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Article(id=1241699540609323662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241699531444769296, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689264000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-14, revisedDate=1695571200000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973840142, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973840142, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973840142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973840142, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699531444769296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973837957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773974092709, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241700600002433947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241699531444769296, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241700600006628252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241699531444769296, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699541129417380, articleId=1241699540609323662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Influence and comparison of vertical and horizontal earthquake loads on the crack tip strain field of a 1.5 MW wind turbine tower, columnId=1241446330749481285, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=·Fatigue·Damage·Fracture·Failure Analysis·, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking a 1.5 MW wind turbine tower with different initial crack lengths as the research object, vertical and horizontal earthquake loads with four earthquake intensities and three actual earthquakes were applied, respectively. The influence of vertical and horizontal earthquake loads on the strain field at the crack tip of the wind turbine tower was studied and compared. The results indicate that both under vertical and horizontal earthquake loads, the equivalen plastic strain area at the crack tip increases with the increase of earthquake intensity, but under horizontal earthquake loads, the equivalent plastic strain area at the crack tip increases more rapidly. Under earthquake intensities of Ⅵ and Ⅶ, the impact of vertical earthquake loads is greater than that of horizontal earthquake loads. As the earthquake intensity increases, the impact of horizontal earthquake loads increases sharply under earthquake intensities of Ⅷ and Ⅸ, and far exceeding the impact of vertical earthquake loads. The impact of vertical actual earthquake load on the crack tip equivalent plastic strain area is related to the magnitude and earthquake acceleration time-history curve, while the impact of horizontal actual earthquake load on the crack tip equivalent plastic strain area is related to the earthquake acceleration time-history curve.

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YANG Jie, E-mail：
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以含不同初始裂纹长度的某1.5 MW风力机塔筒为研究对象，对其分别施加竖向和横向地震载荷，每种地震载荷均包含4个地震烈度和3个实际地震震级。针对竖向和横向地震载荷对风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响进行研究与对比。结果表明，无论是在竖向还是在横向地震载荷下，随着地震烈度的增加，裂尖等效塑性应变面积均增加，但在横向地震载荷下，裂尖等效塑性应变面积增加更为快速。在Ⅵ和Ⅶ级地震烈度下，竖向地震载荷较横向地震载荷带来的影响更大；随着地震烈度的增加，在Ⅷ和Ⅸ级地震烈度下，横向地震载荷带来的影响急剧增加，远超过竖向地震载荷的影响。竖向实际地震载荷对裂尖等效塑性应变面积的影响与震级和地震加速度时程曲线有关，横向实际地震载荷对裂尖等效塑性应变面积的影响与地震加速度时程曲线有关。

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杨杰，男，1987年生，山东菏泽人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师；主要研究方向为机械强度、断裂力学等；E-mail：。

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杨杰，男，1987年生，山东菏泽人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师；主要研究方向为机械强度、断裂力学等；E-mail：。

