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Due to the similarity between the internal structure of wind turbine blades and plant leaves, a new type of bionic leaf vein structural distribution was proposed, along with an entire composite blade layup program based on the bionic method of applying the mid-axis morphology of plant blades to 5 MW wind turbine blades. The modal analysis and static analysis of the new bionic vein blade were performed using the fluid-solid coupling method. The results show that the first six-order of the nature frequency of the bionic blade are improved in comparison to the traditional layup blade and are difficult to resonate, as well as its torsion resistance. Under the extreme wind load of 50 m/s, the displacement of the bionic blade’s tip is significantly smaller than that of the traditional blade, and the distribution of the strain and the distribution of the shear stress are more uniform than those of the traditional layup blade, but the maximum value of shear stress rises.

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MIAO Weipao, E-mail:
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鉴于风力机叶片内部结构与植物叶片存在一定的相似性,基于仿生学方法将植物叶片中轴形态应用于5 MW风力机叶片,提出一种新型仿生叶脉结构分布,并提出完整的复合材料叶片铺层方案。通过流固耦合方法对新型仿生叶脉叶片进行模态分析与静力学分析。结果表明,仿生叶片前6阶固有频率相较于传统铺层叶片均有所提高且不易发生共振,其抗扭转特性也有所提高;在50 m/s的极端风载荷作用下,仿生叶片叶尖位移量明显小于传统叶片,应变分布与切应力分布较传统叶片分布更加均匀,但切应力最大值有所增加。

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缪维跑,男,1990年生,浙江温州人,博士,讲师;主要研究方向为风力机流固耦合及优化;E-mail:
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朱海波,男,1999年生,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为风力机结构设计;E-mail:

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朱海波,男,1999年生,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为风力机结构设计;E-mail:

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朱海波,男,1999年生,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为风力机结构设计;E-mail:

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Main parameters of NREL 5 MW wind turbine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter值Value
额定功率Rated power/MW5.0
切入风速Cut-in wind speed/(m/s)3.0
切出风速Cut-out wind speed/(m/s)25.0
额定转速Rated speed/(r/min)12.1
风轮直径Wind turbine diameter/m126
额定风速Rated wind speed/(m/s)11.4
叶片长度Blade length/m61.5
叶片质量Blade mass/kg17 740
轮毂高度Hub height/m90.0
塔架高度Tower height/m87.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241779323938607174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699533080556413, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

NREL 5 MW风力机主要参数

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参数Parameter值Value
额定功率Rated power/MW5.0
切入风速Cut-in wind speed/(m/s)3.0
切出风速Cut-out wind speed/(m/s)25.0
额定转速Rated speed/(r/min)12.1
风轮直径Wind turbine diameter/m126
额定风速Rated wind speed/(m/s)11.4
叶片长度Blade length/m61.5
叶片质量Blade mass/kg17 740
轮毂高度Hub height/m90.0
塔架高度Tower height/m87.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241779324156710983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699533080556413, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Laminates and mechanical properties of materials

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层合板名称
Name of laminates
胶衣
Gelcoat(1)
三轴向蒙皮
Triaxial skin(2)
三轴向叶根层
Triaxial blade root layer(3)
单轴向碳纤维
Uniaxial carbon fiber(4)
单轴向玻璃钢
Uniaxial glass fiber reinforced plastic (5)
尾缘泡沫
Tail edge foam (6)
前缘泡沫Leading edge foam (7)
腹板泡沫Web foam (9)
双轴向蒙皮
Biaxial skin(8)
材料Material胶衣
Gelcoat
SNL TriaxCarbon(UD)E-LT-5500(UD)泡沫FoamSaertex(DB)
叠层Lay-up[±45°]2[0°]2[0°]2[0°]2[0°]2[±45°]4
厚度Thickness/mm0.050.940.470.4711
Ex/GPa3.4427.70114.5041.800.25613.6
Ey/GPa13.658.3914.000.25613.3
Gxy/GPa1.387.25.992.630.02211.8
νxy0.30.390.270.280.30.49
ρ/(kg/m31 2351 8501 2201 9202001 780
RUTSL/GPa0.71.5460.9720.144
RUCSL/GPa1.0470.7020.213
), ArticleFig(id=1241779324349648968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699533080556413, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

