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Coatings have extensively been used to the surfaces of critical components to enhance their service life, and the research on mechanical properties of coatings is essential for advancing this technology. TiAlN/Ti and TiN/Ti multilayer coatings were prepared on aluminum matrix composite surfaces by using the vacuum ion beam sputtering technique. The microstructure, phase composition,and mechanical properties of the coatings were characterized and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindentor. The dimensionless function correlation between mechanical properties of material with multilayer coatings and the loading/unloading parameters of nanoindentation was derived based on dimension analysis theory, and its explicit expression was determined in conjunction with the finite element simulation method. By establishing a nanoindentation simulation model for the multilayer coating, the impact of residual compressive stress on the tensile properties of the multilayer coating was analyzed. The results indicate that residual compressive stress can enhance the yield strength of the multilayer coatings. The residual compressive stress of TiN/Ti multilayer coating is -564 MPa, increasing the yield strength by 31.25%. Similarly, the residual compressive stress of TiAlN/Ti multilayer coating is -871 MPa, resulting in a 50% increase in yield strength. An important theoretical and test basis is proposed for quantitative analysis of the factors influencing the mechanical properties of coatings.

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JIA Yunfei, E-mail:
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涂层广泛应用于各类重要零部件表面以提升其使用寿命,研究涂层的力学性能是评价该项技术优劣程度的一个关键因素。采用真空离子镀膜技术在铝基复合材料表面制备TiAlN/Ti和TiN/Ti叠层涂层,并通过扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)、X射线衍射仪(X-Ray Diffraction, XRD)和纳米压痕测试仪对涂层的微观结构、物相组成和力学性能进行表征和分析。基于量纲分析理论推导出材料力学性能参数与纳米压痕加/卸载参量之间的量纲一函数关系,结合有限元模拟的方法,确定其具体表达式。通过建立叠层涂层的纳米压痕仿真模型,分析了残余压应力对叠层涂层拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,残余压应力可以提高叠层涂层的屈服强度。其中,TiN/Ti叠层涂层的残余压应力为-564 MPa,提高了31.25%的屈服强度;TiAlN/Ti叠层涂层的残余压应力为-871 MPa,提高了50%的屈服强度。此方法为定量分析涂层力学性能的影响因素提供了重要的理论和试验基础。

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陈金湖,男,1997年生,河南淮滨人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为航空发动机叶片涂层强化;E-mail:

贾云飞,男,1986年生,江苏盐城人,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为航空发动机叶片抗冲蚀、机械结构仿生强度学、基于机器学习的结构设计;E-mail:

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陈金湖,男,1997年生,河南淮滨人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为航空发动机叶片涂层强化;E-mail:

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贾云飞,男,1986年生,江苏盐城人,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为航空发动机叶片抗冲蚀、机械结构仿生强度学、基于机器学习的结构设计;E-mail:

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articleId=1241699537853674469, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Size parameters of the coating design

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种类
Type
层数
Layer number
总厚度
Total thickness/µm
调制比
Modulation ratio
TiAlN120±2
TiN120±2
TiAlN/Ti810±119:1
TiN/Ti810±119:1
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553473262111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699537853674469, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

涂层设计尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类
Type
层数
Layer number
总厚度
Total thickness/µm
调制比
Modulation ratio
TiAlN120±2
TiN120±2
TiAlN/Ti810±119:1
TiN/Ti810±119:1
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553557148198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699537853674469, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Process parameters of the coating deposition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类
Type
靶头
Target
基体偏压
Substrate bias/V
弧电流
Arc current/A
氮分压
Nitrogen pressure/Pa
占空比
Duty cycle/%
TiTi-2007020
TiNTi055~601.5
TiAlNTiAl055~601.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553632645674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699537853674469, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

涂层沉积工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类
Type
靶头
Target
基体偏压
Substrate bias/V
弧电流
Arc current/A
氮分压
Nitrogen pressure/Pa
占空比
Duty cycle/%
TiTi-2007020
TiNTi055~601.5
TiAlNTiAl055~601.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553745891888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699537853674469, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Range of elastic-plastic parameters for finite element simulations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/GPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
硬化指数
Hardening index
50~4500.3300~10 0000.1~0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553850749493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699537853674469, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

