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In view of the difficulty of obtaining durability test specifications for axle components, a method of constructing driving load of the front axle dynamic model was proposed to provide the input for system-level bench test and life verification of front axle components. The life of front axle was obtained based on the whole vehicle dynamics model and the measured road load, and the useful information and life prediction results in the above process were employed to guide the construction of driving load applied on front axle. Firstly, the frequency band of the measured six-component forces at the wheel center was adjusted. Then, with the goal of minimizing the difference between the damage/life of the front axle and the reference value under each working condition, the adjustment coefficient of the amplitude of the three-way forces at the wheel center was optimized by combining the response surface method and genetic algorithm. The optimized three-way forces at the wheel center and the other three-way torques constituted the driving signal of the front axle model. The results show that the constructed wheel center drive signal is used to simulate the dynamic load of the front axle model. The life of the front axle,the failure sequence of risk points and the damage contribution ratio of various road conditions to dangerous points are obtained and in good agreement with the reference results, which verified the effectiveness of the proposed method and provided reference for the drive signal construction and component life evaluation of system-level bench durability test.Finally, the damage distribution of the front axle can be consistent with the reference results by modifying the main damage load of the shaft tube.

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ZHAO Lihui, E-mail:
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针对车桥等零部件企业难以获取零部件耐久性试验规范的局限,提出一种前桥动力学模型驱动载荷构建方法,为前轴系统级台架试验与寿命验证奠定基础。基于整车动力学模型与实测道路载荷获取前轴寿命,以其过程及结果为参考,进行前桥模型驱动信号迭代。首先,对实测轮心六分力进行频带调整;其次,以前轴在各工况下的损伤/寿命与参考值差值最小为目标,结合响应面法与遗传算法对轮心三向力幅值调整系数进行优化,优化后的轮心三向力与其余三向力矩构成了前桥模型驱动信号。仿真结果表明,采用构建的轮心驱动信号进行前桥模型动态载荷模拟,获取的前轴寿命、风险点失效顺序以及各路况对危险点的损伤贡献比等都与参考结果具有较好的一致性,验证了提出方法的有效性,可为系统级台架耐久性试验的驱动信号构建与零部件寿命评估提供参考。最后,经过损伤主导载荷修正后,轴管损伤分布也与参考结果一致。

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赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆强度可靠性设计与评价、车辆载荷特征建模与快速试验;E-mail:
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冯金芝,女,1973年生,山东诸城人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为汽车底盘可靠性评估与设计;E-mail:

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冯金芝,女,1973年生,山东诸城人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为汽车底盘可靠性评估与设计;E-mail:

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冯金芝,女,1973年生,山东诸城人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为汽车底盘可靠性评估与设计;E-mail:

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14, caption=Damage of dangerous points of the shaft tube from unidirectional load, figureFileSmall=Ad6SWdRpipGm0rhPaK0BFg==, figureFileBig=NV6iykwgKHA75HnMC/4TGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699549610307978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=图14, caption=单向载荷对轴管危险点的损伤, figureFileSmall=Ad6SWdRpipGm0rhPaK0BFg==, figureFileBig=NV6iykwgKHA75HnMC/4TGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699549715165582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Vertical load of the left axle head based on the whole vehicle model (pothole road), figureFileSmall=kMa8btePPdG4/LPdtBvW/w==, figureFileBig=nIbJsRYFdMt2aS5ImPgEsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699549807440279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=图15, caption=基于整车模型的左轴头垂向载荷(凹坑路), figureFileSmall=kMa8btePPdG4/LPdtBvW/w==, figureFileBig=nIbJsRYFdMt2aS5ImPgEsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699549916492189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Corrected vertical load of the left axle head of front axle model (pothole road), figureFileSmall=yJ8pEdpOm0xVb+D2D2xfOg==, figureFileBig=9o5R3E+yegQ1cZeJb5w08A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699550033932711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=图16, caption=修正后的前桥模型的左轴头垂向载荷(凹坑路), figureFileSmall=yJ8pEdpOm0xVb+D2D2xfOg==, figureFileBig=9o5R3E+yegQ1cZeJb5w08A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699550151373228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Distribution of the front axle’s dangerous points based on the whole vehicle model, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241699550549832133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Number of cycles in each road condition

