Article(id=1241686769779929370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751644800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-05, revisedDate=1753027200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970795339, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970795339, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970795339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970795339, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241686759470329942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='249', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970792882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970911747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241686770048364846, articleId=1241686769779929370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Fatigue crack growth behavior and mechanism of aluminum alloy welded joints under overloads, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Different parts of high-speed train bogies are usually designed with aluminum alloy materials of varying strengths, and welding is adopted to connect these different parts. When high-speed trains operate under complex road conditions, the bogies will be subjected to tensile overload, which will produce a coupled superposition effect with the strength difference of welded joints. Therefore, tensile overload tests were carried out on the welded structural components of bogies to study the fatigue crack growth behavior and intrinsic mechanism of aluminum alloy welded joints with different strengths under the action of tensile overload. The compliance method was used to measure the crack growth rate under tensile overload;the digital image correlation (DIC) technology was applied to analyze the change in the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip before and after the application of tensile overload; the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to observe the fracture morphology characteristics of different aluminum alloys in the region affected by tensile overload. The crack growth behavior and intrinsic mechanism under tensile overload were explained based on the change in the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip and the corresponding fracture morphology characteristics. The results show that a single tensile overload can reduce the fatigue crack growth rate and extend the fatigue life. Further analysis indicates that during the tensile overload process, the plastic zone at the crack tip expands and the crack tip is blunted, which together lead to the reduction of the fatigue crack growth rate. The lower the material strength, the more severe the deformation at the crack tip and the more obvious the hysteresis effect under the same tensile overload. The test results of welded joints under tensile overload are consistent with those of the base metal, suggesting that the strength of the hysteresis effect depends only on the inherent strength of the material itself.

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ZHAO Lei, E-mail:
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高速列车转向架不同部位常采用不同强度铝合金材料进行设计,且采用焊接方式连接不同部件。当高速列车行驶在复杂路况时,转向架将承受拉伸过载作用,该拉伸过载会与焊接接头强度差异产生耦合叠加作用。因此,对转向架焊接结构件进行拉伸过载试验,研究拉伸过载作用下不同强度铝合金焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展行为和内在机制。采用柔度法测量拉伸过载作用下的裂纹扩展速率;用数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)技术分析了拉伸过载施加前后裂纹尖端塑性区的尺寸变化规律;采用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)观测了不同铝合金拉伸过载作用区域的断口形貌特征,用裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸变化和对应断口形貌特征解释了拉伸过载作用下的裂纹扩展行为和内在机制。结果表明,单次拉伸过载能降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率,延长疲劳寿命。分析结果表明,拉伸过载过程增大裂纹尖端塑性区,并钝化裂纹尖端,从而使疲劳裂纹扩展速率降低。材料强度越低,相同拉伸过载作用下,裂纹尖端变形越严重,迟滞效应越明显。焊接接头在拉伸过载作用下与母材试验结果保持一致,迟滞效应的强弱只取决于材料本身强度。

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赵雷,男,1985年生,河北石家庄人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为高性能制造与结构完整性评价;E-mail:
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徐连勇,男,1975年生,河北泊头人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为高性能制造与结构完整性评价;E-mail:

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徐连勇,男,1975年生,河北泊头人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为高性能制造与结构完整性评价;E-mail:

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徐连勇,男,1975年生,河北泊头人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为高性能制造与结构完整性评价;E-mail:

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West Conshohocken:ASTM International,2015:1-49., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241810814030647318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=114, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=27, authorNames=GONZÁLES G L G, GONZÁLEZ J A O, FREIRE J L F, journalName=Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GONZÁLES G L GGONZÁLEZ J A OFREIRE J L F. Characterization of discontinuous crack closure behavior after the application of a single overload cycle[J]. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics2021114:103028., articleTitle=Characterization of discontinuous crack closure behavior after the application of a single overload cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241810814118727707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=175, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=28, authorNames=SU M L, HU C C, XU L Y, journalName=International Journal of Fatigue, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SU M LHU C CXU L Yet al. Fatigue short crack growth:overload-induced acceleration/retardation behavior[J]. 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Chemical composition of aluminum alloys

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材料
Material
质量分数Mass fraction/%
MgSiCuZnMnFeCrTiAl
5052-H322.20.250.10.250.30.40.150.15余量
Balance
6061-T60.80.40.150.250.150.70.040.15余量
Balance
YL1120.17.53.02.90.50.10.10.15余量
Balance
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809186226965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铝合金的化学成分