有限元仿真弹塑性参数范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/GPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
硬化指数
Hardening index
50~4500.3300~10 0000.1~0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553963995708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699537853674469, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Fitting coefficient

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ijab
001.196 30.307 4
010.415 60.335 9
02-1.525 4-0.861 3
03-1.251 62.583 5
101.018 7-0.133 7
11-0.101 2-0.305 4
120.662 3-0.042 2
130.298 9-0.481 7
20-0.511 60.150 6
210.054 70.065 7
22-0.063 70.030 5
300.072 3-0.027 8
310.006 1-0.004 4
40-0.003 30.001 6
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拟合系数

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001.196 30.307 4
010.415 60.335 9
02-1.525 4-0.861 3
03-1.251 62.583 5
101.018 7-0.133 7
11-0.101 2-0.305 4
120.662 3-0.042 2
130.298 9-0.481 7
20-0.511 60.150 6
210.054 70.065 7
22-0.063 70.030 5
300.072 3-0.027 8
310.006 1-0.004 4
40-0.003 30.001 6
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基于反演分析法探究残余压应力对叠层涂层拉伸性能的影响
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陈金湖 1 , 贾云飞 1 , 马天宇 2 , 张勇 1 , 张钰 1 , 杨俊 1
机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025,47(4): 79-86
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机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025, 47(4): 79-86
基于反演分析法探究残余压应力对叠层涂层拉伸性能的影响
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陈金湖1 , 贾云飞1 , 马天宇2, 张勇1, 张钰1, 杨俊1
作者信息
  • 1.华东理工大学 机械与动力工程学院,上海 200237
  • 2.东北大学 材料科学与工程学院,沈阳 110819
  • 陈金湖,男,1997年生,河南淮滨人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为航空发动机叶片涂层强化;E-mail:

    贾云飞,男,1986年生,江苏盐城人,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为航空发动机叶片抗冲蚀、机械结构仿生强度学、基于机器学习的结构设计;E-mail:

Exploring the impact of residual compressive stress on tensile properties of multilayer coatings based on inverse analysis method
Jinhu CHEN1 , Yunfei JIA1 , Tianyu MA2, Yong ZHANG1, Yu ZHANG1, Jun YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.010
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涂层广泛应用于各类重要零部件表面以提升其使用寿命,研究涂层的力学性能是评价该项技术优劣程度的一个关键因素。采用真空离子镀膜技术在铝基复合材料表面制备TiAlN/Ti和TiN/Ti叠层涂层,并通过扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)、X射线衍射仪(X-Ray Diffraction, XRD)和纳米压痕测试仪对涂层的微观结构、物相组成和力学性能进行表征和分析。基于量纲分析理论推导出材料力学性能参数与纳米压痕加/卸载参量之间的量纲一函数关系,结合有限元模拟的方法,确定其具体表达式。通过建立叠层涂层的纳米压痕仿真模型,分析了残余压应力对叠层涂层拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,残余压应力可以提高叠层涂层的屈服强度。其中,TiN/Ti叠层涂层的残余压应力为-564 MPa,提高了31.25%的屈服强度;TiAlN/Ti叠层涂层的残余压应力为-871 MPa,提高了50%的屈服强度。此方法为定量分析涂层力学性能的影响因素提供了重要的理论和试验基础。

纳米压痕  /  叠层涂层  /  残余压应力  /  有限元  /  反演分析

Coatings have extensively been used to the surfaces of critical components to enhance their service life, and the research on mechanical properties of coatings is essential for advancing this technology. TiAlN/Ti and TiN/Ti multilayer coatings were prepared on aluminum matrix composite surfaces by using the vacuum ion beam sputtering technique. The microstructure, phase composition,and mechanical properties of the coatings were characterized and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindentor. The dimensionless function correlation between mechanical properties of material with multilayer coatings and the loading/unloading parameters of nanoindentation was derived based on dimension analysis theory, and its explicit expression was determined in conjunction with the finite element simulation method. By establishing a nanoindentation simulation model for the multilayer coating, the impact of residual compressive stress on the tensile properties of the multilayer coating was analyzed. The results indicate that residual compressive stress can enhance the yield strength of the multilayer coatings. The residual compressive stress of TiN/Ti multilayer coating is -564 MPa, increasing the yield strength by 31.25%. Similarly, the residual compressive stress of TiAlN/Ti multilayer coating is -871 MPa, resulting in a 50% increase in yield strength. An important theoretical and test basis is proposed for quantitative analysis of the factors influencing the mechanical properties of coatings.