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杨杰，男，1987年生，山东菏泽人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师；主要研究方向为机械强度、断裂力学等；E-mail：。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Acceleration time-history curves of earthquakes, figureFileSmall=xoXReeZHj/j4TnrJteRuQg==, figureFileBig=dOgMMyXxkUVuTbuzOJv8LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699553360007284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=CN, label=图2, caption=地震的加速度时程曲线, figureFileSmall=xoXReeZHj/j4TnrJteRuQg==, figureFileBig=dOgMMyXxkUVuTbuzOJv8LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699553473253504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Stress distribution diagram of the barrel door in the wind turbine tower under different minimum mesh sizes, figureFileSmall=ytDYWzxSYN3mf5E9QKCVzw==, figureFileBig=qp7FYEsG+RZjxf5xg2fQTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699553565528198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同最小网格尺寸下风力机塔筒门洞处应力分布图, figureFileSmall=ytDYWzxSYN3mf5E9QKCVzw==, figureFileBig=qp7FYEsG+RZjxf5xg2fQTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699553657802891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Mesh of the typical wind turbine tower, figureFileSmall=ymLKahbbsHqyeTz4PZHgXA==, figureFileBig=TTUywENImobTvbPYRbqpUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699553754271892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=CN, label=图4, caption=典型风力机塔筒网格, figureFileSmall=ymLKahbbsHqyeTz4PZHgXA==, figureFileBig=TTUywENImobTvbPYRbqpUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699553850740889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=PEEQ at the crack tip under different vertical earthquake intensities when the initial crack length is 200 mm, figureFileSmall=xTxhaF5NGBzwMGgQAumThw==, figureFileBig=+cchF4Jo/kjxPN+yte3Ibg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699553938821281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=CN, label=图5, caption=初始裂纹长度为200 mm时不同竖向地震烈度下裂尖PEEQ, figureFileSmall=xTxhaF5NGBzwMGgQAumThw==, figureFileBig=+cchF4Jo/kjxPN+yte3Ibg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699554031095976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=PEEQ at the crack tip under different initial crack lengths when the vertical earthquake intensity is Ⅷ, figureFileSmall=UNbTDqlMNo0Wr92EoJ+8pQ==, figureFileBig=KiS+5fIe2LhNtCQRlVx9+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699554152730801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Ⅷ级竖向地震烈度下不同初始裂纹长度时裂尖PEEQ, figureFileSmall=UNbTDqlMNo0Wr92EoJ+8pQ==, figureFileBig=KiS+5fIe2LhNtCQRlVx9+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699554265977014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=APEEQ under different vertical earthquake intensities and initial crack lengths when t=1 s, figureFileSmall=gsKiMGFYR15CJGvs+UXF/Q==, figureFileBig=RY4d9/kXjAdwRKMvALQulQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699554349863098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=CN, label=图7, caption=t=1 s时不同竖向地震烈度及不同初始裂纹长度下的APEEQ, figureFileSmall=gsKiMGFYR15CJGvs+UXF/Q==, figureFileBig=RY4d9/kXjAdwRKMvALQulQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699554454720707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=PEEQ at the crack tip under different vertical actual earthquake loads when the initial crack length is 100 mm, figureFileSmall=4rlinPWSey59cMQUC8ciBQ==, figureFileBig=ZbqzrA2NXZu0oS5EGkIltQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699554580549832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=CN, label=图8, caption=初始裂纹长度为100 mm时不同竖向实际地震载荷下裂尖PEEQ, figureFileSmall=4rlinPWSey59cMQUC8ciBQ==, figureFileBig=ZbqzrA2NXZu0oS5EGkIltQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699554685407441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=PEEQ at the crack tip under different horizontal earthquake intensities when the initial crack length is 200 mm, figureFileSmall=CicGDlRlOEYMpAN48Busfg==, figureFileBig=vbs2qTQIjqYnLYQRTfEXKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699554798653659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=CN, label=图9, caption=初始裂纹长度为200 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Loads on the flange section Ⅰ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
所受载荷Load borne值Value
力矩Moment MXY/(kN·m)38 070.9
力矩Moment MZ/(kN·m)672.5
力Force FXY/kN603.1
力Force FZ/kN-2 517.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241699557373956397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699540609323662, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

第Ⅰ法兰段所受载荷

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
所受载荷Load borne值Value
力矩Moment MXY/(kN·m)38 070.9
力矩Moment MZ/(kN·m)672.5
力Force FXY/kN603.1
力Force FZ/kN-2 517.3
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竖向和横向地震载荷对某1.5 MW风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响及其对比
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杨杰 1 , 袁宏伟 1, 2 , 郭国亮 3 , 崔巍 1 , 陈浩峰 4
机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025,47(4): 54-62
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机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025, 47(4): 54-62
竖向和横向地震载荷对某1.5 MW风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响及其对比
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杨杰1 , 袁宏伟1, 2, 郭国亮3, 崔巍1, 陈浩峰4
作者信息
  • 1.上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院 上海市动力工程多相流动与传热重点实验室，上海　200093
  • 2.安徽容知日新科技股份有限公司，合肥　230088
  • 3.延锋汽车智能安全系统有限责任公司，上海　201315
  • 4.华东理工大学 承压系统与安全教育部重点实验室，上海　200237

    • 杨杰，男，1987年生，山东菏泽人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师；主要研究方向为机械强度、断裂力学等；E-mail：。