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路况Road condition循环次数Number of cycles
凹坑路Pothole road2 400
卵石路Cobbled road4 800
起伏路Fluctuation road2 400
搓板路Washboard road1 200
石块路Stone road8 400
组合路Combination road1 200
), ArticleFig(id=1241699550646301132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各路况循环次数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路况Road condition循环次数Number of cycles
凹坑路Pothole road2 400
卵石路Cobbled road4 800
起伏路Fluctuation road2 400
搓板路Washboard road1 200
石块路Stone road8 400
组合路Combination road1 200
), ArticleFig(id=1241699550742770128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Damage contribution ratio of each road condition to the maximum danger point based on the whole vehicle model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路况
Road condition
损伤值
Damage value
损伤贡献比
Damage contribution ratio/%
凹坑路Pothole road3.729 60076.25
卵石路Cobble road0.346 3207.08
石块路Stone road0.563 22011.52
起伏路Fluctuation road0.025 0560.51
搓板路Washboard road00
组合路Combination road0.227 1604.64
总损伤
Total damage
4.891 3561
), ArticleFig(id=1241699550860210652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于整车模型的各路况对前轴最大风险点损伤贡献比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路况
Road condition
损伤值
Damage value
损伤贡献比
Damage contribution ratio/%
凹坑路Pothole road3.729 60076.25
卵石路Cobble road0.346 3207.08
石块路Stone road0.563 22011.52
起伏路Fluctuation road0.025 0560.51
搓板路Washboard road00
组合路Combination road0.227 1604.64
总损伤
Total damage
4.891 3561
), ArticleFig(id=1241699552412103138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of relative damage values before and after six-component force with filtering

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通道
Channel
相对损伤值Relative damage value
左端前桥&整车六分力不滤波
Left front axle & the whole vehicle six-component force without filtering
左端前桥&整车六分力滤波
Left front axle & the whole vehicle six-component force with filtering
右端前桥&整车六分力不滤波
Right front axle & the whole vehicle six-component force without filtering
右端前桥&整车六分力滤波
Right front axle & the whole vehicle six-component force with filtering
前板簧与前轴接附点Fx
Connection point of spring and front axle Fx
5.262.185.442.86
前板簧与前轴接附点Fy
Connection point of spring and front axle Fy
5.201.693.591.79
前板簧与前轴接附点Fz
Connection point of spring and front axle Fz
4.392.054.352.20
前板簧与前轴接附点Mx
Connection point of spring and front axle Mx
3.971.733.871.71
前板簧与前轴接附点My
Connection point of spring and front axle My
0.710.670.400.41
前板簧与前轴接附点Mz
Connection point of spring and front axle Mz
3.861.382.891.49
), ArticleFig(id=1241699552546320872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

六分力滤波前后相对损伤值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通道
Channel
相对损伤值Relative damage value
左端前桥&整车六分力不滤波
Left front axle & the whole vehicle six-component force without filtering
左端前桥&整车六分力滤波
Left front axle & the whole vehicle six-component force with filtering
右端前桥&整车六分力不滤波
Right front axle & the whole vehicle six-component force without filtering
右端前桥&整车六分力滤波
Right front axle & the whole vehicle six-component force with filtering
前板簧与前轴接附点Fx
Connection point of spring and front axle Fx
5.262.185.442.86
前板簧与前轴接附点Fy
Connection point of spring and front axle Fy
5.201.693.591.79
前板簧与前轴接附点Fz
Connection point of spring and front axle Fz
4.392.054.352.20
前板簧与前轴接附点Mx
Connection point of spring and front axle Mx
3.971.733.871.71
前板簧与前轴接附点My
Connection point of spring and front axle My
0.710.670.400.41
前板簧与前轴接附点Mz
Connection point of spring and front axle Mz
3.861.382.891.49
), ArticleFig(id=1241699552663761394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Range of the amplitude amplification factor of the wheel center force

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轮心力Fx幅值倍数
Wheel center force Fx amplitude multiple x1
轮心力Fy幅值倍数
Wheel center force Fy amplitude multiple x2
轮心力Fz幅值倍数
Wheel center force Fz amplitude multiple x3
0.7~1.30.7~1.30.7~1
), ArticleFig(id=1241699552751841782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

轮心力幅值放大倍数范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轮心力Fx幅值倍数
Wheel center force Fx amplitude multiple x1
轮心力Fy幅值倍数
Wheel center force Fy amplitude multiple x2
轮心力Fz幅值倍数
Wheel center force Fz amplitude multiple x3
0.7~1.30.7~1.30.7~1
), ArticleFig(id=1241699552873476604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Optimization solution set of six-component amplitude of wheel center

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结果
Result
Fx幅值倍数
Fx amplitude multiple x1
Fy幅值倍数
Fy amplitude multiple x2
Fz幅值倍数
Fz amplitude multiple x3
前轴寿命
Front axle life
前轴寿命误差
Front axle life error/%
凹坑路前轴损伤误差
Pothole road front axle damage error/%
石块路前轴损伤误差
Stone road front axle damage error/%
0.980.940.860.201 71.326.3452.13
1.020.910.850.200 22.057.4248.70
0.990.930.850.194 05.098.3953.17
1.040.900.840.207 91.718.0429.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241699552961556995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