Nano-indentation  /  Multilayer coating  /  Residual compressive stress  /  Finite element  /  Inversion analysis
陈金湖, 贾云飞, 马天宇, 张勇, 张钰, 杨俊. 基于反演分析法探究残余压应力对叠层涂层拉伸性能的影响. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (4) : 79 -86 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.010
Jinhu CHEN, Yunfei JIA, Tianyu MA, Yong ZHANG, Yu ZHANG, Jun YANG. Exploring the impact of residual compressive stress on tensile properties of multilayer coatings based on inverse analysis method[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (4) : 79 -86 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.010
涂层因具备抗高温、耐腐蚀、抗冲击等特性,而被广泛应用于保护在恶劣环境中工作的零部件。例如,在航空发动机叶片和风力涡轮机叶片上使用的钛基涂层,可以有效增强其抗冲蚀和耐腐蚀性能,延长其使用寿命[1-4]。常见的防护涂层包括TiN、TiAlN、ZrN和CrN等硬质涂层[5-8]。然而,由于这些涂层整体脆性较高,附着于基体的能力不佳,且易在成型或动态载荷下产生微裂纹,进而断裂,最终降低涂层防护的可靠性[9]。目前,单层涂层中引入金属层形成多层结构已成为解决这一问题的优化方案。金属层具有良好的延展性,具有较好的裂纹扩展阻力,从而提高涂层整体的断裂韧性[10-11]。因此,对叠层涂层的研究成为抗冲蚀涂层领域中的主流方向,深入探究叠层涂层韧脆比或保障叠层涂层的变形协调能力,从而提高其力学性能是提升该项技术的关键所在。
由于叠层涂层的厚度通常处于微纳米级别,传统的力学性能测试手段难以准确评估其弹塑性性能。纳米压痕技术为探测涂层、块体以及薄膜材料的局部力学性能提供了一种有效手段[12-14]。该技术的核心在于压痕载荷和压痕位移(深度)的关系,通过分析纳米压痕的载荷位移曲线可获得材料的各类基本力学性能参数,如弹性模量、硬度和断裂韧性等[15-17]。近年来,随着有限元仿真计算能力的发展与进步,许多研究工作采用有限元模拟结合量纲分析理论对块体或者涂层材料进行应力应变关系的反演计算[18-19]。CHENG等[20]、DAO等[21]3899-3918基于量纲分析理论建立了有关锥形压痕问题的量纲一函数关系,其中压痕的载荷由被测材料的弹性模量、屈服强度、硬化指数等参数和压痕深度通过量纲一函数联系起来;然后通过有限元模拟计算确定函数的具体表达式,获得被测材料的应力应变关系。随后的研究工作多以BEN等[22]的方法为基础,对压痕反演体系进行优化。马增胜[23]31-61考虑了压头形状和摩擦因数对反推结果的影响,推导出包含压头形状、摩擦因数参量的量纲一函数表达式,反推得到了精度较高的镍薄膜应力应变关系。NOII等[24]采用数值优化的方法从压痕加载-卸载曲线中提取涂层的弹塑性特性。通过最小化目标数据与压痕有限元分析结果之间的误差来确定非线性各向同性材料的弹塑性参数,可很好地表征涂层材料的固有特性。随着机器学习的兴起,基于神经网络深度学习的方法也运用在压痕法反演材料力学性能的过程中[25],并在实践中证明了这种方法有较高的可
