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孙永鑫(1981-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事大型电机绝缘及防晕及技术、故障诊断与寿命评估等方面的研究。

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孙永鑫(1981-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事大型电机绝缘及防晕及技术、故障诊断与寿命评估等方面的研究。

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发电机绕组端部斜边电场的影响因素研究
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孙永鑫 1, 2, 3, 4 , 冯超 1, 2, 3 , 祝晚华 5
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(1): 50-54
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(1): 50-54
发电机绕组端部斜边电场的影响因素研究
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孙永鑫1, 2, 3, 4, 冯超1, 2, 3, 祝晚华5
作者信息
  • 1哈动国家水力发电设备工程技术研究中心有限公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
  • 2水力发电设备国家重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
  • 3哈尔滨大电机研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
  • 4哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 5桂林电器科学研究院有限公司,广西 桂林 541004
  • 孙永鑫(1981-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事大型电机绝缘及防晕及技术、故障诊断与寿命评估等方面的研究。

Research on Influencing Factors of Hypotenuse Electric Field at End of Generator Winding
Yongxin SUN1, 2, 3, 4, Chao FENG1, 2, 3, Wanhua ZHU5
Affiliations
  • 1National Engineering Research Center Hydropower Equipment, Harbin 150040, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Hydropower Equipment, Harbin 150040, China
  • 3Harbin Institute of Large Electrical Machinery, Harbin 150040, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
  • 5Guilin Electrical Equipment Scientific Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guilin 541004, China
出版时间: 2021-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.009
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发电机在电气试验和运行中,定子绕组端部斜边电场很高,是易发生电晕放电的薄弱部位。本研究建立了定子绕组端部斜边电场的解析模型和有限元模型,研究了斜边电场的影响因素和规律,分析了斜边间隙、转角和填充介质介电常数变化对最大电场的影响,提出了改善端部电场的有效方法。结果表明:同相绕组下降低定子线棒的表面电场、减小线棒宽度、增大斜边间隙、减小线棒转角,异相绕组下增大气体填充介质的介电常数和绕组斜边间隙,均能有效改善斜边电场。绕组斜边电场有限元模型能够准确地分析绕组端部最大电场及分布趋势。通过紫外成像设备的电晕试验,验证了该模型的正确性,表明该模型具有良好的工程应用价值。

发电机绕组  /  斜边电场  /  防晕计算  /  有限元模型

In the electrical test and operation of generator, the hypotenuse electric field at the end of stator winding is very high, which is a weak part that corona discharge often occurs. In this study, an analytical model and a finite element model of the hypotenuse electric field at the end of stator winding were established. The influencing factors and laws of the hypotenuse electric field were studied, and the influence of the hypotenuse clearance, rotating angle, and dielectric constant of the filling medium on the maximum electric field was analyzed. An effective method to optimize the electric field at the end was presented. The results show that under the in-phase winding, the hypotenuse electric field can be optimized by decreasing the surface electric field of stator bar, the width of bar, and the rotating angle of bar or increasing the hypotenuse clearance; Under the out-of-phase winding, the hypotenuse electric field can be optimized by increasing the dielectric constant of filling medium and the hypotenuse clearance of winding. The finite element model of hypotenuse electric field can accurately analyze the maximum electric field and the distribution trend at the end of winding. The correctness of the model is verified by corona test of UV imaging equipment, which indicate that that the model has good engineering application value.