轮心六分力幅值倍数优化解集

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结果
Result
Fx幅值倍数
Fx amplitude multiple x1
Fy幅值倍数
Fy amplitude multiple x2
Fz幅值倍数
Fz amplitude multiple x3
前轴寿命
Front axle life
前轴寿命误差
Front axle life error/%
凹坑路前轴损伤误差
Pothole road front axle damage error/%
石块路前轴损伤误差
Stone road front axle damage error/%
0.980.940.860.201 71.326.3452.13
1.020.910.850.200 22.057.4248.70
0.990.930.850.194 05.098.3953.17
1.040.900.840.207 91.718.0429.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553074803209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Potential damage comparison of the vertical load on front axle joints under different road conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通道
Channel
垂向载荷伪损伤值Pseudo damage value of vertical load
凹坑路
Pothole road
卵石路
Cobble road
起伏路
Fluctuation road
搓板路
Washboard road
组合路
Combination road
石块路
Stone road
左减振器连接点
Connection point of the left damper
8.94×10-61.04×10-57.18×10-71.08×10-71.45×10-51.13×10-5
左板簧连接点
Connection point of the left spring
306.8264.925.98.4104.0145.5
左轴头接附点
Connection point of the left axle head
52 900996.328.926 4002 293.41 452.7
右减振器连接点
Connection point of the right damper
1.12×10-54.38×10-61.52×10-73.93×10-71.66×10-54.75×10-6
右板簧连接点
Connection point of the right spring
211.8103.837.01.4133.5113.4
右轴头接附点
Connection point of the right axle head
86 900719.733.534 4003 519.5930.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553171272208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各路况前轴接附点垂向载荷伪损伤值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通道
Channel
垂向载荷伪损伤值Pseudo damage value of vertical load
凹坑路
Pothole road
卵石路
Cobble road
起伏路
Fluctuation road
搓板路
Washboard road
组合路
Combination road
石块路
Stone road
左减振器连接点
Connection point of the left damper
8.94×10-61.04×10-57.18×10-71.08×10-71.45×10-51.13×10-5
左板簧连接点
Connection point of the left spring
306.8264.925.98.4104.0145.5
左轴头接附点
Connection point of the left axle head
52 900996.328.926 4002 293.41 452.7
右减振器连接点
Connection point of the right damper
1.12×10-54.38×10-61.52×10-73.93×10-71.66×10-54.75×10-6
右板簧连接点
Connection point of the right spring
211.8103.837.01.4133.5113.4
右轴头接附点
Connection point of the right axle head
86 900719.733.534 4003 519.5930.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553259352596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Damage contribution ratio of the each road condition to the maximum danger point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路况
Road condition
预测损伤值
Predicted damage value
参考损伤值
Reference damage value
误差
Error/%
损伤贡献比(预测值)
Predicted damage contribution ratio /%
损伤贡献比(参考值)
Referenced damage contribution ratio /%
差值
Difference value/%
凹坑路Pothole road3.429 6003.729 6008.0471.3176.254.94
卵石路Cobble road0.434 9280.346 32025.599.047.081.96
石块路Stone road0.731 3040.563 22029.8415.2011.523.68
起伏路Fluctuation road0.014 3760.025 05642.620.300.510.21
搓板路Washboard road000000
组合路Combination0.199 4400.227 16012.204.154.640.49
总损伤 Total damage4.809 6484.891 3561.67110
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553360015900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各路况对最大危险点损伤贡献比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路况
Road condition
预测损伤值
Predicted damage value
参考损伤值
Reference damage value
误差
Error/%
损伤贡献比(预测值)
Predicted damage contribution ratio /%
损伤贡献比(参考值)
Referenced damage contribution ratio /%
差值
Difference value/%
凹坑路Pothole road3.429 6003.729 6008.0471.3176.254.94
卵石路Cobble road0.434 9280.346 32025.599.047.081.96
石块路Stone road0.731 3040.563 22029.8415.2011.523.68
起伏路Fluctuation road0.014 3760.025 05642.620.300.510.21
搓板路Washboard road000000
组合路Combination0.199 4400.227 16012.204.154.640.49
总损伤 Total damage4.809 6484.891 3561.67110
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553473262112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=