然而,硬质涂层通常存在一定大小的残余应力[26],这是由于制备过程中涂层和基材之间的热膨胀系数不同或涂层生长过程中的缺陷所致。残余应力主要由热应力和固有应力两部分组成,会在一定程度上对涂层的力学性能和可靠性产生重要影响。LING等[27]1001-1005借助有限元分析的方法探究了镍薄膜在残余应力作用下力学性能的变化;研究发现,残余应力会引起涂层的载荷-位移曲线发生偏移,从而改变涂层反推结果的力学性能。MADY等[28]采用数值分析与试验结合的方法模拟了沉积在硬质钢衬底上陶瓷涂层的纳米压痕测试过程。通过探究有限元模拟中残余应力对涂层载荷位移曲线的影响,调控沉积偏压得到对应残余应力水平的涂层,并对其进行纳米压痕试验,发现有限元模拟结果与试验压痕曲线有很好的相关性。ZHU等[29]的研究结果表明,残余应力对纳米压痕试验测试过程有显著影响,包括硬度、加载曲线、卸载曲线、压痕周围材料的堆积量和真实接触面积等,这些因素进一步影响了力学性能的测试结果。XIAO等[30]通过研究钢基体上类金刚石碳涂层在压痕条件下的力学响应发现,在固定的压痕深度的条件下,残余压应力的存在会使压痕载荷增加。
尽管有大量的研究工作表明,残余应力会对涂层的力学性能产生影响,但都未量化这一影响的程度。本文以TiAlN/Ti和TiN/Ti叠层涂层为研究对象,针对残余应力对涂层拉伸性能影响这一问题,采用量纲分析理论,结合有限元模拟的方法,通过建立二维叠层涂层轴对称有限元模型计算出相应的压痕响应,获得了不考虑残余应力时叠层涂层的拉伸性能。为定量分析涂层力学性能影响因素提供了理论和试验指导。
将采用选区激光熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)技术制备的纳米颗粒增强铝基复合材料(Al-MMC)作为基体材料。矩形试样的尺寸为20 mm×15 mm×4 mm,为了便于涂层涂覆,将试样表面统一磨抛至镜面光亮(粗糙度Ra≤0.2 µm)。涂层的设计尺寸如表1所示。
采用物理气相沉淀真空离子镀膜技术,在DG-6BY型多功能离子镀膜机上完成涂层的制备。首先,将基体试样置于真空室内,偏压调节至-500 V后,通入氩气进行离子轰击清洗,持续时间为5 min,以清除试样表面的氧化物和污染物。接下来,开始沉积Ti金属层,调节氩气压强至0.43 Pa,并启动Ti靶弧电流、基体偏压和占空比,具体沉积参数如表2所示,沉积时间由涂层层厚所决定。随后进行TiN层或TiAlN层的沉积,开启相应的Ti靶或TiAl靶弧电流,将靶基距离调至180 mm,并引入氮气,调整弧电流、氮分压、基体偏压和占空比等沉积参数至表2中所示数值,即可开始涂层沉积。按照上述步骤交替沉积Ti层和TiN(TiAlN)层,即可完成叠层涂层的制备。涂镀完成后,依次关闭Ti(TiAl)靶弧电源、偏压电源和氮气阀等设备。在保持系统真空度不大于5×10-3 Pa的条件下,待炉温降至100 ℃以下,取出工件。
由于涂层的制备过程处于高温条件下,且涂层材料与基体材料的热力学性能存在差异,因此会在涂层内部和涂层与基体的界面产生复杂的残余应力。为了深入研究残余应力对叠层涂层力学性能的影响,本研究采用基体变形法和Stoney公式[31][式(1)]对叠层涂层中的残余应力σf进行了测量和计算。
式中,Es为基体弹性模量;νs为基体的泊松比;ts为基体的厚度;tf为涂层厚度;R为由涂层的全厚度残余应力引起的基片弯曲的曲率半径。
在进行纳米压痕测试之前,首先采用电火花技术从涂层试样中切割出尺寸为10 mm ×10 mm×4 mm的小块,并在温度为140 ℃、保温时长为10 min的条件下进行热镶。为了确保纳米压痕测试的准确性,先使用3 000目的砂纸将涂层表面磨到光亮,然后使用0.05 µm的SiO2抛光液将表面抛光至Ra≤0.1 µm。接下来,采用Nano Indenter G200纳米力学测试系统进行纳米压痕试验,压头类型选择Berkovich纳米压头,加载方式选择位移控制的连续刚度压痕方法(Continuous Stiffness Measurement, CSM)。整个纳米压痕测试在空气介质中进行,测试温度为(25±0.5)℃。在相同的试验条件下,进行15次重复试验,压入点之间的间隔最小为100 µm。为了避免基底效应,压痕压入深度需小于薄膜厚度的1/10[32],因此压痕深度设定为800 nm。