Influence and comparison of vertical and horizontal earthquake loads on the crack tip strain field of a 1.5 MW wind turbine tower
Jie YANG1 , Hongwei YUAN1, 2, Guoliang GUO3, Wei CUI1, Haofeng CHEN4
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
  • 2.Anhui Ronds Science & Technology Incorporated Company, Hefei 230088, China
  • 3.Yanfeng Automotive Intelligent Safety System Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.007
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摘要
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以含不同初始裂纹长度的某1.5 MW风力机塔筒为研究对象，对其分别施加竖向和横向地震载荷，每种地震载荷均包含4个地震烈度和3个实际地震震级。针对竖向和横向地震载荷对风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响进行研究与对比。结果表明，无论是在竖向还是在横向地震载荷下，随着地震烈度的增加，裂尖等效塑性应变面积均增加，但在横向地震载荷下，裂尖等效塑性应变面积增加更为快速。在Ⅵ和Ⅶ级地震烈度下，竖向地震载荷较横向地震载荷带来的影响更大；随着地震烈度的增加，在Ⅷ和Ⅸ级地震烈度下，横向地震载荷带来的影响急剧增加，远超过竖向地震载荷的影响。竖向实际地震载荷对裂尖等效塑性应变面积的影响与震级和地震加速度时程曲线有关，横向实际地震载荷对裂尖等效塑性应变面积的影响与地震加速度时程曲线有关。

竖向地震载荷  /  横向地震载荷  /  地震烈度  /  实际地震  /  裂尖应变场  /  风力机塔筒

Taking a 1.5 MW wind turbine tower with different initial crack lengths as the research object, vertical and horizontal earthquake loads with four earthquake intensities and three actual earthquakes were applied, respectively. The influence of vertical and horizontal earthquake loads on the strain field at the crack tip of the wind turbine tower was studied and compared. The results indicate that both under vertical and horizontal earthquake loads, the equivalen plastic strain area at the crack tip increases with the increase of earthquake intensity, but under horizontal earthquake loads, the equivalent plastic strain area at the crack tip increases more rapidly. Under earthquake intensities of Ⅵ and Ⅶ, the impact of vertical earthquake loads is greater than that of horizontal earthquake loads. As the earthquake intensity increases, the impact of horizontal earthquake loads increases sharply under earthquake intensities of Ⅷ and Ⅸ, and far exceeding the impact of vertical earthquake loads. The impact of vertical actual earthquake load on the crack tip equivalent plastic strain area is related to the magnitude and earthquake acceleration time-history curve, while the impact of horizontal actual earthquake load on the crack tip equivalent plastic strain area is related to the earthquake acceleration time-history curve.