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材料
Material
质量分数Mass fraction/%
MgSiCuZnMnFeCrTiAl
5052-H322.20.250.10.250.30.40.150.15余量
Balance
6061-T60.80.40.150.250.150.70.040.15余量
Balance
YL1120.17.53.02.90.50.10.10.15余量
Balance
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809324639002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mechanical properties of aluminum alloys

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材料Material屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
抗拉强度
Tensile strength/MPa
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/MPa
5052-H328318475
6061-T626329673
YL11228230678
5052-H32/6061-T6焊缝
5052-H32/6061-T6 weld seam
10015074
6061-T6/ YL112焊缝
6061-T6/ YL112 weld seam
13017576
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809408525086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

铝合金力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料Material屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
抗拉强度
Tensile strength/MPa
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/MPa
5052-H328318475
6061-T626329673
YL11228230678
5052-H32/6061-T6焊缝
5052-H32/6061-T6 weld seam
10015074
6061-T6/ YL112焊缝
6061-T6/ YL112 weld seam
13017576
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809509188388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Fatigue crack growth test parameters of the aluminum alloy

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试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,BL/kNPmin,BL/kNPmax,OL/kN
CAL-10.11.50.15
OL-10.11.251.50.151.875
OL-20.11.501.50.152.250
OL-30.11.751.50.152.625
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809618240301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展试验参数

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试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,BL/kNPmin,BL/kNPmax,OL/kN
CAL-10.11.50.15
OL-10.11.251.50.151.875
OL-20.11.501.50.152.250
OL-30.11.751.50.152.625
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809744069428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Representative parameters of the fatigue crack growth under single tensile overload for 5052-H32 base material

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试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,OL/kN(da/dN)bef/(mm/cycle)(da/dN)min,OL/(mm/cycle)δda/dNNOL/cycleare/mm
CAL-10.11.36×10-421 715
OL-10.11.251.8751.51×10-46.68×10-60.04439 3201.23
OL-20.11.502.2501.43×10-43.42×10-60.02444 2633.95
OL-30.11.752.6251.45×10-47.91×10-70.00596 6845.36
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809840538427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

5052-H32母材单次拉伸过载下疲劳裂纹扩展代表参数

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试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,OL/kN(da/dN)bef/(mm/cycle)(da/dN)min,OL/(mm/cycle)δda/dNNOL/cycleare/mm
CAL-10.11.36×10-421 715
OL-10.11.251.8751.51×10-46.68×10-60.04439 3201.23
OL-20.11.502.2501.43×10-43.42×10-60.02444 2633.95
OL-30.11.752.6251.45×10-47.91×10-70.00596 6845.36
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809962173250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Representative parameters of the fatigue crack growth under single tensile overload for 6061-T6 base material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,OL/kN(da/dN)bef/(mm/cycle)(da/dN)min,OL/(mm/cycle)δda/dNNOL/cycleare/mm
CAL-10.11.67×10-420 544
OL-10.11.251.8751.63×10-45.02×10-50.30823 2450.51
OL-20.11.502.2501.64×10-41.63×10-50.09923 4120.61
OL-30.11.752.6251.68×10-44.99×10-60.03026 7940.91
), ArticleFig(id=1241810810067030857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

单次拉伸过载下6061-T6母材疲劳裂纹扩展典型参数

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试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,OL/kN(da/dN)bef/(mm/cycle)(da/dN)min,OL/(mm/cycle)δda/dNNOL/cycleare/mm
CAL-10.11.67×10-420 544
OL-10.11.251.8751.63×10-45.02×10-50.30823 2450.51
OL-20.11.502.2501.64×10-41.63×10-50.09923 4120.61
OL-30.11.752.6251.68×10-44.99×10-60.03026 7940.91
), ArticleFig(id=1241810810159305553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Representative parameters of the fatigue crack growth under single tensile overload for YL112 base material

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试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,OL/kN(da/dN)bef/(mm/cycle)(da/dN)min,OL/(mm/cycle)δda/dNNOL/cycleare/mm
CAL-10.11.53×10-421 401
OL-10.11.251.8751.63×10-44.91×10-50.30123 2830.45
OL-20.11.502.2501.53×10-42.47×10-50.16124 3930.56
OL-30.11.752.6251.53×10-47.73×10-60.05126 7680.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241810810289328983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