采用商业有限元软件Abaqus对纳米压痕过程进行有限元分析。考虑到Berkovich压头是三棱锥的形状,会导致求解变成三维问题,本研究基于非圆锥压头与圆锥压头等底面积转化原则,得到等效圆锥压头的半角为70.32°。而圆锥压头对材料进行压痕试验的过程是一个典型的轴对称问题,因此采用二维轴对称模型对其进行建模,几何模型如图1所示。由于Berkovich金刚石压头的弹性模量为1 470 GPa,泊松比为0.07,具有较小的变形,所以在有限元模型中采用刚性压头代替,被试材料用二维平面表示。
整个有限元模型采用四节点双线性轴对称缩减积分单元(CAX4R)进行网格划分,这种单元具有计算精度高、适合大应变分析等优点。模型被划分为63 504个CAX4R网格,在压头附近采用了密集网格,在远离压头的区域逐渐使用了稀疏网格,如图1(b)所示。模型的边界条件如图1(a)所示,模型的左边可以沿y方向移动,限制其x方向的位移;模型的底边可以沿x方向移动,限制其y方向的位移。载荷施加在轴对称模型刚性压头的参考点上。
通常情况下,直接从压痕的载荷位移曲线中获取材料的应力应变曲线是一项困难的任务。这是因为材料在压痕变形中受到多种因素的影响,例如材料本身的弹性模量和硬度、压头的形状以及压痕的深度等。建立一个包含所有这些参数的完整函数是十分困难的,因此需要采用数值分析方法,从反分析的角度来解决此难题。量纲分析理论可以很好地简化这些问题[23]31-33,通过建立各参量之间的量纲一函数关系来减少计算的工作量,并且具有非常广泛的适用性。在压痕问题的量纲分析过程中,本文从加载载荷P和残余深度hr的角度出发[21]3901-3903,将加载载荷与残余深度表示为被压材料的基本力学性能、压入深度以及压头的弹性模量和泊松比之间的函数,即
式中,h为压入深度;E为被测材料的弹性模量,ν被测材料的泊松比;Ei为Berkovich金刚石压头的弹性模量;νi为Berkovich金刚石压头的泊松比;σynθ分别为被测材料的屈服强度、应变硬化指数和压头的半角角度。由于金刚石压头的变形基本可以忽略,因此不考虑方程中压头的相关参数Eiνi。其中涂层的泊松比ν取0.3,而当压头类型给定时,压头半角θ也随之固定,此时式(2)可以简化为
对式(3)的参量进行量纲分析,选取弹性模量E和压入深度h作为基本物理量,其余参量的量纲由Eh的量纲表示,然后对式(3)应用π定理[33]可得
式中,hm为最大压入深度。
综上所述,本节分别从压痕载荷与残余深度的角度出发,基于量纲分析理论推导出材料基本力学性能参数同纳米压痕的加、卸载参量之间的量纲一函数关系式(4)。后续可通过有限元计算结果,拟合得到量纲一函数的具体表达式。
采用扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)对涂层的截面形貌进行观察分析,如图2所示。图中颜色较浅的区域代表Ti层,而颜色较深的区域为TiAlN和TiN层。可以发现,涂层与基体之间结合良好,且各层之间结合紧密,未观察到裂纹和空隙等缺陷。其中单层TiAlN和TiN涂层的厚度分别为20.5 µm和18.7 µm,TiAlN/Ti和TiN/Ti叠层涂层厚度分别为9.6 µm和10.2 µm,均符合设计要求。叠层涂层为“三明治”夹层结构,由4层TiAlN(TiN)硬层与4层Ti软层交替排列组成,且TiAlN(TiN)层与Ti层的层厚比为19∶1。这些涂层截面的微观结构形貌为进一步建立叠层涂层压痕仿真体系提供了可靠的依据。
采用X射线衍射仪(X-Ray Diffraction, XRD)对涂层和铝基复合材料进行物相分析,结果如图3所示。从图3中观察到,所有涂层的最强衍射峰均在(111)晶面,表明在沉积过程中,TiAlN和TiN涂层具有明显的沿(111)晶面的优先生长取向。其中,TiAlN相是Al原子取代TiN晶格中的Ti原子而形成的,而Al原子的原子半径小于Ti原子,导致晶格参数收缩,并伴随着衍射峰向更高的2θ角移动[34]。由于涂层中含有Ti层,因此在XRD图谱中可以观察到纯Ti的(002)晶面。基体的XRD图谱主要由Al相和TiB2相组成,最强衍射峰同样位于(111)晶面。