Comparison of the top-10 risk points of the whole vehicle/the front axle

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前轴风险点序号
Front axle risk point serial number
12345678910
风险点节点号(前桥模型)
Number of the risk point (front axle model)
111 074110 899111 150110 940110 942111 076110 974111 038110 897111 072
风险点寿命(前桥模型)
Life of the risk point (front axle model)
0.207 90.290 60.358 80.529 90.897 61.293 21.567 31.733 71.880 72.437 2
风险点节点号(整车模型)
Number of the risk point (whole vehicle model)
111 074110 899111 150110 940111 076111 038110 897110 942110 866111 072
风险点寿命(整车模型)
Life of the risk point (whole vehicle model)
0.204 40.285 50.380 20.539 91.296 81.715 91.846 32.082 02.142 72.533 6
), ArticleFig(id=1241699553557148199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241699532279444341, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

整车/前桥前轴前10号风险点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前轴风险点序号
Front axle risk point serial number
12345678910
风险点节点号(前桥模型)
Number of the risk point (front axle model)
111 074110 899111 150110 940110 942111 076110 974111 038110 897111 072
风险点寿命(前桥模型)
Life of the risk point (front axle model)
0.207 90.290 60.358 80.529 90.897 61.293 21.567 31.733 71.880 72.437 2
风险点节点号(整车模型)
Number of the risk point (whole vehicle model)
111 074110 899111 150110 940111 076111 038110 897110 942110 866111 072
风险点寿命(整车模型)
Life of the risk point (whole vehicle model)
0.204 40.285 50.380 20.539 91.296 81.715 91.846 32.082 02.142 72.533 6
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基于前桥动力学模型的前轴寿命评估方法
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冯金芝1, 2, 3 , 桑武壮1, 张东东1, 2, 3, 李亮亮4, 刘新荣4, 赵礼辉1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.上海理工大学 机械工程学院,上海 200093
  • 2.机械工业汽车机械零部件强度与可靠性评价重点实验室,上海 200093
  • 3.上海市新能源汽车可靠性评价专业技术服务平台,上海 200093
  • 4.义和车桥有限公司 技术中心,诸城 262200
  • 冯金芝,女,1973年生,山东诸城人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为汽车底盘可靠性评估与设计;E-mail:

通讯作者:

赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆强度可靠性设计与评价、车辆载荷特征建模与快速试验;E-mail:
A life evaluation methed for front axle based on front axle dynamics model
Jinzhi FENG1, 2, 3 , Wuzhuang SANG1, Dongdong ZHANG1, 2, 3, Liangliang LI4, Xinrong LIU4, Lihui ZHAO1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
  • 2.CMIF Key Laboratory for Strength and Reliability Evaluation of Automotive Structures, Shanghai 200093, China
  • 3.Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Reliability Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles, Shanghai 200093, China
  • 4.Technology Center, Yihe Axle Co., Ltd., Zhucheng 262200, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.002
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针对车桥等零部件企业难以获取零部件耐久性试验规范的局限,提出一种前桥动力学模型驱动载荷构建方法,为前轴系统级台架试验与寿命验证奠定基础。基于整车动力学模型与实测道路载荷获取前轴寿命,以其过程及结果为参考,进行前桥模型驱动信号迭代。首先,对实测轮心六分力进行频带调整;其次,以前轴在各工况下的损伤/寿命与参考值差值最小为目标,结合响应面法与遗传算法对轮心三向力幅值调整系数进行优化,优化后的轮心三向力与其余三向力矩构成了前桥模型驱动信号。仿真结果表明,采用构建的轮心驱动信号进行前桥模型动态载荷模拟,获取的前轴寿命、风险点失效顺序以及各路况对危险点的损伤贡献比等都与参考结果具有较好的一致性,验证了提出方法的有效性,可为系统级台架耐久性试验的驱动信号构建与零部件寿命评估提供参考。最后,经过损伤主导载荷修正后,轴管损伤分布也与参考结果一致。

前桥动力学模型  /  前轴寿命  /  响应面法  /  动态载荷模拟  /  台架试验

In view of the difficulty of obtaining durability test specifications for axle components, a method of constructing driving load of the front axle dynamic model was proposed to provide the input for system-level bench test and life verification of front axle components. The life of front axle was obtained based on the whole vehicle dynamics model and the measured road load, and the useful information and life prediction results in the above process were employed to guide the construction of driving load applied on front axle. Firstly, the frequency band of the measured six-component forces at the wheel center was adjusted. Then, with the goal of minimizing the difference between the damage/life of the front axle and the reference value under each working condition, the adjustment coefficient of the amplitude of the three-way forces at the wheel center was optimized by combining the response surface method and genetic algorithm. The optimized three-way forces at the wheel center and the other three-way torques constituted the driving signal of the front axle model. The results show that the constructed wheel center drive signal is used to simulate the dynamic load of the front axle model. The life of the front axle,the failure sequence of risk points and the damage contribution ratio of various road conditions to dangerous points are obtained and in good agreement with the reference results, which verified the effectiveness of the proposed method and provided reference for the drive signal construction and component life evaluation of system-level bench durability test.Finally, the damage distribution of the front axle can be consistent with the reference results by modifying the main damage load of the shaft tube.