YL112母材单次拉伸过载下疲劳裂纹扩展代表参数

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试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,OL/kN(da/dN)bef/(mm/cycle)(da/dN)min,OL/(mm/cycle)δda/dNNOL/cycleare/mm
CAL-10.11.53×10-421 401
OL-10.11.251.8751.63×10-44.91×10-50.30123 2830.45
OL-20.11.502.2501.53×10-42.47×10-50.16124 3930.56
OL-30.11.752.6251.53×10-47.73×10-60.05126 7680.84
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Representative parameters of the fatigue crack growth under single tensile overload for 5052-H32/6061-T6 welds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,OL/kN(da/dN)bef/(mm/cycle)(da/dN)min,OL/(mm/cycle)δda/dNNOL/cycleare/mm
CAL-10.11.34×10-425 967
OL-10.11.251.8751.53×10-48.14×10-60.05336 6721.06
OL-20.11.502.2501.37×10-44.92×10-60.03643 8493.07
OL-30.11.752.6251.33×10-49.52×10-70.00781 5295.01
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5052-H32/6061-T6焊缝单次拉伸过载下疲劳裂纹扩展代表参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,OL/kN(da/dN)bef/(mm/cycle)(da/dN)min,OL/(mm/cycle)δda/dNNOL/cycleare/mm
CAL-10.11.34×10-425 967
OL-10.11.251.8751.53×10-48.14×10-60.05336 6721.06
OL-20.11.502.2501.37×10-44.92×10-60.03643 8493.07
OL-30.11.752.6251.33×10-49.52×10-70.00781 5295.01
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Representative parameters of the fatigue crack growth under single tensile overload for 6061-T6/YL112 welds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,OL/kN(da/dN)bef/(mm/cycle)(da/dN)min,OL/(mm/cycle)δda/dNNOL/cycleare/mm
CAL-10.11.28×10-432 819
OL-10.11.251.8751.54×10-48.72×10-60.05739 3000.76
OL-20.11.502.2501.19×10-45.45×10-60.04652 2032.31
OL-30.11.752.6251.21×10-41.27×10-60.01178 0014.46
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6061-T6/YL112焊缝单次拉伸过载下疲劳裂纹扩展代表参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号
Sample number
RROLPmax,OL/kN(da/dN)bef/(mm/cycle)(da/dN)min,OL/(mm/cycle)δda/dNNOL/cycleare/mm
CAL-10.11.28×10-432 819
OL-10.11.251.8751.54×10-48.72×10-60.05739 3000.76
OL-20.11.502.2501.19×10-45.45×10-60.04652 2032.31
OL-30.11.752.6251.21×10-41.27×10-60.01178 0014.46
), ArticleFig(id=1241810810876531570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Dimensions of the plastic zone at the crack tip

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材料
Material
PA/mm2PB/mm2PC/mm2PABPBCPAC
5052-H323.85653.40645.34713.850.8511.76
6061-T60.5731.8901.6723.300.882.92
YL1120.5611.6281.4352.900.882.56
), ArticleFig(id=1241810810977194871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686769779929370, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
PA/mm2PB/mm2PC/mm2PABPBCPAC
5052-H323.85653.40645.34713.850.8511.76
6061-T60.5731.8901.6723.300.882.92
YL1120.5611.6281.4352.900.882.56
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铝合金焊接接头在过载下疲劳裂纹扩展行为和机制研究
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徐连勇 1, 2, 3 , 赵雷 1, 2, 3 , 黄金超 1, 2, 3 , 孙全伟 4 , 梁文洲 5
机械强度 | 2025,47(9): 62-71
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机械强度 | 2025, 47(9): 62-71
铝合金焊接接头在过载下疲劳裂纹扩展行为和机制研究
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徐连勇1, 2, 3 , 赵雷1, 2, 3 , 黄金超1, 2, 3, 孙全伟4, 梁文洲5
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学 材料科学与工程学院,天津 300350
  • 2.高性能轧辊材料与复合成形全国重点实验室,天津 300350
  • 3.天津市现代连接技术重点实验室,天津 300350
  • 4.南通中集能源装备有限公司,南通 226000
  • 5.中海油研究总院有限责任公司,北京 100020
  • 徐连勇,男,1975年生,河北泊头人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为高性能制造与结构完整性评价;E-mail:

通讯作者:

赵雷,男,1985年生,河北石家庄人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为高性能制造与结构完整性评价;E-mail:
Fatigue crack growth behavior and mechanism of aluminum alloy welded joints under overloads
Lianyong XU1, 2, 3 , Lei ZHAO1, 2, 3 , Jinchao HUANG1, 2, 3, Quanwei SUN4, Wenzhou LIANG5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of High Performance Roll Materials and Composite Forming, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 3.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Joining Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 4.Nantong CIMC Energy Equipment Co., Ltd., Nantong 226000, China
  • 5.CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.005
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高速列车转向架不同部位常采用不同强度铝合金材料进行设计,且采用焊接方式连接不同部件。当高速列车行驶在复杂路况时,转向架将承受拉伸过载作用,该拉伸过载会与焊接接头强度差异产生耦合叠加作用。因此,对转向架焊接结构件进行拉伸过载试验,研究拉伸过载作用下不同强度铝合金焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展行为和内在机制。采用柔度法测量拉伸过载作用下的裂纹扩展速率;用数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)技术分析了拉伸过载施加前后裂纹尖端塑性区的尺寸变化规律;采用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)观测了不同铝合金拉伸过载作用区域的断口形貌特征,用裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸变化和对应断口形貌特征解释了拉伸过载作用下的裂纹扩展行为和内在机制。结果表明,单次拉伸过载能降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率,延长疲劳寿命。分析结果表明,拉伸过载过程增大裂纹尖端塑性区,并钝化裂纹尖端,从而使疲劳裂纹扩展速率降低。材料强度越低,相同拉伸过载作用下,裂纹尖端变形越严重,迟滞效应越明显。焊接接头在拉伸过载作用下与母材试验结果保持一致,迟滞效应的强弱只取决于材料本身强度。

拉伸过载  /  机械强度  /  疲劳裂纹扩展速率  /  裂纹尖端  /  焊接接头

Different parts of high-speed train bogies are usually designed with aluminum alloy materials of varying strengths, and welding is adopted to connect these different parts. When high-speed trains operate under complex road conditions, the bogies will be subjected to tensile overload, which will produce a coupled superposition effect with the strength difference of welded joints. Therefore, tensile overload tests were carried out on the welded structural components of bogies to study the fatigue crack growth behavior and intrinsic mechanism of aluminum alloy welded joints with different strengths under the action of tensile overload. The compliance method was used to measure the crack growth rate under tensile overload;the digital image correlation (DIC) technology was applied to analyze the change in the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip before and after the application of tensile overload; the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to observe the fracture morphology characteristics of different aluminum alloys in the region affected by tensile overload. The crack growth behavior and intrinsic mechanism under tensile overload were explained based on the change in the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip and the corresponding fracture morphology characteristics. The results show that a single tensile overload can reduce the fatigue crack growth rate and extend the fatigue life. Further analysis indicates that during the tensile overload process, the plastic zone at the crack tip expands and the crack tip is blunted, which together lead to the reduction of the fatigue crack growth rate. The lower the material strength, the more severe the deformation at the crack tip and the more obvious the hysteresis effect under the same tensile overload. The test results of welded joints under tensile overload are consistent with those of the base metal, suggesting that the strength of the hysteresis effect depends only on the inherent strength of the material itself.