层合板及材料力学性能参数

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层合板名称
Name of laminates
胶衣
Gelcoat(1)
三轴向蒙皮
Triaxial skin(2)
三轴向叶根层
Triaxial blade root layer(3)
单轴向碳纤维
Uniaxial carbon fiber(4)
单轴向玻璃钢
Uniaxial glass fiber reinforced plastic (5)
尾缘泡沫
Tail edge foam (6)
前缘泡沫Leading edge foam (7)
腹板泡沫Web foam (9)
双轴向蒙皮
Biaxial skin(8)
材料Material胶衣
Gelcoat
SNL TriaxCarbon(UD)E-LT-5500(UD)泡沫FoamSaertex(DB)
叠层Lay-up[±45°]2[0°]2[0°]2[0°]2[0°]2[±45°]4
厚度Thickness/mm0.050.940.470.4711
Ex/GPa3.4427.70114.5041.800.25613.6
Ey/GPa13.658.3914.000.25613.3
Gxy/GPa1.387.25.992.630.02211.8
νxy0.30.390.270.280.30.49
ρ/(kg/m31 2351 8501 2201 9202001 780
RUTSL/GPa0.71.5460.9720.144
RUCSL/GPa1.0470.7020.213
), ArticleFig(id=1241779324441923657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699533080556413, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of the structural properties

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质量
Mass/kg
展向重心位置
Span-wise center of gravity location/m
1阶固有频率
1st order natural frequency/Hz
参考值
Reference value
17 74020.4750.870
传统叶片
Traditional blade
17 766.0820.230.838
仿生叶片
Bionic blade
17 725.0420.901.069
), ArticleFig(id=1241779324567752778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699533080556413, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

结构属性对比

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质量
Mass/kg
展向重心位置
Span-wise center of gravity location/m
1阶固有频率
1st order natural frequency/Hz
参考值
Reference value
17 74020.4750.870
传统叶片
Traditional blade
17 766.0820.230.838
仿生叶片
Bionic blade
17 725.0420.901.069
), ArticleFig(id=1241779324660027467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699533080556413, language=EN, label=Tal. 4, caption=

First 6-order vibration modes of the blade

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阶数
Order
传统叶片
Traditional blade
仿生叶片
Bionic blade
1
2
3
4
5
6
), ArticleFig(id=1241779324777467980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699533080556413, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

叶片前6阶模态主振型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数
Order
传统叶片
Traditional blade
仿生叶片
Bionic blade
1
2
3
4
5
6
), ArticleFig(id=1241779324857159757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699533080556413, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Natural frequency and vibration mode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数
Order
传统叶片
Traditional blade
仿生叶片
Bionic blade
频率
Frequency/Hz
模态振型
Modal vibration mode
频率
Frequency/Hz
模态振型
Modal vibration mode
10.8381阶挥舞
1st-order flapwise
1.0691阶摆振
1st-order edgewise
21.0921阶摆振
1st-order edgewise
1.4111阶挥舞
1st-order flapwise
32.5742阶挥舞
2nd-order flapwise
3.5282阶挥舞
2nd-order flapwise
43.8672阶摆振
2nd-order edgewise
3.8542阶摆振
2nd-order edgewise
55.139挥舞+扭转
Flapwise and torsion
6.0483阶挥舞
3rd-order flapwise
65.7612阶扭转
2nd-order torsion
7.2162阶摆振
2nd-order edgewise
), ArticleFig(id=1241779324999766094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699533080556413, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

