Article(id=1241686766537732284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749916800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970794566, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970794566, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970794566, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970794566, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241686759470329942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='249', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970792882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970911747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241686766785196232, articleId=1241686766537732284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Condition and statistical property of exponentially distributed product life and constant failure rate, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Exponential distribution is widely applied to describe product life in reliability engineering. Correspondingly,product failure rate is a constant (not changing with the service time of the product). Nevertheless, only the products with special property or under particular load condition have exponentially distributed life and constant failure rate. Unrealistic hypothesis of exponentially distributed life will lead to serious error in reliability and failure rate analysis results. In the situations that component life follows exponential distribution, to assume component failures being independent of each other will mislead system reliability evaluation. The the property of product failure rate was analyzed and inferred from the aspects of product strength performance and load environment.The conditions for product failure rate to follow exponential distribution were revealed, and product failure dependency issues in condition of life following exponential distribution were explained.

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XIE Liyang, E-mail:
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可靠性工程中,时常采用指数分布来描述产品(零部件或设备)寿命;相应的,产品的失效率为常数(不随产品服役时间变化)。然而,只有某些具有特定性能的产品或在特定的载荷环境中寿命才会服从指数分布,失效率才会是常数。在零部件寿命不服从指数分布的情况下,假设寿命服从指数分布会导致可靠性及失效率分析结果严重偏离真实情况;在零部件寿命服从指数分布的场合,随意假设零部件独立失效,会错误地估计设备(由零部件构成的系统)的可靠性。从产品性能和服役载荷环境两个方面分析、推断产品失效率的属性(是否随产品服役时间变化),进而揭示产品寿命服从指数分布的条件,阐释在零部件寿命服从指数分布的条件下,系统中零部件失效的独立性/相关性问题。

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谢里阳,男,1962年生,安徽岳西人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构疲劳强度、寿命预测和系统可靠性;E-mail:

江超,男,1997年生,河北唐山人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为疲劳试验和可靠性;E-mail:

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谢里阳,男,1962年生,安徽岳西人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构疲劳强度、寿命预测和系统可靠性;E-mail:

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谢里阳,男,1962年生,安徽岳西人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构疲劳强度、寿命预测和系统可靠性;E-mail:

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江超,男,1997年生,河北唐山人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为疲劳试验和可靠性;E-mail:

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产品寿命服从指数分布/失效率为常数的条件与统计特性
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谢里阳 1 , 江超 2
机械强度 | 2025,47(9): 50-53
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机械强度 | 2025, 47(9): 50-53
产品寿命服从指数分布/失效率为常数的条件与统计特性
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谢里阳1 , 江超2
作者信息
  • 1.东北大学 机械工程与自动化学院,沈阳 110819
  • 2.中国北方发动机研究所,天津 300400
  • 谢里阳,男,1962年生,安徽岳西人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构疲劳强度、寿命预测和系统可靠性;E-mail:

    江超,男,1997年生,河北唐山人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为疲劳试验和可靠性;E-mail:

Condition and statistical property of exponentially distributed product life and constant failure rate
Liyang XIE1 , Chao JIANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
  • 2.China North Engine Research Institute, Tianjin 300400, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.003
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可靠性工程中,时常采用指数分布来描述产品(零部件或设备)寿命;相应的,产品的失效率为常数(不随产品服役时间变化)。然而,只有某些具有特定性能的产品或在特定的载荷环境中寿命才会服从指数分布,失效率才会是常数。在零部件寿命不服从指数分布的情况下,假设寿命服从指数分布会导致可靠性及失效率分析结果严重偏离真实情况;在零部件寿命服从指数分布的场合,随意假设零部件独立失效,会错误地估计设备(由零部件构成的系统)的可靠性。从产品性能和服役载荷环境两个方面分析、推断产品失效率的属性(是否随产品服役时间变化),进而揭示产品寿命服从指数分布的条件,阐释在零部件寿命服从指数分布的条件下,系统中零部件失效的独立性/相关性问题。

寿命分布  /  失效率  /  指数分布  /  零部件失效相关性  /  系统可靠性

Exponential distribution is widely applied to describe product life in reliability engineering. Correspondingly,product failure rate is a constant (not changing with the service time of the product). Nevertheless, only the products with special property or under particular load condition have exponentially distributed life and constant failure rate. Unrealistic hypothesis of exponentially distributed life will lead to serious error in reliability and failure rate analysis results. In the situations that component life follows exponential distribution, to assume component failures being independent of each other will mislead system reliability evaluation. The the property of product failure rate was analyzed and inferred from the aspects of product strength performance and load environment.The conditions for product failure rate to follow exponential distribution were revealed, and product failure dependency issues in condition of life following exponential distribution were explained.