Tensile overload  /  Mechanical strength  /  Fatigue crack growth rate  /  Crack tip  /  Welded joint
徐连勇, 赵雷, 黄金超, 孙全伟, 梁文洲. 铝合金焊接接头在过载下疲劳裂纹扩展行为和机制研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (9) : 62 -71 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.005
Lianyong XU, Lei ZHAO, Jinchao HUANG, Quanwei SUN, Wenzhou LIANG. Fatigue crack growth behavior and mechanism of aluminum alloy welded joints under overloads[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (9) : 62 -71 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.005
随着轨道交通、桥梁建筑、机械制造、核电、航天航空等工程领域的快速发展,焊接结构件的使用越来越广泛[1-3]。然而,在长期服役过程中,这些焊接件常常承受着不断变化的载荷。在这种不断变化的载荷作用下,结构件内部可能会发生裂纹的萌生和扩展,最终导致疲劳失效。疲劳失效在金属构件的失效形式中占据主导地位。根据现有数据统计,它在金属构件所有失效形式中的占比高达70%[4-5]。焊接是各大工程领域中常用的连接方式。铝合金由于轻质、高强度、耐腐蚀、易加工等特性,广泛应用于航空航天、汽车工业等领域,且结构件中存在着大量铝合金焊接节点[6]112000[7]114968。然而,结构件中的焊接节点由于焊接组织不均匀和焊接缺陷,往往是断裂失效最严重的区域[8-9]。因此,对铝合金焊接接头进行疲劳性能测试十分重要。
众多研究证实,变幅疲劳载荷会显著影响结构件的裂纹扩展行为[10-15]。作为典型工况,拉伸过载因其能有效抑制裂纹扩展速率并延长疲劳寿命,已成为关键的研究方向。TU等[16]对AH36高强度钢的试验表明,单次拉伸过载可使裂纹扩展速率衰减35%~78%,且迟滞效应随过载比增大呈指数增强(当载荷达2.5倍基准值时裂纹扩展近于停滞),这种现象的物理本质源于裂尖塑性变形诱发的闭合效应。WOLF[17]在断裂力学领域开创性地提出裂纹闭合理论框架,该理论通过引入塑性诱导裂纹闭合机制,系统阐释了过载工况下裂纹扩展的抑制机制。在此理论基础上,WANG等[18]采用数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)技术对AH36钢裂尖行为进行原位观测,试验数据证实:当施加单次拉伸过载时,裂尖接触应力阈值提升,裂纹面发生提前闭合,这一现象为塑性诱导闭合理论提供了直接试验证据。
尽管国内外研究多聚焦于均质材料在单次拉伸过载工况下的疲劳裂纹扩展特性,但对焊接接头在此类载荷条件下的研究仍相对不足。本研究选取两种典型铝合金焊接接头作为研究对象,系统实施了单次拉伸过载疲劳试验,成功获取裂纹扩展速率曲线及裂纹长度-疲劳寿命(a-N)曲线。基于DIC,定量表征了过载前后裂尖塑性区尺寸的演变规律,由此阐释了变幅载荷对裂纹扩展行为的作用机制。进一步结合扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)对断口形貌进行多尺度观察,为揭示变幅载荷影响裂纹扩展的微观机制提供了重要依据。
高速列车在复杂路况下运行时,其转向架结构会承受显著的变幅疲劳载荷,其中铝合金焊接接头作为连接关键部位,已广泛应用于多种结构构件中[6]112000[7]114968。本研究选取3种典型铝合金材料(5052-H32、6061-T6和YL112)进行异种焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究。3种材料分别对应转向架的不同功能部位:①5052-H32因具有良好的延展性和中等强度,常用于底板、端梁等承载波动较小的辅助结构;②6061-T6具备较高强度与良好焊接性能,广泛应用于侧梁、横梁等主承载构件;③YL112为铸态铝硅合金,适用于复杂几何或局部应力集中的连接节点部位。根据工程实践与已有研究,转向架结构中疲劳裂纹主要萌生于应力集中区域,尤其集中在焊缝界面与热影响区(Heat Affected Zone, HAZ),如横梁与底架的焊接接头或构件根部,易成为疲劳失效的关键薄弱点。
