Article(id=1241699537304220634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241699531444769296, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689523200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-17, revisedDate=1697212800000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973839355, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973839355, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973839355, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973839355, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699531444769296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973837957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773974092709, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241700600002433947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241699531444769296, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241700600006628252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241699531444769296, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=70, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699537560073188, articleId=1241699537304220634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of corrosion fatigue crack propagation based on peridynamics theory, columnId=1241446330749481285, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=·Fatigue·Damage·Fracture·Failure Analysis·, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to simulate the crack propagation by corrosion fatigue, a coupled peridynamics corrosion-fatigue fracture model was proposed and applied to the simulation and analysis of crack propagation in A7N01P-T4 aluminum alloy.In this model, the interaction of hydrogen and stress was used to reflect the synergy between the two mechanisms of anodic dissolution and hydrogen cracking in corrosion, and the corrosion solution step and the mechanical solution step were coupled when quantifying the fracture behavior of the material due to corrosion. Since hydrogen reduces the plasticity of the material and brittle fracture occurs, a bonded peridynamics theory suitable for simulating isotropic brittle damage was used, and the relation between near-field force and elongation was described using an intrinsic force function for quasi-brittle materials that incorporates both linear and nonlinear mechanical behavior. The feasibility of the model is verified by comparing the simulation results with the test results of A7N01P-T4 aluminum alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution, and it is found that the results are in good agreement between them.

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QIAN Songrong, E-mall:
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为了模拟腐蚀疲劳的裂纹扩展,提出了一种近场动力学腐蚀-疲劳断裂耦合模型,并将该模型应用于A7N01P-T4铝合金的裂纹扩展模拟分析。在该模型中,用氢和应力的交互作用体现腐蚀中阳极溶解和氢致开裂两种机制之间的协同作用,在量化材料因腐蚀产生断裂行为时,将腐蚀求解步骤和力学求解步骤进行耦合。由于氢使材料的塑性降低并发生脆性断裂,在研究中采用适合模拟各向同性脆性破坏的键型近场动力学理论,并使用准脆性材料的本构力函数来描述近场力与伸长率之间的关系,该函数包含线性和非线性力学行为。通过将仿真结果与A7N01P-T4铝合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的试验结果进行比较,发现两者之间吻合较好,从而验证了该模型的可行性。

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钱松荣,女,1972年生,贵州贵阳人,教授;主要研究方向为近场动力学理论及应用、人工智能;E-mail:
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卫少东,男,1995年生,陕西宝鸡人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为近场动力学理论及应用;E-mail:

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Chemical composition of A7N01P-T4 aluminum alloy %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZnMgSiMnFeCuCrTiZrAl
4.1031.1200.0430.3060.0870.0950.2320.0520.147Balance
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A7N01P-T4铝合金的化学成分

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ZnMgSiMnFeCuCrTiZrAl
4.1031.1200.0430.3060.0870.0950.2320.0520.147Balance
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基于近场动力学理论的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展数值模拟
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卫少东 1 , 钱松荣 2 , 周诗云 1 , 郑鑫 1 , 侯怡 1
机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025,47(4): 70-78
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机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025, 47(4): 70-78
基于近场动力学理论的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展数值模拟
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卫少东1 , 钱松荣2 , 周诗云1, 郑鑫1, 侯怡1
作者信息
  • 1.贵州大学 机械工程学院,贵阳 550025
  • 2.贵州大学 省部共建公共大数据国家重点实验室,贵阳 550025
  • 卫少东,男,1995年生,陕西宝鸡人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为近场动力学理论及应用;E-mail:

通讯作者:

钱松荣,女,1972年生,贵州贵阳人,教授;主要研究方向为近场动力学理论及应用、人工智能;E-mail:
Numerical simulation of corrosion fatigue crack propagation based on peridynamics theory
Shaodong WEI1 , Songrong QIAN2 , Shiyun ZHOU1, Xin ZHENG1, Yi HOU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.009
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为了模拟腐蚀疲劳的裂纹扩展,提出了一种近场动力学腐蚀-疲劳断裂耦合模型,并将该模型应用于A7N01P-T4铝合金的裂纹扩展模拟分析。在该模型中,用氢和应力的交互作用体现腐蚀中阳极溶解和氢致开裂两种机制之间的协同作用,在量化材料因腐蚀产生断裂行为时,将腐蚀求解步骤和力学求解步骤进行耦合。由于氢使材料的塑性降低并发生脆性断裂,在研究中采用适合模拟各向同性脆性破坏的键型近场动力学理论,并使用准脆性材料的本构力函数来描述近场力与伸长率之间的关系,该函数包含线性和非线性力学行为。通过将仿真结果与A7N01P-T4铝合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的试验结果进行比较,发现两者之间吻合较好,从而验证了该模型的可行性。

近场动力学理论  /  本构方程  /  腐蚀疲劳  /  阳极溶解  /  裂纹扩展

In order to simulate the crack propagation by corrosion fatigue, a coupled peridynamics corrosion-fatigue fracture model was proposed and applied to the simulation and analysis of crack propagation in A7N01P-T4 aluminum alloy.In this model, the interaction of hydrogen and stress was used to reflect the synergy between the two mechanisms of anodic dissolution and hydrogen cracking in corrosion, and the corrosion solution step and the mechanical solution step were coupled when quantifying the fracture behavior of the material due to corrosion. Since hydrogen reduces the plasticity of the material and brittle fracture occurs, a bonded peridynamics theory suitable for simulating isotropic brittle damage was used, and the relation between near-field force and elongation was described using an intrinsic force function for quasi-brittle materials that incorporates both linear and nonlinear mechanical behavior. The feasibility of the model is verified by comparing the simulation results with the test results of A7N01P-T4 aluminum alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution, and it is found that the results are in good agreement between them.

Peridynamics theory  /  Constitutive equation  /  Corrosion fatigue  /  Anodic dissolution  /  Crack propagation
卫少东, 钱松荣, 周诗云, 郑鑫, 侯怡. 基于近场动力学理论的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展数值模拟. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (4) : 70 -78 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.009