利用已建立的纳米压痕有限元模型,对铝基复合材料的压痕响应进行计算,并将其与试验压痕曲线进行比对,验证纳米压痕有限元模型的可靠性。首先,需要获取铝基复合材料的弹塑性曲线,作为压痕模型的材料参数输入。根据GB/T 228.1—2021标准加工了厚度为3 mm的铝基复合材料拉伸试样,试样的尺寸如图4所示。接着,采用LE5105拉伸试验机以10-3 /s的应变速率进行准静态拉伸试验。并采用Epsilon3442型引伸计夹持在试样标距段表面进行应变参数测量,精度满足0.5级。通过拉伸试验可以得到铝基复合材料工程应力-应变曲线。然而,随着材料的塑性变形,横截面积会减小,长度会增加,使得真实应力应变数值与测量值不符。根据体积不变原则将工程应力转化为真实应力,随后通过积分工程应变获得真实应变,得到铝基复合材料真实应力-应变曲线,如图5所示。
基于铝基复合材料的应力-应变曲线的弹性阶段,得到其弹性模量为90 GPa,泊松比取0.3,并将这些值作为材料的弹性参数输入到有限元模型中。塑性参数则直接通过输入曲线塑性阶段对应的应力-应变数据来实现,旨在准确还原铝基复合材料的弹塑性性能,以降低模型的计算误差。随后,进行了铝基复合材料的纳米压痕试验,设定压入深度为1.5 µm,其余测试参数与前述一致。图6所示为铝基复合材料纳米压痕的有限元计算结果与试验得到的压痕响应曲线。从图6中可以清晰地观察到,仿真计算得到的压痕曲线与试验压痕曲线之间吻合良好,证明了建立的二维纳米压痕有限元模型的可靠性,同时也验证了纳米压痕试验数据的可信度。
根据已建立的纳米压痕有限元模型,对120组具有不同力学性能参数的材料进行仿真计算。这些材料的弹塑性本构模型采用幂律函数形式输入到模型中,其力学性能参数范围如表3所示。首先将弹性模量均分为10组;然后根据常见材料的力学性能,将每组弹性模量对应的屈服强度分为3组。同时,将硬化指数分为0、0.1、0.3和0.5等4种情况,共计120组材料参数组合。将这些参数代入有限元模型中,计算得到了120条仿真压痕曲线。
进一步地,对有限元数值模拟结果进行拟合处理,以获取所需要的量纲一函数具体表达式。首先,利用仿真压痕曲线计算得到压痕最大深度hm处的载荷PEh2的比值,作为量纲一函数值π1;然后,计算出残余深度hr与最大深度hm的比值,作为量纲一函数值π2;最后,选取与(π1π2)对应的有限元输入参数(Eσyn)作为量纲一函数的自变量,即式(4)中所示的(nE/σy),其中E的值可以由纳米压痕测试仪获取。在得到有限元模拟计算出的若干组离散点后,利用Matlab软件中多项式拟合的方法拟合出式(5),所有拟合参数如表4所示。根据式(5)绘制出量纲一函数的三维图,如图7所示。观察发现,两个量纲一函数的曲面都呈现出平滑的特性,并且在研究范围内都呈现出单调的趋势,这表明弹塑性反推的结果是唯一的。综上分析,可以得出结论:式(5)可以作为量纲一函数的表达式。
使用式(5)反推计算出单层TiN和TiAlN的弹塑性参数。通过纳米压痕试验测得的单层TiN、TiAlN涂层的弹性模量分别为450、380 GPa,载荷-位移曲线如图8所示。观察图8发现,在相同压入深度内,TiN涂层的最大压痕载荷高于TiAlN涂层,并且TiN涂层的弹性恢复力相对TiAlN涂层更强。将单层涂层载荷位移曲线的量纲一函数值(π1π2)代入式(5)中进行计算得到,TiAlN的屈服强度为6.8 GPa、应变硬化指数为0.36;TiN的屈服强度为7.5 GPa、应变硬化指数为0.32。
采用基体变形法测得的TiN/Ti和TiAlN/Ti叠层涂层的残余压应力分别为-564 MPa和-871 MPa。由于单层涂层通过增加较厚的中间Ti层,有效降低了残余应力的大小[35],因此不考虑其对单层涂层力学性能的影响。