Vertical earthquake load  /  Horizontal earthquake load  /  Earthquake intensity  /  Actual earthquak  /  Crack tip strain field  /  Wind turbine tower
杨杰, 袁宏伟, 郭国亮, 崔巍, 陈浩峰. 竖向和横向地震载荷对某1.5 MW风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响及其对比. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (4) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.007
Jie YANG, Hongwei YUAN, Guoliang GUO, Wei CUI, Haofeng CHEN. Influence and comparison of vertical and horizontal earthquake loads on the crack tip strain field of a 1.5 MW wind turbine tower[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (4) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.007
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0　引言
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近年来，随着我国能源结构的逐渐调整，风电作为一种清洁、高效、无污染的新能源得以迅速发展，以风能等清洁能源为支撑的新型能源体系逐步建立[1]。风力发电机支撑系统由风力机塔筒和基座组成，其中塔筒主要负责支撑叶片和机舱等装置。风力机塔筒是典型的轻薄壁高耸结构，其结构本身就超越弹性极限接近破坏，加之底部门洞的存在，使其处于强度削弱状态。在载荷作用下，塔筒门洞处很容易产生裂纹，最终导致破坏[2]。国内外均发生了多起风力机塔筒遭受破坏的事故[3]。
地震是群祸之首，是对人类生命财产破坏最严重的自然灾害之一[4]。地震对塔筒这种高耸结构的危害更为严重，塔筒会因受到地震载荷的作用而发生倾覆倒塌[5]63。地震包含竖向地震和横向地震两个分量，横向地震一直被认为在地震中起着关键作用；但近年来全球范围内所发生的强烈地震中，竖向地震也带来了严重影响。大量的地震现象表明，竖向地震在结构的损伤中同样扮演着重要角色[6-8]，强烈的竖向地震载荷会使材料产生高应变速率，并在材料应力集中处产生突变，进而对材料的力学行为产生影响[9]。
针对地震载荷对风力机塔筒力学行为的影响，学者们已进行了一些研究。祝磊等[10]以塔架模型与完整风力机机组模型为研究对象，对其在地震载荷下的动力特性进行了研究，结果表明，通过有限元法将风力机叶轮和机舱质量集中在塔筒顶部和搭建含叶轮机舱的完整模型时的一阶响应基本相同。SADOWSKI等[11]以某70 m高的风力机塔筒为研究对象，进行了风力机塔筒存在几何缺陷时的地震响应分析，结果表明，风力机塔筒对地震作用的敏感性因几何缺陷的存在而显著提高。何玉林等[12]通过多柔体联合仿真技术，以某2 MW风力机为对象进行研究，证明地震载荷会明显影响塔筒的变形。ASAREH等[13]以某5 MW风力机为研究对象，进行了不同风速、地震载荷下风力机的地震响应分析，结果表明，风力机的应力状态与风速-地震组合呈非线性相关；且额定风速-地震组合时，塔筒底部弯矩幅值最大。宋波等[14]采用Ansys有限元软件进行建模，并通过时程分析法得到了不同地震载荷下风力机结构的非线性动态响应规律。
综上分析可以发现，虽然学者们已针对地震载荷下的风力机塔筒进行了一些研究，但是这些研究均针对横向地震载荷，目前尚缺乏对竖向地震载荷下风力机塔筒力学行为的研究。此外，虽然袁宏伟等[15]曾针对竖向地震载荷下的异种金属焊接接头进行了研究，但是并没有对竖向地震载荷和横向地震载荷的作用进行对比，而在目前的研究中也尚缺乏类似研究。鉴于此，以某1.5 MW风力机塔筒为研究对象，针对竖向和横向地震载荷对风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响进行研究与对比，旨在厘清不同地震烈度和不同实际地震载荷对风力机塔筒力学行为的影响，并进一步对竖向、横向地震载荷的影响进行对比。
1　风力机塔筒及竖向、横向地震载荷的施加
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1.1　风力机塔筒