Shaodong WEI, Songrong QIAN, Shiyun ZHOU, Xin ZHENG, Yi HOU. Numerical simulation of corrosion fatigue crack propagation based on peridynamics theory[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (4) : 70 -78 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.009
目前,用于模拟腐蚀损伤的模型主要包括有限元模型(Finite Element Model, FEM)[1]、任意拉格朗日-欧拉(Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian, ALE)法[2]、水平集模型(Level-Set Model, LSM)[3]、相场(Phase-Field, PF)模型[4]、元胞自动机(Cellular Automata, CA)模型[5]等。这些模型可模拟损伤在各个方向上的扩展,但需要保证损伤在相邻单元的边界上连续,这增加了三维问题网格划分的复杂性。
近场动力学(Peridynamics, PD)方法对腐蚀裂纹的分析研究有着天然的优势[6]。PD理论是经典连续介质力学的替代理论,克服了不连续性的局限性,由SILLING[7]提出。基本上,PD理论重新构建了固体力学运动方程,使它更适合于模拟不连续(如裂纹)的物体,并且可以模拟裂纹萌生以及扩展的情况。为了模拟腐蚀损伤现象的不同方面,多个研究小组拓展了PD方法。CHEN等[8]构建了一种PD模型来研究点腐蚀的损伤演变过程。该模型使用了有效扩散模型,并给出了一维PD公式。随后,他们将该模型扩展到了二维和三维情况,为腐蚀研究拓展了一种新思路。DE MEO等[9]研究了PD点腐蚀损伤模型的有限元实现,并利用商业有限元软件进行预测。该研究重点考察了点蚀形态和微观结构的影响。结果表明,近场动力学模型可用于防腐蚀新材料失效分析和设计,具有一定的实用价值。SHOJAEI等[10]提出了一种PD模型的混合无网格离散化方法,此方法可在固体、电解质系统的腐蚀中应用。对PD的非局部控制方程进行离散化,不依赖任何背景积分单元,提高了PD模型数值效率。
本文基于PD理论对A7N01P-T4铝合金的裂纹扩展展开研究,在模型中,加入氢和应力以体现腐蚀中阳极溶解和氢致开裂机制之间的协同作用,探究腐蚀的扩散规律,以及分析裂纹扩展的特征。在研究中,扩展了RAN等[11]9045-9057提出的以氢脆机制为主导的应力腐蚀PD模型,提出了一种PD腐蚀-疲劳断裂耦合模型。在建模和求解中,使用C语言对程序进行建模和计算,并利用Matlab软件进行图像处理。
PD是经典连续介质力学的延伸,PD假设物体由空间中均匀分布的物质点组成。每个物质点在一定距离内与相邻物质点相互作用,这个距离称为近场域。两物质点之间的相互作用力称为近场力,即使它们不接触也存在。在基于键的PD理论中,两个物质点之间的相互作用被描述为完全独立于所有其他局部条件的键。如图1所示,两个相互作用的物质点受到外力的影响,初始状态的位置表示为xixj。在外力的作用下,一定时间t之后,两个物质点的位置和状态变为
由牛顿第二定律构建物质点的运动方程,通过特殊的本构方程将材料的力学特性参数整合到运动方程中,实现不同材料的失效分析和计算。在外力bi的作用下,物质点xi在时间t的PD运动方程如式(1)所示[12]
式中,ρi为物质i的材料密度;ui (xt)为物质点i的位移函数;ηξ分别为物质点ij的相对位移和相对位置,表达式为ξ = xj - xiη = u(xjt) - u(xit);bi (xt)为作用在物质点i上的体力密度;Vj为近场域内物质点j的体积;Η为近场域;δ为近场半径。
f (ηξ)为对点力响应函数,即本构力函数,定义为物质点j作用于i的单位体积平方的力密度矢量。本构力函数表征力与变形之间的关系,基于PD理论得出脆性材料的本构力模型[13]。对于铝合金,在腐蚀环境下会发生准脆性断裂,可以使用初始微观弹脆性模型。准脆性材料破坏是非线性和线性的力学行为,键的变形过程分为非线性损伤变形、线弹性变形和断裂3个阶段,本构力函数的基本形式为
图2所示,引入了一些临界值。SecSet分别为弹性压缩率和弹性伸长率,对应材料弹性变形部分;SocSot分别为临界压缩率和临界伸长率,对应近场力的最大值;ScSt分别为断裂时的压缩率和伸长率,对应键的断裂。
假设所考虑的物体是各向同性的、无限的、均匀的,受到的平面应力状态是确定的,为
式中,C1C2为PD的材料参数;Εν分别为弹性模量和泊松比;α为材料的热膨胀系数。
S为键的伸长率(相对变形),计算式为
考虑到试样承受正弦载荷并在FminFmax两个极端之间循环的载荷条件,在加载循环的每一个临界点定义的拉伸可表示为
因此,循环键应变值ε定义为
式中,SminSmax分别为最小伸长量和最大伸长量,SminSmax均为大于等于0的值;R为应力比。SmaxSminε都取决于循环数N
ZHANG等[14]验证了疲劳裂纹扩展的PD模型,其中循环键应变ε和应力强度因子ΔK之间的比例关系使PD疲劳裂纹扩展参数与Paris公式之间的关系为