固有频率及振型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数
Order
传统叶片
Traditional blade
仿生叶片
Bionic blade
频率
Frequency/Hz
模态振型
Modal vibration mode
频率
Frequency/Hz
模态振型
Modal vibration mode
10.8381阶挥舞
1st-order flapwise
1.0691阶摆振
1st-order edgewise
21.0921阶摆振
1st-order edgewise
1.4111阶挥舞
1st-order flapwise
32.5742阶挥舞
2nd-order flapwise
3.5282阶挥舞
2nd-order flapwise
43.8672阶摆振
2nd-order edgewise
3.8542阶摆振
2nd-order edgewise
55.139挥舞+扭转
Flapwise and torsion
6.0483阶挥舞
3rd-order flapwise
65.7612阶扭转
2nd-order torsion
7.2162阶摆振
2nd-order edgewise
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基于仿生学的风力机叶片结构设计及性能分析
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朱海波 , 缪维跑 , 王海生 , 李春 , 范士杰 , 岳敏楠
机械强度 | ·优化·可靠性· 2025,47(4): 112-121
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机械强度 | ·优化·可靠性· 2025, 47(4): 112-121
基于仿生学的风力机叶片结构设计及性能分析
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朱海波 , 缪维跑 , 王海生, 李春, 范士杰, 岳敏楠
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093
  • 朱海波,男,1999年生,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为风力机结构设计;E-mail:

通讯作者:

缪维跑,男,1990年生,浙江温州人,博士,讲师;主要研究方向为风力机流固耦合及优化;E-mail:
Structural design and performance analysis of wind turbine blade based on bionics
Haibo ZHU , Weipao MIAO , Haisheng WANG, Chun LI, Shijie FAN, Minnan YUE
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.014
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鉴于风力机叶片内部结构与植物叶片存在一定的相似性,基于仿生学方法将植物叶片中轴形态应用于5 MW风力机叶片,提出一种新型仿生叶脉结构分布,并提出完整的复合材料叶片铺层方案。通过流固耦合方法对新型仿生叶脉叶片进行模态分析与静力学分析。结果表明,仿生叶片前6阶固有频率相较于传统铺层叶片均有所提高且不易发生共振,其抗扭转特性也有所提高;在50 m/s的极端风载荷作用下,仿生叶片叶尖位移量明显小于传统叶片,应变分布与切应力分布较传统叶片分布更加均匀,但切应力最大值有所增加。

风力机叶片  /  复合材料  /  叶脉  /  仿生学  /  铺层设计

Due to the similarity between the internal structure of wind turbine blades and plant leaves, a new type of bionic leaf vein structural distribution was proposed, along with an entire composite blade layup program based on the bionic method of applying the mid-axis morphology of plant blades to 5 MW wind turbine blades. The modal analysis and static analysis of the new bionic vein blade were performed using the fluid-solid coupling method. The results show that the first six-order of the nature frequency of the bionic blade are improved in comparison to the traditional layup blade and are difficult to resonate, as well as its torsion resistance. Under the extreme wind load of 50 m/s, the displacement of the bionic blade’s tip is significantly smaller than that of the traditional blade, and the distribution of the strain and the distribution of the shear stress are more uniform than those of the traditional layup blade, but the maximum value of shear stress rises.