Dynamics model of front axle  /  Life of front axle  /  Surface response method  /  Dynamic load simulation  /  Bench test
冯金芝, 桑武壮, 张东东, 李亮亮, 刘新荣, 赵礼辉. 基于前桥动力学模型的前轴寿命评估方法. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (4) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.002
Jinzhi FENG, Wuzhuang SANG, Dongdong ZHANG, Liangliang LI, Xinrong LIU, Lihui ZHAO. A life evaluation methed for front axle based on front axle dynamics model[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (4) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.002
前轴是整车的关键承载部件,所处工况复杂,承受交变载荷冲击,易出现疲劳裂纹甚至断裂现象。前轴可靠性直接关联汽车行驶安全性,对前轴进行疲劳分析及寿命评估是十分必要的[1]119-122[2-3]。对汽车零部件进行疲劳寿命评估时,准确掌握其动态载荷是关键。对于前轴等零部件,难以直接通过试验测取接附点载荷,往往需借助整车多体动力学模型进行载荷分解来获得[4-5]
工程上,主要采用试验场实车道路测试与CAE技术相结合的方法对汽车零部件可靠性进行评估[6]。李飞[7]以海南试验场实测轮心六分力为基础,结合整车虚拟样机模型,使用约束加载法进行整车动态载荷模拟,计算出各路况下的转向节寿命。龙海强等[8]通过虚拟迭代的方法获取某车身与底盘各连接点的动载荷时间历程,结合白车身有限元模型惯性释放,预测了车身设计焊点的潜在风险。ZHOU等[9]联合Adams软件与Matlab软件构建了三维等效容积虚拟路面,基于虚拟道路载荷数据进行了车身疲劳分析,获得的车身损伤分布结果与实测道路载荷作用下的疲劳结果一致。目前,关于汽车零部件可靠性分析中载荷分解方法的研究大都基于整车动力学模型。其中,约束加载法[10]是最为简单直接的。该方法既不需要通过大量计算迭代驱动信号,也不需要建立高度非线性的轮胎模型,但会在一定程度上牺牲结果的准确性,对于该方法的优化有待深入研究。
室内台架耐久性试验是另外一种评价汽车零部件疲劳可靠性的有效手段,该方法具有速度快、重复性好等优点[11]。根据试验台驱动信号加载方式,台架试验可分为等幅加载试验、数据块加载试验以及随机加载试验。其中,随机加载试验可以精确复现汽车零部件实际受载状态,试验精度最高。HELMUT等[12]以某轿车前悬架系统为研究对象,基于悬架动力学模型与关键位置的实测响应信号,运用虚拟迭代方法反求出试验台架所需要的驱动信号,对悬架系统进行了台架耐久性试验。金红杰等[13]基于道路试验载荷谱进行了车架结构优化,并采用远程参数控制迭代技术计算获得整车台架试验的驱动信号,开展实际样车的室内台架试验,验证了车架优化后的可靠性。李帅等[14]基于试验场强化道路载荷、车辆与试验台架构成的模拟系统的传递函数,迭代生成了试验台架驱动信号,开展了空载与半载两种工况下的整车道路模拟强化试验。基于实测道路载荷开展的室内台架试验可以大大提高研发效率,但其加载模式与实际道路试验难以关联,往往需要采用虚拟迭代获取台架试验驱动载荷;且该方法存在迭代流程复杂、高幅响应信号很难迭代收敛等诸多局限,制约了产品开发周期和质量。
综上所述,汽车零部件疲劳耐久性能开发的研究大都依赖整车数据资源。但由于技术能力等各种原因,汽车车桥等零部件企业难以获得整车动力学模型,从而无法获取前轴等各个零部件的准确的动态载荷谱;即使可获得整车试样道路载荷,也难以转换为零部件台架试验的驱动载荷。这两方面的局限,都制约了车桥零部件企业前轴耐久性分析及轻量化等工作的开展。