试验所用铝合金为厚度5 mm的板材,其化学成分如表1所示。力学性能测试采用室温拉伸机(LD26.105)与原位拉伸机(KZ20V02009)进行,测试结果如表2所示。焊接方式采用搅拌摩擦焊(Friction Stir Welding, FSW)工艺,焊接参数包括转速1 600 r/min、进给速度160 mm/min及下压量0.2 mm,成功制备了6061-T6/YL112和5052-H32/6061-T6异种铝合金接头。FSW工艺具有接头强度高、组织均匀、残余应力低等优势,近年来已在轨道交通转向架及枕梁等部位得以推广应用[19-21]。本研究所采用的所有焊接接头均通过FSW方式连接。试样设计采用紧凑拉伸(Compact Tension, CT)结构,并严格依据ASTM E647-15[22]1-49标准制备,具体尺寸及取样位置如图1所示。
为获得形貌规整、尖锐一致的初始裂纹,本研究中所有CT试样均采用降K法进行疲劳裂纹预制。该方法通过逐步降低载荷峰值控制应力强度因子的递减,有效避免了裂纹尖端塑性区过度扩展和裂纹面分叉现象,尤其适用于后续加载幅值较高的变幅疲劳试验。具体过程如下:预裂纹长度约设定为2.0 mm,加载采用正弦波形式,频率为10 Hz,应力比R = 0.1,初始加载峰值为1.5 kN,随后分阶段逐步降低载荷,直至裂纹扩展速率显著减缓并达到预定长度。裂纹扩展全过程在电液伺服疲劳试验机(SDZ-0100)上完成,裂纹长度和形貌通过显微镜实时监控,确保其沿厚度方向贯通、形貌均一且裂尖锋利。预裂纹制备完成后,试样表面进一步打磨处理,去除可能影响DIC测试和扩展路径稳定性的微观干扰因素。该方法严格遵循ASTM E647-15[22]1-49标准要求,确保后续疲劳裂纹扩展测试结果具有良好的一致性与可重复性。在预制好疲劳裂纹后,在室温条件下开展变幅疲劳载荷下的疲劳裂纹扩展试验。设定的疲劳载荷峰值Pmax,BL=1.5 kN,载荷波形采用正弦波,加载频率f=10 Hz,循环应力比R设置为0.1。试验的设计旨在研究不同强度铝合金(5052-H32、6061-T6、YL112,以及5052-H32/6061-T6和6061-T6/YL112)的焊接接头在拉伸过载(Overload,OL)条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为差异。此外,试验还考虑了不同拉伸过载比(ROL=Pmax,OL/Pmax,BL=1.25、1.5、1.75)对裂纹扩展速率的影响。试验的具体参数如表3所示,CAL-1为常幅疲劳载荷下试样,OL-1、OL-2、OL-3为拉伸载荷下试样。为进行焊接接头试验,试样表面经打磨处理去除搅拌摩擦焊痕,厚度减至4.3 mm。在记录裂纹长度时,母材试样的裂纹长度为10 mm,而焊接接头试样的裂纹长度为9.5 mm。当裂纹长度达到相应值时,对试样施加拉伸过载疲劳载荷,以保证施加的过载对应的应力强度因子相同。拉伸过载的示意图如图2所示。
本研究严格遵循试验规范:采用400目砂纸对CT试样进行表面精磨处理,利用高频疲劳试验机(GPS100)实施数字图像相关技术测试。试样预制裂纹长度为10 mm后,重点分析单次拉伸过载作用前、后裂纹尖端应变场演化,以零载荷为基准,设定过载前平均载荷为起始点,过载后平均载荷为终止点。采集过载周期内特征载荷点(ABC)的应变场分布(图2),依据应变阈值0.2%界定裂纹尖端塑性区范围[23-24],系统解析变幅载荷下塑性区演变规律。最终采用扫描电子显微镜(Sigma 300)对疲劳断口开展微观形貌表征。
图3展示了5052-H32铝合金在单次拉伸过载后,不同过载比下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。为定量研究拉伸过载比对裂纹扩展特性的影响,从裂纹长度-疲劳寿命曲线以及裂纹扩展速率-应力强度因子曲线中选取特征参数。相关特征量汇总于表4,具体包括:(da/dNbef表示过载作用前的裂纹扩展速率;(da/dNmin,OL表示过载作用后的最小裂纹扩展速率;δda/dN=(da/dNmin,OL/(da/dNbefNOL为从过载点到试验结束时的循环次数;are为迟滞区域的尺寸。
图3(a)所示,5052-H32铝合金在恒定振幅载荷作用下,其疲劳裂纹扩展速率与应力强度因子的关系曲线清晰地展现出萌生期和稳定期两个典型阶段:萌生期内裂纹扩展速率呈现缓慢上升趋势,而进入稳定期后,在双对数坐标系中,二者呈现显著线性关联。施加拉伸过载后,裂纹扩展行为发生明显改变:裂纹扩展速率首先急剧下降,随后逐步回升并缓慢恢复至线性状态;特别是在较高拉伸过载比条件下,裂纹扩展速率会先行偏离线性趋势,之后才逐渐回归稳定扩展模式。根据表4所列δda/dN的数值特征,裂纹扩展速率变化与拉伸过载比(ROL)存在显著负相关:过载比越大,迟滞效应越强烈,当ROL分别为1.25、1.5和1.75时,疲劳裂纹扩展速率依次仅为过载前的4.4%、2.4%和0.5%。此外,图3(c)的裂纹长度-疲劳寿命曲线表明,施加拉伸过载后不仅显著延长了疲劳寿命,还使曲线中出现明显的平台区域;表4NOL数据进一步证实,疲劳寿命的增长幅度与过载比密切相关,当ROL取值为1.25、1.5及1.75时,对应NOL值分别比常幅疲劳载荷工况增加了181%、204%和445%。