generator winding  /  hypotenuse electric field  /  anti-corona calculation  /  finite element model
孙永鑫, 冯超, 祝晚华. 发电机绕组端部斜边电场的影响因素研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (1) : 50 -54 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.009
Yongxin SUN, Chao FENG, Wanhua ZHU. Research on Influencing Factors of Hypotenuse Electric Field at End of Generator Winding[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (1) : 50 -54 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.009
高压电机定子绕组端部出槽口处是由定子铁心和定子线棒导体构成的套管型绝缘结构。与套管法兰、电缆终端相似,绕组端部电场存在很强的表面切向和垂直法向分量。外电极边缘处的电场十分集中,是易发生电晕放电的薄弱部位[1]
为改善端部电场,定子绕组端部采用增大表面电导电流的方法,减轻因体积电流导致的表面电位不均匀分布,具体措施是在表面覆盖半导体碳化硅防晕层[2-4]。碳化硅防晕层的电阻值随电场增加而非线性减小,因此能够有效降低端部电场。这种解决方法在其他领域也有广泛应用[5]
由于定子线棒是高压电机的核心部件,单支定子线棒的端部电场一直是高压电机领域的研究热点。主要包括以下两个研究方向:①阻容链算法及拓展方法[6],由阻容链算法演变为电路模型,或转化为微分方程和解析形式,进行电位及电场的计算;②有限差分及有限元数值算法[7],有限差分法根据二阶非线性微分方程的推导进行数值求解,有限元方法根据瞬态或时谐电场方程进行求解,可进行二维或三维电场的求解。其中,有限元求解方法在求解精度、计算稳定性等方面具有明显优势,是发电机线棒及绕组电场研究的重要方向[8]
定子绕组由很多支线棒组成,在真机试验和运行时端部电场过高时,会引发绕组和线棒之间发生电晕放电和闪络击穿等事故,严重影响真机的安全。由于防晕材料的非线性、绕组结构的复杂性和边界条件设置困难等原因,高压电机定子绕组端部电场的研究开展较少。文献[9]对定子绕组进行了整机建模和求解,求解量很大,但线棒及绕组间电场的求解精度有限;文献[10]对绕组斜边电场进行了分析,得到了绕组电场与结构固定部件的关系。以上有限元方法中,将防晕区域设置为体积单元,将防晕材料的表面电阻率转化为体积电阻率,但是由于防晕层很薄,造成求解网格数量的骤增和求解精度的大幅下降。根据定子绕组防晕层的特点,在防晕层表面设置合理的边界条件,建立不含空气域的求解模型,求解精度与效率将大幅提高[7]
本研究首先建立发电机绕组端部电场的解析模型,在此基础上,使用有限元方法建立绕组电场求解模型,对绕组端部电场的影响因素及变化规律进行探讨。
大型发电机定子铁心端部呈锥形,线棒为渐开线结构,核电汽轮发电机定子绕组如图1所示。高压试验时,整个绕组或同相绕组施加电压,线棒间存在电位差,产生同相间、异相间斜边电场,该电场过高时会发生电晕放电。
同相绕组下,线棒间斜边电场可用“斜边三角形”进行分析,如图2所示。
图2中,a、c是同一线棒径向截面的上、下两侧的点,Ua=Uc;c、d是不同线棒的同一位置的点,Uc=Ud;因此有Ua=UdUab=Ubd,线ad为等位线。设斜边间隙为S0,线棒宽度为S1,线bd的距离为L,线棒转角为θ,则绕组间斜边平均电场Ea与线棒表面平均电场Eb存在式(1)所示关系。
Ea=Eb1+S1/S0tan θ
通常L远大于S0,因此斜边电场远大于表面电场,根据式(1),通过降低定子线棒的表面电场Eb、减小线棒宽度S1、增大斜边间隙S0、减小线棒转角θ均能够有效降低同相绕组斜边电场。电机设计时,S1通常为S0的2~4倍,θ通常为50°~65°,斜边电场通常为表面平均电场的3.5~10倍。因此,在多数试验中,单根线棒起晕电压较高,而下线后同相绕组耐压试验的放电电压较低。
异相绕组下,线棒间存在较高的电位差,最高可达额定线电压,引起异相间斜边电场较高,严重时电晕放电会不断腐蚀线棒表面,造成孔状缺陷直至绝缘失效[11]。异相绕组下,线棒间斜边电场类似平板电容器结构,设线棒单边主绝缘厚度为h,主绝缘的相对介电常数为ε1,绕组间介质的相对介电常数为ε2,线棒间电压为U0,则最大斜边电场Em式(2)所示。
Em=U02hε2/ε1+S0
最可能出现斜边电场最大值的位置是异相出线端相连线棒之间。增大斜边间隙和绕组间介质的介电常数是改善异相绕组斜边电场的有效手段[12]
理论解析模型分析绕组端部电场存在着局限性,因此建立了绕组间电场的COMSOL有限元求解模型,具有以下特点:①综合考虑电容和非线性电阻对电场的影响,电压以复数形式代入计算中,采用准静态时谐电场控制方程。②以最基本的两支线圈间电场为计算对象,忽略引线导体,建立最小几何模型,提高求解效率,如图3所示。③绕组间防晕层为边界区域,非线性电阻采用表面控制方程处理,很大程度提高了计算的精度和效率。④通过变换边界条件,可以实现同相和异相绕组的电场求解,该模型具有通用性。
模型基本参数如下:始端圆弧半径为100 mm,末端圆弧半径为50 mm,转角角度θ=60°,单边主绝缘厚度h=4 mm,线圈宽度S1=22 mm,斜边间隙S0=10 mm。第1段防晕长度为12 cm,固有电阻率为1.0×1012 Ω,非线性系数为3 cm/kV;第2段防晕长度为14 cm,固有电阻率为1.2×1012 Ω,非线性系数为1.2 cm/kV;线棒电压U0=50 kV。同相情况下,两支线棒导体均为高压;异相情况下,两支线棒导体一支接高压,一支接地。
各区域准静态电场控制方程为式(3)
-σv+jωεrε0U=0