为此,本文以整车耐久性试验结果为参考,基于试验场强化道路实测轮心载荷,提出了一种可用前桥系统动力学模型的驱动载荷构建方法,为前轴系统级台架试验及寿命评估提供一种行之有效的方法。基于整车动力学模型进行前轴寿命评估,并通过实际道路试验进行验证将其作为评价依据。以试验场道路载荷为基础,对轮心载荷进行频带调整与幅值优化后获得前桥动力学模型的驱动载荷,并通过前轴寿命与损伤分析验证了该方法的有效性。该方法对汽车零部件企业开展零部件级台架疲劳耐久性试验、零部件的疲劳寿命评估等都具有参考意义。
获取准确的动态载荷谱是进行汽车零部件疲劳耐久性研究的关键与前提。针对某商用车,根据虚拟迭代所需目标载荷制定试验场强化道路载荷采集方案,试验样车如图1所示。采集信号主要包括轮心六分力、减振器位移,以及轮心、轴头、车身等三向加速度信号等。根据商用车试验场耐久性试验规范进行载荷采集,涉及的6种耐久性强化试验道路为凹坑路、石块路、起伏路、卵石路、搓板路以及减速带井盖铁轨组合路(简称组合路)。样车载重情况为满载3.8 t,采集频率为512 Hz,以前轮轮心垂向载荷为例,采集的载荷数据如图2所示。对实测道路载荷进行去毛刺、去温漂、滤波等处理[15],并删除过渡路段信号,截取得到各路况载荷片段。
根据关联用户的汽车试验场耐久性评价路况循环多目标优化方案[16]确定了各路况循环次数,如表1所示。将各路况按照规定循环次数叠加下的总里程为10 000 km。按照确定的各路况循环次数的比例制定行驶路线,进行两次实车道路测试。两次测试下的前轴失效位置一致,均位于板簧座与前轴焊缝处,失效里程均值为2 207 km。
根据整车特性参数、部件之间的运动副/约束拓扑关系,在Adams/car软件中建立了包含车架、车桥、板簧、转向、动力总成、传动子系统的整车刚柔耦合动力学模型,如图3所示。板簧、车架均与车轴存在力学耦合,在道路载荷冲击下均易产生较大形变,故对板簧与车架进行柔性化处理。
采用虚拟迭代法进行整车动力学模型载荷分解,获取前轴部件边界载荷时间历程。根据实测目标响应信号(轮心垂向力,轮心、轴头、车身垂向加速度和减振器位移信号)以及整车系统传递函数经过多次迭代反求出模型输入。当绝大多数迭代响应信号与实测响应信号伪损伤的比值,即相对损伤值落入0.5~2.0范围内时停止迭代[17],迭代结果如图4所示。各通道迭代信号均满足精度要求,迭代效果较好。
将迭代获得的轮心五分力(x、y方向上的力与3个方向的力矩)及垂向位移(z向位移)作为驱动信号,结合整车多体模型进行道路载荷模拟,提取前轴与减振器、板簧、缓冲块、轴头等连接点处共计38个通道的动态载荷。此处仅以凹坑路况下的左板簧接附点载荷谱为示例,如图5所示。
建立前轴有限元模型,如图6所示。轴头与板簧座采用四面体单元,其余部件使用六面体单元;在板簧座与轴管间建立焊缝壳单元;使用Rigid单元模拟前轴与其他部件的连接关系。在前轴缓冲块连接点处施加垂向单位载荷,其余各连接点处分别施加6个自由度方向上的单位载荷,采用惯性释放法[18]进行前轴静力学分析,用于后续前轴疲劳计算。
前轴焊缝材料的S-N[19]曲线如图7所示。轴管材料极限拉伸强度为800 MPa,屈服强度为615 MPa,弹性模量为2.10 GPa。将提取的前轴各接附点动态载荷在规范循环次数下进行组合,结合惯性释放结果,基于Minner线性损伤原理[20]对前轴进行损伤评估,结果如图8所示。由图8可以看出,前轴最容易失效的位置在板簧座与前轴焊缝连接处,寿命(2 044 km试验场道路里程)为试验场完整规范里程的0.204 4,与路试结果吻合度较好。轴管上、下翼面处有明显损伤。各路况对前轴最大风险点的损伤贡献比如表2所示。本文将上述结果作为前桥模型驱动载荷优化、前轴边界载荷修正的参考依据。
对于车桥等零部件企业,基于前桥系统开展前桥零部件寿命的数值仿真预测或台架试验评估是最为直接有效的,这需要准确获取零部件的边界载荷或者台架驱动信号。因此,本文以道路试验载荷为基础,通过对轮心六分力频带调整、幅值优化等步骤,获得适用于前桥模型的驱动载荷。该载荷可作为前桥多体模型的驱动信号,通过动力学仿真获取前轴边界载荷,经损伤主导载荷修正后可进行前轴寿命仿真评估;也可作为构建前桥系统台架试验驱动信号的依据,用于开展前桥各零件的室内耐久性试验。
对于整车试验场道路载荷试验,实测轮心六分力中包含0.5 Hz以内的漂移信号与车重信号、40 Hz以内的造成零部件损伤的主要信号、50 Hz以上的干扰信号等[21-22]。基于整车动力学模型进行虚拟迭代前,对轮心六分力信号进行了0.5~40 Hz带通滤波。故整车模型驱动信号中不包含车重信号,但载荷分解过程中,整车动力学模型无附加约束,整车本身的质量因素会对前轴等零部件边界载荷产生影响。