Life distribution  /  Failure rate  /  Exponential distribution  /  Component failure dependence  /  System reliability
谢里阳, 江超. 产品寿命服从指数分布/失效率为常数的条件与统计特性. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (9) : 50 -53 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.003
Liyang XIE, Chao JIANG. Condition and statistical property of exponentially distributed product life and constant failure rate[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (9) : 50 -53 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.003
工程实际中,大部分产品需长期服役,且在服役过程中承受多次载荷作用。载荷的长期作用和偶尔出现的大载荷都会导致产品失效。受材料性能分散性和制造质量波动的影响,产品性能及寿命通常是有一定分散性的随机变量。因而,概率分布是产品性能及寿命属性的真实体现。正确描述产品性能及寿命概率分布是进行产品可靠性分析的基础。
产品寿命分布类型很多[1],有简单的单参数分布(例如指数分布),更有复杂的多参数分布(例如三参数威布尔分布)。简单的寿命分布产生于特殊的物理条件,适用场景有限。
正态分布是统计学中应用最为广泛的一种分布形态,但在描述机电产品的寿命时存在明显局限性。与寿命指标相比,寿命的对数指标看起来更接近正态分布,因此对数正态分布常用于描述产品寿命[2]。然而,看起来可用的概率分布形态未必真正适用于产品可靠性分析,因为通常看到的只是概率分布曲线的中间部分,而可靠性分析用到的是其尾部[3]
在可靠性工程中,尤其是早期的可靠性工程实践中,指数分布曾广泛用于描述产品寿命,尤其是描述电子产品的寿命[4]。然而,选择用指数分布来描述产品寿命、进行产品可靠性分析,主要是因为指数分布简单易用,而不是因为有充分的物理依据,或它能很好地描述这些产品的寿命分布规律[5]11-35
从真实寿命数据或产品失效机制(服役载荷与产品性能之间的相互作用机制)看,某些电子元器件的寿命近似服从指数分布,而机械零部件和机械设备的寿命极少有服从指数分布的情况[6]
若产品的寿命服从指数分布,则其失效率为常数,这意味着服役过程中产品性能不会退化(相对于载荷水平而言)。然而,对于大多数产品而言,其在服役或储存期间性能退化/老化是不可避免的,因此失效率多呈递增趋势,而假设失效率为常数的做法通常存在合理性疑问[5]11-35
概括地讲,产品失效率随服役时间的变化规律是由载荷、强度及失效机制等因素共同决定的[7-8]。载荷波动性强弱、强度退化快慢、设计裕度大小等都对失效率曲线的形状有影响。
另一方面,无论是从概率分布模型的描述能力、寿命分布与失效率之间的关系,还是从产品寿命数据呈现的概率分布形态方面,三参数威布尔分布都是最适合用来描述产品寿命随机变量的概率分布形式,而两参数威布尔分布和指数分布都只是其特殊形式。由此可以初步推断,两参数威布尔分布和指数分布的应用场景是非常有限的。
机械产品通常需长期服役,且多数产品在服役期间载荷存在明显的波动。从可靠性设计和评估的角度来看,机械装备是由多个零部件构成的系统,其零部件在服役过程中承受相同或相关的载荷作用。另一方面,同类产品(统计学意义上来自同一概率分布母体)中的个体性能有所差异,且各产品的服役载荷历程也各不相同(可以进行统计描述)。对于服役载荷存在不确定性的系统,其零部件失效事件是统计相关的,即各零部件的失效不是相互独立的[9]