Wind turbine blade  /  Composite materials  /  Leaf vein  /  Bionics  /  Layer design
朱海波, 缪维跑, 王海生, 李春, 范士杰, 岳敏楠. 基于仿生学的风力机叶片结构设计及性能分析. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (4) : 112 -121 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.014
Haibo ZHU, Weipao MIAO, Haisheng WANG, Chun LI, Shijie FAN, Minnan YUE. Structural design and performance analysis of wind turbine blade based on bionics[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (4) : 112 -121 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.014
中国地域幅员辽阔,风能因其丰富储量已成为可再生能源的重要组成部分。预计至2060年,我国发电总装机容量将达80亿千瓦,其中风电装机容量将达到25亿千瓦,占全国装机总量的31.2%[1]。因此,风电产业已成为我国建设高效能源体系、实现“双碳”目标的重要手段之一[2]
水平轴风力机是现代风力发电的主流设备,主要由叶片、轮毂、塔架、发电机和机舱等部件组成[3]。叶片是风力机捕获风能的主要部件,又是主要承载部件,其结构性能将直接影响风力机发电效率与运行安全。由于叶片结构特征为长展向、短弦向和薄壁面,且长期受气动力、自身重力及离心力等复杂载荷作用,所以叶片设计不仅需考虑气动效率,还需满足强度、刚度等结构要求以减小叶片形变及振动[4]
复合材料因具有比强度高、密度小、耐腐蚀及良好的可设计性等优势而被广泛用于制造现代风力机叶片[5]。经过多年发展,复合材料叶片结构形式已形成较为系统的体系,典型截面结构包括主梁、腹板、前缘及尾缘镶板和夹层板等。这些结构通常需经过铺层设计优化铺设角度、材料厚度、相对位置和铺设顺序等,从而获得高结构性能的风力机叶片[6]。为此,国内外学者展开了诸多结构性能优化研究。例如,ALBANESI等[7]应用遗传算法获得叶片外表面最优布局,并对剪切腹板进行开孔设计,从而减少叶片质量,同时增加了极端载荷下塔架间隙安全裕度。BELFKIRA等[8]通过混合技术将洋麻纤维与碳纤维、玻璃纤维混合应用于风力机叶片铺层,最终使叶片质量减少40%,材料成本节约67%,叶尖变形比最大允许值减小约17%。张孟洁[9]应用粒子群优化算法,以最小强度比为优化目标,对叶片进行多截面铺层优化设计,优化后叶片的各种结构性能均有所提高。
除通过优化方法改进叶片铺层方案的方法外,还有一些学者借鉴仿生学尝试构建新型风力机叶片结构。刘旺玉等[10]基于植物叶脉中轴对称结构,提出了一种叶片铺层角度排列方式,可减小叶片在高风速下的内部载荷。张立等[11]借鉴叶脉分布规律建立了一种仿生腹板模型,结果表明,仿生腹板的柔性增加,使其具有优越的抗共振性能,并且可以节省近一半的材料。王渊博等[12]基于仿生学方法模仿动物骨骼结构,设计风力机叶片内部骨架构型,同时采用分形学理论对其表面进行减材处理,与原始叶片相比,可有效防止变桨故障叶片出现断裂损毁情况。
尽管已有学者对仿生叶片开展了研究,但尚未将仿生概念应用于风力机叶片铺层设计方案。因此,本文受植物叶片叶脉结构启发,在仿生叶片研究基础上提出一种新型5 MW风力机叶片的仿生铺层结构,通过将传统直线型主梁腹板重构为模仿叶脉的中轴支脉形态以加强结构刚度,利用流固耦合方法分析仿生叶片结构性能并与传统叶片铺层方案进行对比,从而为风力机叶片结构提供新的设计思路。