图4展示了6061-T6铝合金在不同拉伸过载比条件下,单次拉伸过载作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展特性。为了进行定量分析,从裂纹扩展速率曲线和a-N曲线中提取了若干特征参数,具体参数如表5所示。
图4(a)和图4(b)所示,试验结果整体上与5052-H32母材保持一致。从表5δda/dN可以看出,当ROL为1.25、1.5、1.75时,对应的疲劳裂纹扩展速率分别衰减为过载前的裂纹扩展速率的30.8%、9.9%、3.0%。从表5中的NOL可以看出,当ROL为1.25、1.5、1.75时,对应的NOL分别增加至常幅疲劳载荷的113%、114%、130%。
图5展示了YL112铝合金在不同拉伸过载比条件下,单次拉伸过载作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展特性。为了进行定量分析,从裂纹扩展速率曲线和a-N曲线中提取了若干特征参数,具体参数如表6所示。
图5(a)和图5(b)所示,试验结果整体上与5052-H32母材保持一致。从表6δda/dN可以看出,当ROL为1.25、1.5、1.75时,对应的疲劳裂纹扩展速率分别衰减为过载前的裂纹扩展速率的30.1%、16.1%、5.1%。从表6中的NOL可以看出,当ROL为1.25、1.5、1.75时,对应的NOL分别增加至常幅疲劳载荷的109%、114%、125%。
图6展示了5052-H32/6061-T6焊接接头在不同拉伸过载比条件下,单次拉伸过载作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展特性。为了进行定量分析,从裂纹扩展速率曲线和a-N曲线中提取了若干特征参数,具体参数如表7所示。
图6(a)和图6(b)所示,试验结果整体上与5052-H32母材保持一致。从表7δda/dN可以看出,当ROL为1.25、1.5、1.75时,对应的疲劳裂纹扩展速率分别衰减为过载前的裂纹扩展速率的5.3%、3.6%、0.7%。从表7中的NOL可以看出,当ROL为1.25、1.5、1.75时,对应的NOL分别增加至常幅疲劳载荷的141%、169%、314%。
图7展示了6061-T6/YL112焊接接头在不同拉伸过载比条件下,单次拉伸过载作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展特性。为了进行定量分析,从裂纹扩展速率曲线和a-N曲线中提取了若干特征参数,具体参数如表8所示。
图7(a)和图7(b)所示,试验结果整体上与5052-H32母材保持一致。从表8δda/dN可以看出,当ROL为1.25、1.5、1.75时,对应的疲劳裂纹扩展速率分别衰减为过载前的裂纹扩展速率的5.7%、4.6%、1.1%。从表8中的NOL可以看出,当ROL为1.25、1.5、1.75时,对应的NOL分别增加至常幅疲劳载荷的120%、159%、238%。
不同强度铝合金材料在不同拉伸过载比后迟滞效应对比如图8所示。
图8(a)、图8(b)和图8(c)可以看出,不同铝合金材料在不同拉伸过载比下单次拉伸过载作用后,迟滞效应由强到弱总是按照:5052-H32母材(5系)、5052-H32/6061-T6焊缝(5/6焊缝)、6061-T6/YL112焊缝(6/Y焊缝)、6061-T6母材(6系)、YL112母材(Y系)排列,这与铝合金材料强度由弱到强相对应。拉伸过载下疲劳裂纹扩展测试结果表明,材料本身强度越低,拉伸过载造成的迟滞效应越强。
众多试验研究证实,在施加拉伸过载后,疲劳裂纹扩展过程中会伴随明显的裂纹提前闭合现象。该现象本质上是卸载过程中裂纹面在达到基准最小载荷(Pmin,BL)前即发生接触,致使实际起裂作用的有效应力强度因子ΔKeff显著低于理论值ΔK,进而抑制裂纹扩展速率。其物理机制为:当载荷从峰值Pmax,BLPmin,BL递减时,裂尖塑性变形区会阻碍周边弹性材料的恢复行为,从而在塑性域内形成残余压应力场,诱发裂纹过早闭合。拉伸过载引发的闭合效应增强,主要归因于裂尖塑性变形范围的扩大。此处塑性区特指裂纹前端因应力集中而产生永久变形的材料区域,其尺度参数与疲劳裂纹扩展行为存在显著关联性。为深入解析变幅载荷影响裂纹扩展的内在机制,本研究采用数字图像相关技术,系统监测不同载荷谱作用下塑性区尺度的动态演变过程。
图9所示,通过对比铝合金基体材料在拉伸过载前后的特征载荷状态,开展垂直于裂纹扩展方向的DIC场分析。基于0.2%等效应变阈值界定塑性区边界,并应用ImageJ软件量化测量区域尺寸(表9)。其中,PAPBPC分别对应载荷点ABC处的塑性区尺度,PABPBCPAC分别表征B点相对A点、C点相对B点、C点相对A点的塑性区尺寸变化率,计算式为:PAB=PB/PAPBC=PC/PBPAC=PC/PA