以机械零部件静强度失效为例。对于服役期间只承受一次载荷作用的零部件,其服役时承受的载荷可以用一个随机变量L表示,强度可以用随机变量S表示,失效判据为载荷大于强度。由于载荷和强度都是随机变量,失效判据需要用概率表述,即失效是一个随机事件,其发生的概率(失效概率)等于载荷随机变量大于强度随机变量的概率P,即
式中,p为一次载荷作用下的失效概率。
对于在服役期间承受多次(n次)载荷作用的零部件而言,各次作用载荷的大小可以用一个随机变量M表示,在载荷多次作用过程中强度不退化的条件下(强度仍用随机变量S表示),失效判据为零部件服役期间承受的最大载荷随机变量大于强度随机变量。n次载荷作用期间零部件发生失效的概率为
式中,p(n)为n次载荷作用下该零部件的失效概率;P(∙)为随机事件发生的概率;Mmax,n为作用于该零部件的n次载荷中的最大载荷随机变量。
失效率λ(t)的一般定义是:工作到时间t时,尚未失效的产品在其后的单位时间内发生失效的概率。对于服役期间承受多次载荷作用的产品,从服役过程中出现的大载荷导致产品失效的角度来看,失效率λ(n)可以定义为产品在经历了n-1次载荷作用后未失效的条件下,在第n次载荷作用下失效的概率[10]。因而,失效率λ(n)可以表达为
式中,Mn为产品服役过程中承受的第n次载荷;Mmax,n-1为产品经历的前n-1次载荷中的最大载荷。
显然,对于服役期间承受多次载荷作用的产品,其寿命概率分布是由载荷概率分布和强度概率分布共同决定的,寿命大于n的概率(可靠度)为
由于失效率与寿命概率分布[其概率密度函数用f(n)表示]存在一一对应的关系[λ(n)=f(n)/R(n)],因此,产品的失效率也是由载荷概率分布和强度概率分布共同决定的。换言之,根据产品性能属性及其服役载荷特点,可以分析、推断出产品失效率的特征。
指数分布是一种形式简洁的连续型概率分布。服从指数分布的随机变量的定义域为0~∞,其概率密度函数为
指数分布只包含一个参数λ,其倒数1/λ为指数分布随机变量的均值。
指数分布随机变量的累积分布函数为
失效率函数与寿命(用t表示)分布概率密度函数f(t)之间的关系为
显然,若寿命服从指数分布,则失效率为常数λ。也就是说,寿命服从指数分布的产品的失效率为常数。反之,失效率为常数的产品的寿命服从指数分布。
指数分布还有一个“永葆青春”的性质:寿命服从指数分布的产品,若服役了一段时间t0后未发生失效,则其在t0后某个时间间隔内发生失效的概率与其已经经历过的服役时间t0的长短无关,即
式中,T为寿命随机变量。
这意味着寿命服从指数分布的产品在服役过程中性能不退化。
一般情况下,机械零部件在服役过程中承受多次载荷作用,各次载荷的大小是不确定的,可以用一个概率密度函数h(M)来表示各次载荷的统计规律。零部件的强度用概率密度函数g(S)表示,如图1所示。
考虑一种特殊情况,即零部件服役过程中承受的正常载荷不会导致零部件失效或性能退化,但存在一种可能出现的极端载荷。这种极端载荷大于零部件强度概率分布区间的上限,因而极端载荷的出现必然导致零部件失效。这样的载荷-强度关系如图2所示。
如前所述,产品在时刻t或第n次载荷作用时的失效率,等于已成功服役了时间t或经历了n-1次载荷作用后未失效的产品在t后的单位时间内或第n次载荷作用时发生失效的概率。在只有极端载荷才能引起失效的场合(图2),产品的失效率就等于在t后的单位时间内或第n次载荷作用时出现极端载荷的概率。显然,在这种情况下,产品的失效率为常数(不随服役时间变化),同时也意味着产品的寿命服从指数分布。若在产品服役过程中的单位时间内或对应于正常1次载荷作用时极端载荷出现的概率为pext,则产品的失效率为
在此情况下,由来自同一母体的m个零部件构成的系统(无论是串联系统还是并联系统)的失效率等于其零部件的失效率,极端载荷的出现将导致系统中所有零部件同时失效。也就是说,在这种情况下,并联系统没有冗余作用。换言之,在这种情况下,即使系统中各零部件的强度各不相等且互不相关(相互独立),但各零部件的失效是完全相关的,系统的可靠度与其一个零部件的可靠度相等。