以美国可再生能源实验室(National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL)公布的5 MW风力机为研究对象,其主要参数如表1所示[13]2
NREL 5 MW风力机叶片设计总长为61.5 m,沿展向根据主要功能分为叶根区、过渡区及气动区。叶根区采用圆形截面与轮毂相连,主要承载叶片整体重力,提供较大刚度;过渡区在提供一定结构强度及刚度的前提下应具有较优的气动性能,该区域选择DU厚翼型系列,且沿展向翼型厚度逐渐递减;风力机主要功率来自叶片气动区,故该区域采用升阻比较优的NACA64系列翼型为核心。叶片自叶根至叶尖由6种不同翼型构成,其中为避免叶片表面出现棱角,在过渡区利用最小二乘法获得基于相邻两种翼型的差值翼型,具体翼型如图1所示。图2所示为风力机叶片三维几何模型,其中腹板位于叶片变桨轴中心两侧,间距为0.6 m。
中轴结构存在于自然界的诸多生物体中,如植物的叶脉组织、动物的骨架结构等[14]6。在生物不断进化过程中,植物叶片的叶脉演化为具有良好力学性能的中轴式分布结构[15]。中轴结构赋予植物叶脉良好的柔顺性能,使其可承受台风等恶劣环境下的极端载荷。因此,这种形态构造对复合材料风力机叶片结构力学具有积极的借鉴意义。
植物叶脉可分为主脉、侧脉及细脉:主脉在三者中最为粗壮,是叶片的主要支撑与承载结构;侧脉为主脉的分支;细脉为侧脉的分支。侧脉与细脉错综交织,分布在叶片其他部位,叶片与根茎通过叶柄连接,共同组成类网状结构承担叶片重力及风载荷等[16]。典型叶脉结构如图3所示。
风力机叶片与植物叶片不仅所处环境相近,还在构型方面亦存在相似性。对比风力机叶片内部结构与植物叶脉结构可知,风力机叶片通过主梁与腹板构成的箱形剖面抵抗气动载荷作用下的形变,相当于植物叶片的主脉。两者在功能上具有相似性,故在仿生风力机叶片建模中将叶脉主脉复刻于主梁与腹板。此外,植物叶片为获取充足阳光,叶柄与内部叶脉提供足够的刚度,以支撑叶片展开至最大面积,而风力机叶片主梁两侧的前缘及尾缘同样需要提供足够的刚度防止叶片表面发生屈曲。因此,本文仿生风力机叶片将模仿植物叶片侧脉,将其延伸至主梁以外区域。需注意,本文所提仿生结构仅为主梁铺层所用层压板材料形状,且暂不考虑其工艺复杂性,叶片外表面仍通过蒙皮构建气动外形。
为降低建模难度及减少计算量,本文在叶片模型设计时仅考虑主脉及侧脉,暂不考虑扩散至叶片各处的小尺度细脉特征。仿生叶片建模过程如图4所示。首先将植物叶脉图形线性化处理,随后结合三维建模软件UG将叶脉曲线映射至风力机叶片表面,最后将叶脉曲线拉伸为片体对叶片表面进行区域分割,同时依据主脉曲线框架建立腹板。图4中,主梁从叶根至叶尖绿色的连续部分为主脉(叶片主梁部分),前缘区域及尾缘区域绿色的分支部分为侧脉。在进行铺层设计时,叶脉的侧脉与主脉视为一个整体,两者使用相同的铺层材料。
为实现叶片轻量化设计并提高其承载能力,现代大型风力机叶片多采用高比强度、高比刚度且低密度的复合材料制造[17]
本文用于对比验证的传统风力机叶片参考美国Sandia实验室开发的铺层方案[13]2。铺层所用层合板属性与材料力学性能如表2[18]所示,除用于主梁的碳纤维层压板外,其他单轴向和双轴向材料由DOE/MSU复合材料数据库[19]中的玻璃纤维织物和环氧树脂材料拟合而得。其中,ExEy分别为叶片展向、弦向弹性模量;Gxy为剪切模量;νxy为泊松比;ρ为材料密度;RUTSLRUCSL分别为极限纵向拉伸、压缩强度。
目前大型风力机叶片通常分为压力面和吸力面两部分进行铺层制造,每部分还沿弦向和展向将表面分割为不同区域,叶片中部铺设和安装预制的主梁及腹板结构,最后两部分通过胶合材料连接为一体。叶片翼型沿弦向分为前缘(Leading Edge, LE)、前缘镶板(Leading Edge Panel, LE-P)、主梁(Spar Cap, SC)、尾缘镶板(Tail Edge Panel, TE-P)、尾缘加强(Tail Edge Reinforce, TE-Re)及尾缘区(Tail Edge, TE),此外还有两根用于支撑主梁的剪切腹板(Shear Web, SW),如图5所示。此外,叶片沿展向分为35块区域,从叶根到叶尖铺层厚度逐渐减小,详细分区方案见文献[20]。