与整车动力学模型不同,采用约束加载法进行前桥模型载荷分解时,缺少簧上部件对悬架系统的响应作用[23],无法模拟出整车自重对各接附点载荷的影响,如图9所示。为保证前桥模型的动力学仿真可执行性,需在前桥动力学模型的驱动信号中保留车重信息,但车重信号与干扰信号频带存在交叉,需给予适当取舍,进行轮心六分力频带调整。
提出的六分力频带调整方法如下:将由整车模型虚拟迭代获取的前轴接附点载荷作为参考,对轮心z向力进行40 Hz低通滤波,对其余五分力进行0.5~40 Hz带通滤波,仅保留轮心z向力中车重因素成分。将轮心载荷滤波处理后,可消除前轴边界载荷与参考结果之间的偏置,如图10所示。以凹坑路况下的板簧座与前轴接附点载荷损伤为例,对比了六分力无滤波以及按照上述方法滤波后,基于前桥模型仿真获得的前轴接附点载荷与参考结果的相对损伤值,结果如表3所示。由表3可以看出,所述方法获得的前轴接附点载荷损伤值精度更高,趋近于基于整车模型虚拟迭代的结果。
前桥模型采用约束加载法进行载荷分解会导致分解载荷整体峰值过大,使疲劳分析结果过于保守[24]。按照第3.1节前处理获得的轮心六分力驱动前桥模型进行载荷分解,并对前轴进行寿命评估,结果如图11所示,寿命薄弱点位置节点编号为111 074,与第2.1节的参考结果一致,但寿命仅为试验场规范完整里程的0.014 4;另外,计算结果表明,轴管上、下翼面无损伤,与整车模型获得的结果不一致。这说明,仅对六分力进行前处理后构建的前轴各接附点的载荷谱难以准确复现前轴损伤分布,还需对其进行进一步优化。
轮心力与力矩信号之间有较大的相关性[25],两者可相互影响,可仅以轮心三向力为对象,采用响应面法对其进行幅值优化,使前轴损伤仿真值与参考值一致。基于响应面法的轮心三向力幅值优化流程如下:
1)设Fx、Fy、Fz三向力的幅值放大倍数分别为x1、x2、x3,将其作为设计变量,范围如表4所示。采用拉丁超立方抽样[26]抽取设计变量的样本数据。本文取样本量为6。
2)仿真计算出各样本点对应的在试验场耐久性规范下的前轴最大危险点寿命值或损伤值,作为输出响应。
3)采用含交叉项的完全二次多项式[27]拟合设计变量与前轴寿命响应的映射关系,获得代理模型。
本文拟合获得的代理模型如式(1)所示,响应面如图12所示,决定系数R2=0.983。
式中,u'为试验场规范下前轴最大危险点寿命。
4)针对前轴造成最大损伤的路况,以及易产生较大误差的路况,建立设计变量与输出响应的响应面模型。本文中针对凹坑路与石块路,建立的响应面模型为
式中,u1为凹坑路规范循环次数下前轴最大危险点损伤;u2为石块路规范循环次数下前轴最大危险点损伤。
5)以前轴最大危险点在凹坑路、石块路规范循环次数及试验场整体规范下的寿命值/损伤值与各自的参考值误差最小为目标,并约束各设计变量取值范围,采用遗传算法[28]进行多目标优化,拟合出的响应面模型如图12所示。设计变量空间分布状态如图13所示。由图13可以看出,设计变量x1x3的可行解区域分别集中在1.04、0.84附近。
经遗传算法计算出的最优解集如表5所示。综合考虑前轴最大危险点在总体、凹坑路、石块路循环次数下的寿命/损伤误差,选取结果④作为最优解。
通过上述轮心力幅值优化之后[1]114-122,计算获得的前轴最大风险点寿命与参考结果基本一致,但轴管处损伤分布存在较大差异。进一步对前轴承受的三向力载荷进行拆析,以确定轴管损伤主导载荷。
选取前轴轴管下翼面损伤最大处布置虚拟应变片,应变花0°方向与轴管轴线方向一致。将惯性释放工况三向单位载荷分别与基于整车模型所获取的前轴接附点动载荷进行耦合,提取贴片处绝对值最大的主应力时间历程并计算其伪损伤,如图14所示。由图14可知,各路况下单向载荷Fz对轴管造成的损伤远超其他两个方向力作用的结果,故判定前轴各接附点垂向载荷为轴管处损伤主导载荷;同时,凹坑路下的前轴垂向边界载荷对轴管造成的损伤远大于其他路况。
进一步对各路况下前轴各接附点的垂向边界载荷进行伪损伤评估,如表6所示。由表6可见,凹坑路下轴头垂向载荷损伤远大于其余通道。对比载荷时域信号发现,凹坑路况下由整车模型仿真获得的左右轴头接附点垂向力信号中各存在两段冲击载荷,以左轴头垂向载荷为例,如图15所示。大变程边界载荷会对零部件造成极大损伤,剔除上述冲击载荷片段后再进行前轴寿命评估,轴管处无损伤,因此,可断定轴头接附点垂向力信号中的冲击载荷片段是造成轴管损伤的根本原因。由前桥模型获取的轴头接附点载荷中无冲击载荷,故无法对轴管造成损伤。