通过建立叠层涂层的压痕仿真体系来进一步研究残余压应力对其力学性能的影响。首先,根据叠层涂层SEM截面形貌中软硬层的排列方式和调制比建立了叠层涂层的有限元模型。然后,将TiN(TiAlN)单层涂层的弹塑性反推结果与Ti金属层的力学性能引入叠层涂层压痕仿真体系。其中,Ti金属层的弹性模量为112 GPa,屈服强度为309 MPa,硬化指数为0.16[36]。将计算得到的TiN/Ti和TiAlN/Ti叠层涂层的仿真压痕曲线与试验压痕曲线绘制在同一张图中进行对比,如图9所示。由图9可以发现,在压痕最深处,TiN/Ti叠层涂层的仿真载荷比试验小24 mN,残余深度小25 nm,而TiAlN/Ti叠层涂层的仿真载荷比试验小11 mN,残余深度小19 nm。
根据纳米压痕测试的结果,TiN/Ti和TiAlN/Ti叠层涂层的弹性模量分别为350 GPa和300 GPa。考虑到残余应力对涂层弹性模量影响较小[27]1001-1005,因此假设叠层涂层有限元模型的弹性模量与试验测量结果保持一致。然后分别将叠层涂层的试验压痕曲线以及仿真压痕曲线的量纲一函数值(π1π2)代入式(5)进行反演计算,结果如图10所示。通过对比可以得出以下结论:残余压应力可以提升叠层涂层的拉伸性能,其中TiN/Ti叠层涂层残余压应力为-564 MPa,可提升其31.25%屈服强度、14.28%硬化指数;TiAlN/Ti叠层涂层的残余压应力为-871 MPa,可提升其50%屈服强度、20%硬化指数。
本研究旨在探讨涂层中固有残余压应力对其拉伸性能的影响,选取TiN/Ti和TiAlN/Ti叠层涂层作为研究对象,利用量纲分析理论结合有限元数值模拟的方法,将残余压应力对叠层涂层的屈服强度和应变硬化指数的提升程度进行了量化。具体结论如下:
1)以铝基复合材料为基体,采用真空离子镀膜技术制备TiAlN/Ti和TiN/Ti两种叠层涂层。通过对涂层的物相组成、组织形貌以及与基体结合界面的微观形貌分析发现,涂层的主要物相组成为相应的氮化物,涂层与基体结合良好,无裂纹和空隙等明显缺陷。
2)通过拉伸试验获取了铝基复合材料的应力-应变曲线,并将其代入压痕模型进行计算,得到了仿真压痕曲线,同时使用纳米压痕测试仪获取了试验压痕曲线。结果表明,试验和仿真压痕曲线吻合良好,验证了所建立压痕模型的可靠性。
3)通过提取120组不同材料仿真压痕曲线的(π1π2),拟合得到量纲一函数的具体表达式。然后建立纳米压痕叠层涂层仿真体系,获得了不考虑残余压应力时叠层涂层的力学性能。对比发现,残余压应力的存在可以提高叠层涂层的屈服强度和应变硬化指数。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52222505; 52321002)
  • 上海市自然科学基金项目(23ZR1415500)
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2025年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.010
  • 接收时间:2024-04-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-24
  • 修回日期:2024-05-15
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52222505; 52321002)
国家自然科学基金项目(52222505; 52321002)
Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(23ZR1415500)
上海市自然科学基金项目(23ZR1415500)
作者信息
    1.华东理工大学 机械与动力工程学院,上海 200237
    2.东北大学 材料科学与工程学院,沈阳 110819
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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