根据文献[146,该铺层所用材料由多种轴向材料叠加拟合而得,因此铺层的主方向与中心线平行,以保持沿叶展方向的结构刚度。叶片主梁为主要承载结构,采用高强度、低密度的碳纤维层压板进行铺设;叶片表面及腹板均采用三明治夹芯结构,两侧均铺设蒙皮;前缘镶板、尾缘镶板及腹板蒙皮内均填充聚氯乙烯(Polyvinyl Chloride, PVC)泡沫材料;近尾缘区域额外铺层E-LT-5500玻璃钢层压板进行强化;叶根区铺设多层三轴向蒙皮以加强叶根强度;叶片外表面铺设一层具有抗老化且耐腐蚀的胶衣以提高叶片材料的使用寿命。通过Ansys Composite PrepPost(ACP)模块进行复合材料铺层建模设计,最终获得的叶片表面铺层厚度分布如图6所示。
根据植物叶脉的主脉及侧脉所在位置,仿生叶片沿弦向主要分为3个闭环剖面:将前缘与前缘腹板合并为一个区域,统称为前缘区域(Leading Edge Region,LER);尾缘腹板、尾缘加强及尾缘融为一个区域,统称为尾缘区域(Trailing Edge Region, TER);中间主叶脉及侧脉分支视为整体,统一定义为主梁区域,两者铺层方案相同。仿生叶片铺层以传统叶片铺层方案设计为参考,将LER和TER沿叶片展向分别切分为46个与34个区域。详细区域划分如图7所示,其中不同颜色代表不同区域。叶根处区域编号为1,沿展向依次增大,叶尖前缘区域编号为LE46,尾缘区域编号为TE34。实际生产过程中仿生叶片的主梁可与传统叶片主梁类似,通过预制的形式加工制造,铺设至叶片内部后形成的多块区域用于铺层、填充材料。
仿生LER、TER及腹板采用三明治夹心结构,两侧均铺设蒙皮,上、下表面采用对称式铺层方法。叶片主梁区域提供主要刚度,采用与传统叶片主梁相同的碳纤维层压板材料;前缘区域内外两侧为三向轴蒙皮,内部填充PVC泡沫;尾缘区域同样为三向轴蒙皮填充PVC泡沫,辅以E-LT-5500玻璃钢层压板进行加强;叶片最外层同样铺设一层胶衣。叶片各部位层压板堆叠如图8所示。
仿生叶片同样通过ACP进行铺层建模,最终获得叶片铺层厚度分布,如图9所示。为了使两种叶片结构性能具有可比性,仿生叶片铺层方案在原NREL 5 MW传统叶片铺层方案基础上进行局部调整,使得两种叶片的质量相近,以满足基本的固有特性相似。
表3所示为两种叶片铺层后的结构属性对比。由表3可知,本文建立的两种叶片模型的质量和重心属性均与NREL 5 MW叶片的参考值存在良好的一致性,仿生叶片1阶固有频率的增大表明其具有更好的质量与刚性分布,因此可证明本文复合材料叶片模型的精确性。
为验证叶片是否满足结构要求,根据风力机设计标准[21],需考虑处于最危险状态下的叶片结构性能,因此假定叶片在极端环境下紧急停机。此时叶片停止在垂直轮毂上方,受风切变载荷达到最大,且叶片因顺桨故障导致压力面正对来流风。为减少计算量,本文以单叶片为研究对象,如图10中的红色叶片所示。有限元模型采用叶片根部完全固定约束,叶片所受气动载荷通过计算流体力学方法获得,并采用流固耦合的方式加载至叶片表面。
本文采用Ansys Mechanical模块对传统叶片与叶脉仿生叶片进行结构性能分析,采用三维壳单元SHELL181对叶片表面及腹板进行网格离散,该单元拥有4个节点及6个自由度。
为获得精确的叶片结构响应,通过对叶片表面施加固定载荷进行强度分析与屈曲分析以验证网格尺寸。由图11可知,当全局网格尺寸取0.1 m时,叶片应力值与1阶屈曲因子相对变化量均已小于5%,表明此时网格可满足计算精度要求,同时具有较高的求解效率,两种叶片的有限元网格划分如图12所示,总网格量分别为64 067和72 196。