以某1.5 MW风力机塔筒为研究对象。塔筒材料为Q345钢，其弹性模量为210 000 MPa，泊松比为0.3，密度设为8 242.5 kg/m3（实际密度为7 850 kg/m3 ，考虑梯子、平台、电缆、涂料等，密度需乘以系数1.05）。其真应力-真应变曲线见文献［16］。塔筒高76. 873 m，采用锥筒式变截面设计，外径随筒高的增加而减小。塔筒共分为3段，每段塔筒通过对接法兰用螺栓连接。在数值模拟中，可忽略法兰的厚度，同时简化爬梯、平台、电缆等附属结构。强震来袭前，风力机可提前停止运行并进入紧急停机状态，以避免风-震组合作用对风力机产生更大破坏，因此在研究中仅针对停机状态进行建模分析[17]。塔筒的最大应力集中于塔筒底部的门洞及其周围，仅对第Ⅰ法兰段进行分析[5]65-66。在对完整的风力机塔筒模型进行极限应力状态分析后，得到第Ⅰ法兰段所受三向应力与三向弯矩，如表1所示[5]66。其中，以X轴垂直于门洞表面向外、Y轴平行于门洞向右、Z轴竖直向上为坐标系。
基于实际风力机塔筒中裂纹产生的位置及不同裂纹位置裂尖塑性应变（Equivalent Plastic Strain，PEEQ）的对比，在门洞左下方设置初始裂纹，如图1所示。裂纹宽度为1 mm，设置初始裂纹长度a分别为100、200、300、400 mm。
1.2　竖向、横向地震载荷的施加
地震的强弱通常用地震震级和地震烈度来衡量。地震震级是指地震释放能量大小的量级，地震烈度是指某一地区的地面和建筑物遭受地震影响的强弱程度[18]。因为地震烈度可以作为地震灾害的简便评估指标，为地震工作者描述地震影响的大小提供一种宏观尺度，所以世界上许多国家一直将地震烈度作为评价地震大小的常用指标[19]。地震烈度共分为12级[20]，其中最常见的地震烈度为Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ，所对应峰值加速度分别为0.05g、0.125g、0.25g和0.5g（g为重力加速度）。但是，在地震发生时，地震大小常用地震震级表示，根据地震时释放的弹性波能量大小来确定。此外，在地震发生时，也可以测得加速度时程曲线。人类记录的第一条地震波（El-Centro地震波）、1976年唐山地震地震波和2008年汶川地震地震波的加速度时程曲线如图2所示，它们的震级分别是7.1、7.8和8.0级。
为了研究不同竖向、横向地震载荷对含不同长度初始裂纹风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响，通过质量加速度施加法[21-22]对风力机塔筒分别施加4个地震烈度（Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ）和3个实际地震（El-Centro地震、唐山地震、汶川地震）下的竖向、横向地震载荷，其中竖向地震载荷方向为竖直向下的-Z方向，横向地震载荷方向为垂直于门洞表面向外的X方向，如图1（a）所示。
1.3　有限元数值计算
采用Abaqus软件对风力机塔筒第Ⅰ法兰段进行建模，如图1（a）所示。为了消除网格尺寸的影响，分别设置4种不同的最小网格尺寸（5 mm×5 mm、10 mm×10 mm、25 mm×25 mm、50 mm×50 mm）对模型进行网格无关性分析（网格类型采用8节点三维实体单元C3D8R）。结果表明，当裂尖最小网格尺寸降低至10 mm×10 mm时，应力最大值为2.003×102 MPa，并不再因网格尺寸的减小而发生明显变化，如图3所示。因此，本文选用10 mm×10 mm的最小网格尺寸进行有限元数值计算。
典型风力机塔筒整体网格和裂尖局部网格划分如图4所示，该模型共包含86 940个单元。对塔筒施加表1中所列载荷；并分别在竖向、横向两个方向施加第1.2节中地震载荷；同时通过施加重力加速度的方式施加重力载荷。因裂尖等效PEEQ等值线所环绕区域的面积APEEQ可作为统一拘束参数对结构的拘束状态进行表征[23-24]，并反映结构拘束相关的断裂韧性[25]，故本研究通过有限元数值计算最终得到不同地震载荷下裂尖PEEQ及其等值线所环绕区域的面积APEEQ，作为地震载荷对风机塔筒力学行为影响的参考。
2　竖向、横向地震载荷对风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响及对比
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2.1　竖向地震载荷对风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响
2.1.1　不同地震烈度
当初始裂纹长度为200 mm时，在Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ四种竖向地震烈度下风力机塔筒裂尖PEEQ云图如图5所示；在Ⅷ级竖向地震烈度下，当初始裂纹长度不同时，风力机塔筒裂尖PEEQ云图如图6所示。
选取相同的时刻（t = 1 s），对PEEQ为2×10-3等值线所围绕区域的面积APEEQ进行计算，如图7所示。图7清晰地反映了APEEQ随地震烈度和初始裂纹长度变化而变化的趋势。随着地震烈度的增加，APEEQ迅速增加；随着裂纹长度的增加，APEEQ均匀增加，且在高地震烈度下，APEEQ对裂纹长度的变化更加敏感。
2.1.2　不同实际地震载荷
当初始裂纹长度为100 mm，在El-Centro地震、唐山地震和汶川地震3种竖向实际地震载荷下风力机塔筒裂尖PEEQ云图如图8所示。由图8可知，汶川地震载荷下PEEQ最大、唐山地震载荷下PEEQ最小。这一方面与震级有关（汶川地震震级最大），另一方面与地震加速度时程曲线有关（El-Centro地震加速度时程曲线的最大加速度更大，波动更剧烈）。