对于基于整车模型获得的凹坑路面下的轴头垂向载荷,定义冲击载荷极值与整体载荷均值的比值为动载系数kv。那么,凹坑路中左端轴头垂向载荷中两段冲击片段动载系数分别为kv1 =-1.47,kv2 = 4.24;对应的右端轴头的动载系数分别为kv3 =-1.25,kv4 =5.10。经过多次仿真发现,该尖峰载荷的产生与前后悬挂系统的受力状态均有关,仅依靠前桥模型的载荷分解无法复原前轴边界载荷完整变化趋势。另外,由前桥模型获取的轴头垂向载荷整体幅值小于由整车模型获取的。因此,为复现轴管损伤,在基于前桥模型所获取的凹坑路工况下轴头接附点垂向载荷中,人为插入实际载荷1. 5倍的冲击载荷片段,对应动载系数。修正后的轴头垂向载荷谱如图16所示。
按照第3节中的步骤,基于最优解优化轮心六分力并进行前桥总成模型动力学仿真,获得前轴接附点载荷并对轴头接附点垂向动载荷进行修正,开展前轴的寿命分析、损伤分析与验证,结果如下:
1)结合试验场耐久性规范计算出,前轴最大风险点寿命为0.207 9,与参考结果相比误差为1.71%。
2)将前轴前10号风险点寿命及各路况对最大危险点的损伤贡献比预测值与参考值进行对比,结果如表7表8所示。起伏路对前轴造成的损伤较小,可忽略不计;其余各路况对前轴最大危险点造成的损伤误差不超过30%,与整车损伤贡献比差值不超过5%。
3)图17图18标注了基于整车/前桥模型计算出的前轴前10号风险点的位置,结合表7可以看出,第1、2、3、4、10号危险点预测结果与参考结果的位置及失效顺序均一致,其余5个风险点中有4个风险点虽失效顺序不一致,但失效部位相同。
4)从图17图18也可以看出,考虑了轴管主导载荷的修正后,可以准确复现轴管的损伤分布。
针对汽车零部件企业开展零部件耐久性寿命评估难以制定试验规范的局限性,基于整车道路试验,提出了适用于前桥系统的驱动载荷构建方法,并对前轴寿命进行了验证。主要结论与展望如下:
1)基于试验场道路载荷与整车动力学模型对前轴寿命评估,获得的失效位置和寿命与路试结果基本一致。
2)针对轻型商用车前桥,对实测轮心六分力进行频带优化(垂向力40 Hz低通滤波、其余五分力0.5~40 Hz带通滤波)后,分别将轮心纵向载荷Fx放大到1.04倍、侧向力Fy和垂向力Fz分别缩小至0.9和0.85后,构建了前桥模型的驱动载荷;进一步进行前桥模型动态载荷模拟,获取的前轴寿命、路况对危险点的损伤贡献比、风险点的寿命排序等与基于整车动力学模型获得的相应结果具有较好的一致性。这说明了提出的前桥模型驱动载荷构建方法的有效性。
3)前轴轴管处损伤的主导载荷为前轴各个接附点垂向载荷。在极端路况下轴头接附点处垂向冲击载荷是轴管产生损伤的根本原因。
4)该方法对零部件级台架疲劳耐久性试验的驱动载荷构建、零部件的疲劳寿命评估等都具有参考意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51705322)
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2025年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.04.002
  • 接收时间:2023-08-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-02
  • 修回日期:2023-09-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705322)
国家自然科学基金项目(51705322)
作者信息
    1.上海理工大学 机械工程学院,上海 200093
    2.机械工业汽车机械零部件强度与可靠性评价重点实验室,上海 200093
    3.上海市新能源汽车可靠性评价专业技术服务平台,上海 200093
    4.义和车桥有限公司 技术中心,诸城 262200

通讯作者:

赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆强度可靠性设计与评价、车辆载荷特征建模与快速试验;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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