本文采用计算流体力学方法获取叶片表面气动载荷分布。为降低计算资源需求,采用最适合风力机流场计算的基于雷诺时均方法的k-ω SST湍流模型。此外,压力速度耦合使用SIMPLE算法,对流项差分格式运用2阶迎风格式。通过定常方法求解叶片表面气动载荷,随后将其映射至结构侧叶片有限元模型表面,以便进行结构响应计算。
流场计算域网格及边界条件如图13所示。以风轮旋转直径DD=126 m)为基准,叶片位于距计算域进口3D处,计算域长、宽及高分别为8D、6D及3.5D。进口边界为速度入口,取轮毂高度处参考风速vref为50 m/s的极端台风风速,风切变指数根据国家标准规定取0.11[22];出口为压力出口,根据文献[23],极端台风环境下压力值取950 Pa;底部表面为粗糙地面,粗糙高度取10 m;其他表面为对称平面。
流场内仅建立单叶片网格模型,近壁面首层网格高度取0.000 5 m,增长比为1.2,边界层网格层数为24层。叶片背风向处进行局部网格细化以捕捉流场尾迹特征,总网格量约为450万。
为验证叶脉仿生结构的可靠性,以极端工况下风力机叶片为研究对象,通过计算流体力学方法求解叶片气动载荷并加载至有限元模型表面,对其进行模态分析与静力学分析。
模态是结构的固有属性,可用于确定设计结构或机器零部件的振动特性——固有频率和振型,使结构设计避免共振或以特定频率进行振动[24]。若风力机叶片固有频率与外界激励频率相近,则易导致叶片结构发生损伤或破坏,造成风力机安全事故[25]。因此,首先对仿生叶片与传统叶片进行模态分析以验证其基本结构特征。
将叶片根部设置为固定约束,通过有限元分析计算相应模态,获得前6阶模态振型及固有频率,如表4表5所示。
表4可知,对于两种叶片的前6阶模态,前2阶运动分别为平面外挥舞弯曲与平面内摆振弯曲,但两种叶片的振型刚好相反;第3阶和第4阶为复合挥舞和摆振;而在第5阶和第6阶,仿生叶片并未像传统叶片一样出现大幅扭转变形,说明了仿生叶片结构相较于传统叶片更具稳定性。
表5所示为传统叶片与仿生叶片的固有频率与振型。工程上要求目标体前3阶主要振型不能出现扭转振型,而两种叶片前4阶振型运动中均未出现扭转形变。这表明仿生叶片具有较强的抗扭转性能,符合实际工程对结构体的要求。
若叶片各阶固有频率是风轮工作频率的1~3倍,且相对差超过10%,则说明风力机处于稳定状态,不会产生共振而对机组造成损伤[26]。由表1可知,NREL 5 MW风力机额定转速为12.1 r/min,则其对应的叶片旋转频率1P、通过频率3P分别为0.202、0.605 Hz。传统叶片与仿生叶片1阶固有频率分别为0.838、1.069 Hz,两者均与1P、3P频率相差大于10%,可判断叶片不会发生共振破坏。此外,仿生叶片的固有频率有所提高,表明仿生结构可增强叶片刚度,并改变其质量分布。
通过计算流体力学方法,将流场求解的叶片气动载荷映射至结构侧,获得叶片整体位移、应变及切应力分布结果,如图14~图17所示。由图14可知,在同一气动载荷下,传统叶片叶尖位移为3.337 m,仿生叶片为0.926 m,后者叶尖位移减小72.25%。由此可见,仿生叶脉结构极大提高了叶片刚度,减小叶片挥舞弯曲形变,增加了叶尖与塔架的安全距离。
图15所示为叶片展向位移形变量。横向比较两种叶片变形趋势可知:传统叶片位移形变量呈非线性变化,由叶根至0.8RR为叶片展向长度)处叶片位移增加速度逐渐增大,呈类二次函数型增长,0.8R至叶尖叶片位移增加量减小,于叶尖位移达到峰值,最大位移为3.337 m;仿生叶片位移沿展向呈类线性关系,于叶尖处位移达到峰值,最大位移为0.926 m。纵向对比叶片展向位置位移变化量;叶根至0.3R,仿生叶片位移量略高于传统叶片;而0.3R至叶尖则相反,传统叶片变形量显著高于仿生叶片。这说明仿生叶脉结构主要加强了叶尖区域的结构刚度。