2.2　横向地震载荷对风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响
2.2.1　不同地震烈度
当初始裂纹长度为200 mm，在Ⅶ和Ⅷ两种横向地震烈度下风力机塔筒裂尖PEEQ云图如图9所示。由图9可知，与第2.1.1节中图5竖向地震烈度下一致，随着地震烈度的增加，PEEQ显著增加。但是，与竖向地震烈度不同的是，在横向地震烈度下，PEEQ的变化更加显著，呈几何增长。如图10所示，在Ⅵ级地震烈度下，PEEQ几乎为零，而在Ⅸ级地震烈度下，门洞两侧及塔筒后方均产生了较大的塑性应变。
在Ⅷ级横向地震烈度下，当初始裂纹长度不同时，风力机塔筒裂尖PEEQ云图如图11所示。由图11可知，与第2.1.1节中图6竖向地震烈度下一致，在横向地震烈度下，随着初始裂纹长度的增加，PEEQ同样均匀增加。
同样选取相同的时刻（t=1 s），对不同横向地震烈度下PEEQ为2 × 10-3等值线所围绕区域的面积APEEQ进行计算，如图12所示。由图12可知，随着地震烈度的增加，APEEQ急剧增加；随着裂纹长度的增加，与竖向地震烈度下一致，APEEQ均匀增加。
2.2.2　不同实际地震载荷
当初始裂纹长度为100 mm时，在El-Centro地震、唐山地震和汶川地震3种横向实际地震载荷下风力机塔筒裂尖PEEQ云图如图13所示。由图13可知，与不同竖向实际地震载荷加载时PEEQ形状相似；不同横向实际地震载荷加载时，裂尖PEEQ形状完全不同，且PEEQ值相差很大。其中，El-Centro地震载荷下PEEQ最大、唐山地震载荷下PEEQ最小。这充分说明横向地震载荷加载时，地震加速度时程曲线对其影响较大。El-Centro地震加速度时程曲线的最大加速度更大，波动更剧烈，且波动频率更高。
2.3　竖向、横向地震载荷对风力机塔筒裂尖应变场影响的对比
为直观表达竖向和横向地震载荷对风力机塔筒的影响，将图7、图12中APEEQ转换为对应面积的圆，绘制出不同初始裂纹长度与不同地震烈度下的APEEQ对比图，如图14所示。由图14可知，在Ⅵ和Ⅶ级地震时，竖向地震载荷带来的影响更大（横向地震载荷带来的影响几乎为0）；随着地震烈度的增加，在Ⅷ和Ⅸ级地震时，横向地震载荷带来的影响急剧增加，迅速超过竖向地震载荷的影响。以裂纹长度为200 mm为例，Ⅸ级地震时，横向地震载荷所引起的裂尖APEEQ可达竖向地震载荷所引起APEEQ的18倍。
3　结论
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以含不同初始裂纹长度的某1.5 MW风力机塔筒为研究对象，对其分别施加竖向和横向地震载荷，每种地震载荷均包含4个地震烈度和3个实际地震震级。研究了竖向和横向地震载荷对风力机塔筒裂尖应变场的影响。所得主要结论如下：
1）在竖向地震载荷下，随着地震烈度的增加，裂尖APEEQ迅速增加；随着裂纹长度的增加，裂尖APEEQ均匀增加；且在高地震烈度下，APEEQ对裂纹长度的变化更加敏感。实际地震载荷所引起的裂尖APEEQ形状相近，其大小一方面与震级有关，另一方面与地震加速度时程曲线有关。
2）在横向地震载荷下，随着地震烈度的增加，裂尖APEEQ呈几何增长；随着裂纹长度的增加，裂尖APEEQ均匀增加。实际地震载荷所引起的裂尖APEEQ形状完全不同，大小相差很大，这主要与地震加速度时程曲线有关。
3）在Ⅵ和Ⅶ级地震时，竖向地震载荷较横向地震载荷带来的影响更大；随着地震烈度的增加，在Ⅷ和Ⅸ级地震时，横向地震载荷带来的影响急剧增加，迅速超过竖向地震载荷的影响。这也为地震下结构的评定提供了依据。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51975378; 52375154; 52311530067; 52150710540)
文献
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2025年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.007
  • 接收时间：2023-07-14
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期：2023-07-14
  • 修回日期：2023-09-25
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51975378; 52375154; 52311530067; 52150710540)
国家自然科学基金项目(51975378; 52375154; 52311530067; 52150710540)
作者信息
    1.上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院 上海市动力工程多相流动与传热重点实验室，上海　200093
    2.安徽容知日新科技股份有限公司，合肥　230088
    3.延锋汽车智能安全系统有限责任公司，上海　201315
    4.华东理工大学 承压系统与安全教育部重点实验室，上海　200237
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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