式中,t为模拟时间,而不是真实时间。因此,应用式(9)中的线性映射关系和式(10)中的链式法则,可以将仿真时间t转化为实时加载周期N
式中,τ为一个线性映射常数。
对式(8)~式(10)进行整合,得到疲劳损伤区域内键的剩余疲劳寿命的计算式为
每个键在第N次循环加载后的剩余疲劳寿命定义为λ(N ),初始值为λ(N ) = 1。当λ(N )≤0时,键断裂,发生疲劳裂纹扩展。
在断裂力学中,疲劳裂纹扩展速率通常可以使用Paris公式来描述,为
式中,a为裂纹长度;Cn为材料常数;ΔKth为疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。
根据标准GB/T 6398-2017,裂纹尖端应力强度因子幅值ΔK计算式为
式中,α = a/WBW分别为试样的厚度和宽度;ΔP为载荷幅值。
式(8)中的M等于式(12)中的n,计算修正参数A的方法:先给A随意赋值A',对容易建模的试样进行模拟,得到裂纹扩展速率(da/dN )',然后使用Paris公式计算实际裂纹扩展速率da/dN,进而得到修正参数A,为
为了监测加载周期N内物质点的累积损伤。如图3所示,材料破坏的疲劳裂纹扩展情况可用物质点的局部损伤φ表示,定义为
式中,Φ(∙)为表示键是否断裂的标量函数。为了判断键是否断裂,提出了临界拉伸St的概念[15]。如果拉伸超过临界值,它将自动断裂。因此,Φ定义为
物质点的局部损伤φ的取值范围为0≤φ≤1,φ = 0表示与物质点相关的所有键完好;φ≥0.38(KARPENKO等[16]建议)表示裂纹在试样内形成并扩展。
若某个物质点的近场域内与其作用的键断裂。该物质点的损伤会相应增加。为了方便计算,可将式(15)、式(16)中的局部损伤φ简化为
式中,md为物质点的近场域内键的断裂数;m为物质点的近场域内键的总数量。
在PD模型中,腐蚀被视为溶解-扩散的过程,BOBARU等[17]对不连续性物体中具有不断演变能力的传质与传热进行了研究,并提出了质量传递的PD方程,为
式中,C(xit)为物质点xi在时间t时的浓度;k(xixj )为物质点xixj之间键的扩散系数,由机械损伤的函数d(xt)定义,为
式中,KL (D)为液体的微扩散率,可以通过电解液的扩散率D进行计算,为
如式(19)所示,如果两个物质点均为固相,则扩散现象不会发生。然而,如果其中一个物质点为固相,而另一个物质点为液相,则它们之间的连接称为界面键,该键会传递阳极溶解的微小通量。对于这种键,其微溶解性可用K = Kdiss表示。
由于腐蚀过程与时间高度相关,因此有必要在每个时间步更新金属浓度,为
式中,Δt为时间步长,用循环周期T = 1/f和总时间步长n表示,为
为了模拟传质过程,式(18)利用了金属基体的阳极溶解以及金属离子在电解质中的扩散,用浓度相关损伤模型描述腐蚀效应,为
式中,Csat为金属离子在腐蚀环境中的饱和浓度;Csolid为固体中金属离子的初始浓度。某一物质点的金属原子浓度越接近Csat,腐蚀损伤就会越严重。当液体中金属离子的浓度达到Csat时,意味着该点完全溶解,其腐蚀损伤等于1。
通常认为金属腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展是由阳极溶解和氢致开裂之间的协同作用所导致的[18]。在循环应力作用下,裂纹尖端形成的滑移区破坏了铝合金上的钝化膜,从而暴露出新的表面进行腐蚀反应,为
水解反应产生了大量的H+,使裂纹尖端的pH值下降,为氢的析氢反应和氢进入材料并促进阳极溶解创造了条件。在外应力和氢作用下,金属阳极溶解电流密度为
式中,kHkσ分别为氢和应力单独存在时使溶解量增大的因子;k(σ,H)为氢和应力交互作用因子;i0为没有氢和外应力时的电流密度。kHkσk(σ,H)计算式分别为
式中,ΔUH、ΔSH分别为在氢和外应力作用下,内能变化、熵的变化所做的功;T0为绝对温度;σ为外应力;r为气体常数;MA为金属材料的原子质量;Pn0为Ramberg-Osgood模型系数;PC为储存于金属的塑性应变能密度的百分数;σy为材料屈服强度;Δφ为电子逸出功;为氢在金属中的偏摩尔体积;σh为静水应力。
根据溶解速度和阳极的溶解电流成正比的关系,可将式(25)改写为
式中,xLxS分别为界面键的液体端和固体端;为弹性应力材料的微溶解性;为非弹性应力材料的微溶解性。
图4中,总结了腐蚀演化、损伤和弹性变形之间的相互作用。从图4顶部开始,①顺时针方向进行:首先,根据式(23),电化学腐蚀开始在金属前沿附近发生相变。然后,更新腐蚀损伤值,在当前载荷下,根据式(1)求解位移和键的应变并进行更新。最后,根据式(29)更新微溶解性。②逆时针方向进行:腐蚀过程的演变导致腐蚀前沿向固相移动,进而改变了金属在机械载荷下的位移。当键的伸长率超过临界键的伸长率时,就会引发机械损伤。根据式(19)中描述的损伤与腐蚀的关系,累积的机械损伤将促进腐蚀过程的发展。
使用图5所示的耦合模型来数值模拟腐蚀疲劳的裂纹扩展,该算法参考了RAN等[11]9045-9057推导的算法,两个耦合模型之间的主要区别在于,材料的力学性能降低是由阳极溶解和氢致开裂共同引起的,而不是氢原子扩散引起的。在腐蚀断裂问题中,应力腐蚀开裂一般只发生在某些特定的材料与介质组合上,相比较之下腐蚀疲劳更接近实际。PD腐蚀-疲劳断裂耦合模型数值求解过程如图5所示。具体步骤如下:
1)模型准备。离散化、疲劳和扩散模型参数。
2)力学求解步骤。当腐蚀步骤循环完成之后,在加载过程中有任何键的拉伸超过其临界值,则相关键被破坏,使用式(1)重新计算,直到没有新的键断裂。每个循环应变由式(7)计算。
3)腐蚀求解步骤。根据式(18)和式(21)更新离子浓度,然后,在每个物质点输出Δt后的d(xt)。
4)键断裂。更新每个键的剩余寿命,当λ(N)≤0时,键断裂,根据式(17)更新键的损伤。
5)计算终止。如果所有物质点间力学键的最大损伤大于0.38或循环剩余疲劳寿命小于预设值,则终止模拟。否则,返回步骤1)并继续步骤2)、3)和4)。
使用PD腐蚀-疲劳断裂耦合模型来模拟A7N01P-T4铝合金在3.5%NaCl溶液的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展。
为验证PD腐蚀-疲劳断裂耦合模型能否捕捉到A7N01P-T4铝合金的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展,将试验结果和数值模拟的裂纹扩展结果进行比较。
SHEN等[19]将A7N01P-T4铝合金置于3.5% NaCl溶液中,室温下在垂直疲劳试验机上进行腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展试验,在试验中施加交变载荷,最大循环荷载Pmax = 3 kN;应力比R = 0.1;正弦频率f = 0.5 Hz。通过光学显微镜对选定的试样进行抛光以观察裂纹扩展路径。图6为试样裂纹扩展形态图。
图6展示了试样表面腐蚀裂纹的扫描光学显微照片。本研究的主要目的是研究腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展,为了简化模型,提高计算效率,在模拟试验中预制裂纹是合理的。
表1为A7N01P-T4铝合金的化学成分。
为了便于建模和计算,试样形式及尺寸根据GB/T 6398—2017计算而定,采用文献[20]中提出的近场动力学数值模拟方法进行研究。数值模拟模型设置为150 mm × 4 mm × 100 mm的矩形板,这说明模拟是近似模拟。如图7所示,在试样的底部和顶部边缘施加交变荷载。预制缺口尺寸为25 mm × 4 mm。在试样中,将裂纹尖端附近物质点的金属离子浓度设置为饱和值,试样的所有剩余部分金属离子浓度设置为零。
计算模型由1 mm大小的60 000个物质点构成,底部和顶部边缘的8层粒子层为加载层。网格间距Δx =1 mm,近场半径δ = 3Δx,在xyz方向上以Δx均匀离散,该模型的初始裂纹长度为16.25 mm。铝合金的力学性能为弹性模量E = 72 GPa;泊松比ν = 0.33;密度ρ = 2 780 kg/m3;临界拉伸St = 0.01;铝合金的腐蚀性能[21]Csolid = 3.11 mol/L;kH =1.07;kσ = 1.001;k(σ,H) = 1. 08。为了提高模型运算速= 98. 96 mol/L;Csat率,假设腐蚀前沿的溶解性为0.002 μm2/s。Paris公式参数为C = 2. 57 × 10-8n = 2。因此,PD模型参数M =2,赋初始值A'= 2 000,校正后的参数A = 1 066。经过计算发现,当载荷循环137 501次后,数值求解不再趋于收敛。计算上述模型中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率与裂尖应力强度因子,并将其进行数据拟合,如图8所示。
将PD模拟的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率与Paris公式计算得出的理论值和试验结果进行了对比,稳定裂纹扩展阶段是本研究的重点,模拟结果与两者吻合较好,所选的材料参数是合适的。这表明了模拟结果的准确性。
通常情况下,当铝合金处于腐蚀环境中时,其塑性性能会下降并倾向于出现准脆性断裂。因此,在求解过程中采用能够描述线性和非线性力学特性的本构力模型。在腐蚀疲劳的过程中,因为腐蚀扩散的时间比裂纹扩散的时间长很多,所以计算模型中腐蚀扩散的时间t比力学求解步骤时间T要大,应该确定比较合适的时间间隔。模拟了4种不同的值,当力学求解器运行一次,腐蚀扩散求解器运行10、20、30、40时间步数。如图9所示,在能量损伤分布图中,红褐色部分描述机械损伤所释放的能量。如图10所示,在腐蚀扩散分布图中,红褐色部分则描述了金属离子饱和浓度值;黄色表示中等浓度的金属离子,表示腐蚀正在逐渐扩展;青色表示浓度较低的区域。在本研究中,腐蚀扩散的区域是裂纹扩展的方向。在耦合求解器运行时间相同的情况下,腐蚀扩散求解器运行的时间越长,腐蚀的区域就越大。根据4组试验的对比,可以观察到在时间T=10 tT=20 t之间,腐蚀区域相对较小,腐蚀扩散的速率相对稳定,计算时间相对较长;在T=30 t时,腐蚀扩散的区域增长较大,这是由于腐蚀物质在这个阶段已经开始逐渐渗透到材料中,腐蚀区域开始扩展,进行的腐蚀扩散模拟是合理的;然而,在T=40 t时腐蚀扩散的区域显著增加,这表明在T=30 tT=40 t之间腐蚀扩散的速率增长过快,会导致数值不稳定性或模拟结果的偏差。