传统叶片与叶脉仿生叶片应变分布如图16所示。由图16可知,传统叶片表面最大应变为3.16×10-3,位于吸力面近叶根区域弦长最大截面处;内部腹板最大应变为13.9×10-3,腹板最大应变位置位于叶片尾缘腹板的气动侧,仿生叶片表面最大应变值为7. 41×10-3,较之传统叶片增幅134. 49%,最大应变位置位于气动区域主梁位置;仿生叶片内部腹板最大应变为21. 5×10-3,同传统叶片相比,增幅为54. 68%。尽管仿生叶片的最大应变有所增大,但其他区域的应变分布较传统叶片有大幅降低且分布更加均匀。与传统叶片腹板相似,最大应变位置均出现变化,腹板最大应变区域位于气动区域尾缘腹板与压力面连接处,而最大应力位置位于气动区域尾缘腹板与吸力面连接处。
气动载荷下叶片可能因剪切力造成复合材料层合板断裂,影响风力机安全运行,故切应力也为叶片设计制造的另一重要因素之一[27]。极端风载荷下,传统叶片与仿生叶片表面及其内部腹板切应力分布如图17所示。
图17(a)可知,传统叶片表面最大切应力为11.38 MPa,位于压力面近叶根最大弦长尾缘处,而内部腹板最大应力则位于前缘腹板与吸力面连接处,其值为7.79 MPa。由图17(b)可知,仿生叶片表面最大切应力值为14. 12 MPa,较传统叶片增幅为24. 08%,位于叶片中部压力面主梁处,而内部腹板最大切应力位于前缘腹板与压力面连接处,数值为8. 85 MPa,较传统叶片内部腹板增加了13. 61%。由此可见,仿生叶脉较大程度影响了叶片表面及内部腹板的切应力分布,但其整体切应力分布较传统叶片有所降低。未来仿生叶脉叶片的设计需关注这些局部应力增加是否超出材料极限。
基于仿生学方法提出一种新型铺层结构分布及铺设方案,根据植物叶脉与风力机叶片结构上的相似性,将叶脉复刻于5 MW风力机叶片,以期利用叶脉的中轴结构特征对风力机叶片进行性能优化。利用流固耦合方法对仿生叶片进行了模态分析与静力学分析,得出主要结论如下:
1)通过模态分析发现,与传统叶片相比,仿生叶片前6阶固有频率均大于传统叶片,且1阶固有频率与1P、3P频率相差大于10%,说明仿生叶片不会发生共振。此外,高阶模态振型表明,仿生叶片具有更好的抗扭转特性。
2)在极端情况50 m/s的风载荷作用下,对比仿生叶片与传统叶片的叶尖位移可知,仿生叶片叶尖位移量明显减小。传统叶片变形量沿展向呈类二次型增长,而仿生叶片呈线性增大,表明仿生叶片的结构刚度分布更为均匀。
3)虽然仿生叶片的最大应变和最大切应力相较于传统叶片有所增加,但整体分布更加均匀。传统叶片最大切应力位于吸力面近叶根区域弦长最大截面处,而仿生叶片最大应变位置位于气动区域主梁位置。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51976131; 52006148; 52106262)
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.014
  • 接收时间:2023-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-28
  • 修回日期:2023-10-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51976131; 52006148; 52106262)
国家自然科学基金项目(51976131; 52006148; 52106262)
作者信息
    上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093

通讯作者:

缪维跑,男,1990年生,浙江温州人,博士,讲师;主要研究方向为风力机流固耦合及优化;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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