式(3)中:σv为求解域的体积电导率,S/m;ε0为真空介电常数,F/m;εr为相对介电常数;U为电压,kV。
防晕层表面电流控制方程为式(4)
-σsiU=0
式(4)中:σsi为第i段防晕层的表面电导率,S。
σsi与切向电场呈非线性关系,如式(5)所示。
σsi=σ0ieβiEt
式(5)中:σ0i为第i段防晕层的固有电导率,S;βi为第i段防晕层的非线性系数,cm/kV;Et为防晕表面切向电场,kV/cm。
同相绕组间,斜边电压模型的等位图见图4。从图4可以看出,定子绕组端部转角附近的电压等位线较为倾斜,与图2的等位线ad基本平行。
图5为同相绕组斜边电场云图。从图5可以看出,在等位线较为密集的区域,电场最高。斜边电场极值位于高阻防晕层的搭接处,原因是该处的切向场强较高,根据式(1),引起斜边电场较高。此时,线圈表面切向最大场强为0.65 kV/mm,绕组斜边最大场强为2.60 kV/mm,斜边最大电场为绕组最大场强的4倍,与式(1)的分析结果相一致。
图6为斜边间隙S0对同相最大场强的影响。从图6可以看出,随着斜边间隙S0的增大,同相最大场强减小,有限元数值解和式(1)解析解基本吻合,说明增大绕组斜边间隙对改善同相端部电场比较有效。斜边间隙由8 mm增大到18 mm,斜边最大场强减小了41%。但基于发电机的整体设计,间隙过大会引起电机体积的增加,造成效率的降低。
图7为转角θ对同相最大场强的影响。从图7可以看出,随着转角θ增大,同相最大场强增大。数值解中最大场强随转角增加线性增加,转角θ从40°增大到65°,斜边最大场强增大了81%。θ较小时,数值解和解析解基本吻合,随θ增加,两者差别逐渐增大。这是由于式(1)中的Eb为线圈表面平均电场,随着转角θ和距离L的增大,Eb减小,解析方法未能考虑到这种因素。因此,有限元方法更能准确反映转角变化对同相电场的影响。
图8为斜边间隙S0对异相最大场强的影响,图9是异相电场分布云图。从图8可以看出,随着斜边间隙S0增大,异相最大场强同样减小,有限元数值解和式(2)解析解趋势一致,说明增大绕组斜边间隙对改善异相端部电场比较有效。根据有限元方法,斜边间隙由10 mm增大到20 mm,斜边最大场强减小了42.6%。有限元数值解比解析解数值偏大,这是由两方面原因引起的:一方面,有限元求解的斜边电场为非均匀电场,线棒表面电场较高,而解析解仅为斜边电场平均值;另一方面,根据图9有限元异相电场计算结果,在转角和直线的过渡区,出现斜边场强的最大值,这是由于该处加电压的线棒表面电位存在突起,这种情况在诸多文献中均有描述[6],而解析解未考虑该效应的影响。在斜边直线间的匀强电场区域,解析解和数值解完全一致。
增大绕组斜边填充介质的介电常数是解决高海拔绕组放电的有效方法,所用的填充介质主要为气体,增大介电常数εr,可有效降低绕组的异相电场,有限元数值解和解析解如图10所示。从图10可以看出,介质介电常数从1增大到13,最大场强减小了61%。数值解和解析解的变化趋势一致,但数值解偏大,这与2.3.3中的有限元数值解偏大的原因相同。
斜边填充介质为气体的情况下,介电常数增大将减小绕组斜边场强。但填充介质若为固体,由于固体介质和气体介质的介电常数存在差异,在两种介质的交界处会出现场强异常增大的情况,引起气体中场强增加,易引起电晕放电。因此,固体材料应保证介电常数尽量与气体材料相近,以减少这种效应。
紫外成像技术是检测电晕放电的有效手段。使用紫外成像仪能够准确观测线圈端部的电晕放电情况,明确放电的起始电压和具体位置[13]。使用以色列OFIL UVolle型紫外成像仪观测同相线圈端部的电晕放电位置,并与有限元数值计算结果进行比较,结果如图11所示。从图11可以看出,电晕放电区域均位于内侧线棒的防晕搭接处,该处也是线圈表面电场最大处,与图5的同相绕组最大电场位置一致。
(1)同相绕组下,减小定子线棒的表面场强、减小线棒宽度、增大斜边间隙、减小线棒转角均能有效降低同相绕组的斜边场强;异相绕组下,增大气体填充介质的介电常数和绕组斜边间隙能有效改善异相电场。
(2)发电机定子绕组端部斜边电场强度的有限元数值计算模型具有求解域小、计算精度高、计算效率高和通用性强等优点,相比解析计算模型更为准确,通过紫外成像设备的电晕试验,验证了绕组斜边有限元模型的准确性,具有良好的工程应用价值。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0903700)
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2021年第54卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.009
  • 接收时间:2020-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2021-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-03-08
  • 修回日期:2020-04-21
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0903700)
作者信息
    1哈动国家水力发电设备工程技术研究中心有限公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
    2水力发电设备国家重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
    3哈尔滨大电机研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
    4哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    5桂林电器科学研究院有限公司,广西 桂林 541004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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