若零部件的性能(例如强度)是确定性的,不是随机变量,如图3所示,且零部件在服役过程中(例如在多次载荷作用下)的性能保持不变(性能不退化),则在服役过程中(多次随机载荷作用下)失效率为常数,寿命服从指数分布。这是因为,在这种情况下强度为S*的零部件无论经历了多少次载荷作用,未失效的零部件的强度仍然是S*,零部件的失效率λ就等于单位时间内出现的载荷随机变量或第n次载荷作用时的载荷值M大于零部件性能的概率,即
在这种情况下,一个系统中全部零部件的性能是完全相关(图3所示是各零部件的性能完全相等的情形)的,因此各零部件的失效也是完全相关的。在各零部件强度相同的条件下,系统(无论是串联系统还是并联系统)失效率就等于一个零部件的失效率。在各零部件强度不同的条件下,串联系统失效率等于系统中强度最小的零部件的失效率,并联系统失效率等于系统中强度最大的零部件的失效率,如图4所示。
显然,如果零部件性能随服役时间或载荷作用次数变化——性能持续退化,则λn)>λn-1)。如果零部件强度为随机变量,即使在强度不退化的条件下,在统计意义上,经历了n次载荷作用后未失效的零部件的强度将大于只经历n-1次载荷作用后未失效的零部件的强度,因此λn)<λn-1),即失效率随载荷作用次数变化(不是常数)。
一般而言,机械装备在服役过程中要经历多次载荷作用。机械装备作为一个系统,其零部件在相同或相关的载荷环境下服役。在服役载荷环境具有不确定性的场合(一个装备在将来服役时承受的载荷事先不能完全确定,同类装备中的个体服役时承受的载荷各不相同,载荷要用一个概率分布来描述),一个装备中的各零部件失效事件是统计相关的,即串联系统的可靠度不等于各零部件可靠度的乘积,并联系统的失效概率也不等于各零部件失效概率的乘积。
通常,无论是机械装备还是其零部件,其性能指标(例如强度)都具有分散性,需要作为一个随机变量对待。在载荷环境和性能指标都是随机变量的情况下,产品(装备或零部件)的寿命也是随机变量,需要用合适的概率分布来描述。指数分布是传统可靠性分析中应用较多的概率分布,但实际上其适用范围是十分有限的。
根据本文分析,只有2种特殊情况下产品的寿命会服从指数分布:
1)在产品性能具有不确定性(需要用适当的概率分布描述)的条件下,寿命服从指数分布的条件是:正常服役载荷环境不会引起产品失效,只有以一定概率出现的极端载荷(该载荷高于产品强度概率分布区间的上限)才会导致产品失效。在这种情况下,产品的失效率等于极端载荷在单位时间内出现的概率,或在正常载荷一次作用时出现的概率;由多个产品构成的系统的失效率等于单个产品的失效率。
2)产品性能是确定性量(产品性能没有分散性,同类产品的性能完全相同),服役载荷环境是不确定的,且服役过程中产品性能不退化。在这种情况下,产品的失效率等于单位时间内出现的最大载荷或每一次作用的载荷大于产品性能指标(强度)的概率;系统(由多个产品构成)失效率等于单个产品的失效率。
显然,在这2种寿命服从指数分布的场合,构成系统的零部件(承受同一载荷环境)的失效事件是完全相关的,而不是相互独立的。
  • 国家科技重大专项(J2019-IV-0002-0069)
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.003
  • 接收时间:2025-06-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-15
基金
National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-IV-0002-0069)
国家科技重大专项(J2019-IV-0002-0069)
作者信息
    1.东北大学 机械工程与自动化学院,沈阳 110819
    2.中国北方发动机研究所,天津 300400
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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