图11图12所示,经过求解,裂纹的形状呈现出沿着加载方向不规则扩展的趋势,而非单一的直线型裂纹或张开裂纹。在T=10 tT=20 t时,能够明显观察到纵向裂纹;但在T=30 tT=40 t时,则未能观察到纵向扩展的裂纹。同时,需要注意的是,腐蚀时间过短或过长均会影响模拟结果,因此,合适的时间间隔对模拟求解具有重要影响。
基于上述模拟试验,使用PD腐蚀-疲劳断裂耦合模型对腐蚀-疲劳断裂进行数值模拟,腐蚀扩散求解器运行时间t与力学求解器运行时间T的时间间隔取T=30 t,应力比R=0.1,正弦频率为f=0.5 Hz,不同时间步长的能量损伤和裂纹扩展如图13图14所示。试样在交变应力的作用下开裂,裂纹沿加载方向扩展,裂纹扩展路径相对平滑和笔直,数值模拟的结果和试验结果具有良好的吻合度。因为A7N01P-T4铝合金试样在预设缺口发生局部阳极溶解形成了裂纹产生的原始缺陷。在阳极,Al腐蚀并产生Al3+。同时,Al3+发生水解反应产生H+,使裂纹尖端酸化。这种环境为氢的析出和进入材料创造了条件,而应力梯度的存在也会导致氢的扩散,使氢从低应力区扩散至高应力区。裂纹尖端周围应力集中程度较高,因此在应力的作用下,氢会朝着裂纹尖端扩散。在循环载荷的作用下,阴极反应产生的氢气会扩散到裂纹尖端的塑性区,从而削弱金属的原子结合,导致铝合金基体脆化,促进疲劳裂纹扩展。这说明在A7N01P-T4铝合金发生腐蚀疲劳的过程中,在初期阶段,裂纹的形成主要是由于阳极溶解导致的金属基体溶解。而在裂纹扩展的中后期阶段,在金属基体还未溶解的情况下,在应力和氢的相互作用下先发生了脆断现象。
图13(c)中出现了微小的分叉,然而,在图14(c)中没有出现明显的分叉。由于材料受到应力加载和腐蚀介质的共同作用时,会发生微观损伤和化学反应,裂纹尖端区域的金属可能会先行溶解,而不是立即发生断裂。在图14上观察不到明显的分叉,因为裂纹尖端区域的金属还未达到断裂的能量释放阈值。
图13(d)中的能量损失速率比图14(d)中的裂纹长度增长速率更快。这是因为腐蚀介质可以引起材料表面的腐蚀和损伤,导致材料的质量损失更为显著,从而降低了其强度和耐久性。
在循环应力作用下裂纹尖端形成的滑移区打破了铝合金表面的钝化膜,从而暴露出新的表面进行腐蚀反应。ZHAO等[22]研究发现,腐蚀使材料的局部抗裂性下降,导致裂纹萌生过程加速和准脆性断裂,裂纹会在加载过程中沿塑性降低的方向扩展和弯曲,如图14所示,裂纹产生于原始缺陷沿加载方向扩展,发现裂纹扩展特征与试验结果一致,从而验证了PD腐蚀-疲劳断裂耦合模型的合理性。
针对A7N01P-T4铝合金的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展,本文提出了一种近场动力学腐蚀-疲劳断裂耦合模型。并得出以下结论:
1)基于键型PD理论,根据准脆性材料破坏具有线性和非线性力学行为的本构力函数来描述近场力f与伸长率S的关系,引入了损伤变量,构建了该理论模型材料破坏过程中本构关系。
2)该模型考虑了阳极溶解和氢致开裂两种机制之间的协同作用,氢原子加速了阳极溶解,进一步促进了裂纹的扩展。裂纹呈现出相对平直的路径,没有明显的裂纹分支,符合腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的特点。
3)使用PD腐蚀-疲劳断裂耦合模型对试样的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展进行模拟,所得裂纹扩展路径与试验结果吻合较好,说明本文建立的模型可有效模拟腐蚀疲劳裂纹的扩展,为研究腐蚀疲劳裂纹的扩展提供了新思路。
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(20195802; 20192886)
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2025年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.009
  • 接收时间:2023-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-17
  • 修回日期:2023-10-14
基金
Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Program(20195802; 20192886)
贵州省科技计划项目(20195802; 20192886)
作者信息
    1.贵州大学 机械工程学院,贵阳 550025
    2.贵州大学 省部共建公共大数据国家重点实验室,贵阳 550025

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钱松荣,女,1972年生,贵州贵阳人,教授;主要研究方向为近场动力学理论及应用、人工智能;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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