根据图9所示的DIC分析结果及表9数据可知,单次拉伸过载作用下裂纹尖端塑性区演化呈现规律性变化:5052-H32材料在过载阶段(AB)塑性域急剧扩张至初始尺度的13.85倍,卸载阶段(BC)收缩15%,净增量为11.76倍;6061-T6与YL112材料全过程(AC)分别扩增为原来的2.92倍和2.56倍。塑性变形幅度与材料强度成显著负相关,5052-H32的累积扩张量分别为6061-T6和YL112的4.03倍与4.59倍。这种尺寸膨胀增强裂纹闭合效应(残余压应力场增幅大于40%),使有效应力强度因子ΔKeff降低55%~83%,最终导致5052-H32的裂纹扩展速率衰减幅度达高强度材料的3.2倍,表现为最显著的扩展阻滞现象。
基于疲劳断口形貌特征可揭示裂纹扩展规律,断口分析为探究变幅载荷影响疲劳裂纹扩展的内在机制提供重要依据。图10显示铝合金焊接接头在恒定拉伸过载作用下裂尖区域的微观形貌,观察到过载痕迹的显著度存在梯度差异:5052-H32母材>5052-H32/6061-T6焊缝>6061-T6/YL112焊缝>6061-T6母材>YL112母材。拉伸过载导致裂尖发生撕裂性钝化,通过降低应力集中程度抑制裂纹扩展速率。钝化程度随材料屈服强度升高而递减,故5052-H32母材呈现最显著的钝化效应。
结合数字图像相关技术和断口扫描电镜分析结果可知,拉伸过载对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响主要源于裂纹尖端的塑性变形。具体表现为:过载使裂纹尖端发生显著钝化,并显著增大裂纹尖端的塑性区范围,二者协同作用显著抑制了后续疲劳裂纹的扩展速率,从而形成明显的迟滞效应。进一步分析表明,材料强度与裂纹尖端的变形能力密切相关,低强度材料在拉伸过载作用下更易发生剧烈的塑性变形,裂纹钝化程度更高,因此迟滞效应亦更加显著。
不同强度铝合金及其焊接接头在拉伸过载作用下均表现出显著的裂纹扩展迟滞效应,且随过载比增大而增强,延寿效果与材料强度密切相关。上述规律为揭示裂尖变形特征及微观扩展机制奠定了基础,具体结论如下:
1)施加拉伸过载后,疲劳裂纹扩展速率急剧下降,并逐渐恢复到线性状态。在材料强度较低的情况下,在高拉伸过载比下,疲劳裂纹扩展速率会超过线性状态,然后缓慢恢复。疲劳裂纹扩展速率的降低形成了迟滞区域,从而显著提高了疲劳寿命。当R=0.1、ROL=1.75时,5052-H32母材试样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率降至原有速率的0.5%,随后的疲劳寿命提高到原有寿命的445%。
2)拉伸过载对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响源于裂纹尖端的变形。材料强度与裂纹尖端的变形密切相关,强度越低,裂纹尖端在拉伸过载下的变形越强,钝化能力也越强,因此相应的迟滞效应越显著。当R=0.1、ROL=1.75时,5050-H32试样由于其较低的强度,疲劳裂纹扩展速率降至原有速率的0.5%,明显低于相同条件下YL112的5.1%。因此,焊接接头在拉伸过载下的裂纹扩展行为与母材一致,唯有材料强度决定了拉伸过载后迟滞效应的强弱。
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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.005
  • 接收时间:2025-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-05
  • 修回日期:2025-07-21
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52025052)
国家自然科学基金项目(52025052)
作者信息
    1.天津大学 材料科学与工程学院,天津 300350
    2.高性能轧辊材料与复合成形全国重点实验室,天津 300350
    3.天津市现代连接技术重点实验室,天津 300350
    4.南通中集能源装备有限公司,南通 226000
    5.中海油研究总院有限责任公司,北京 100020

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赵雷,男,1985年生,河北石家庄人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为高性能制造与结构完整性评价;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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