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In order to study the evolution laws of microstructure and properties during the hot ring rolling, carburizing heat treatment, and deep cryogenic treatment of high-speed railway bearings, the quantitative relationships among the forming manufacturing conditions, microstructure states, and mechanical properties of high-speed railway bearings were established.The optimal process conditions for high-performance forming manufacturing of high-speed railway bearings were determined.The electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) microstructural testing technologies and tensile, friction and wear, rolling contact fatigue performance testing technologies were used to reveal the evolution laws of the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-speed railway bearing rings during the forming and manufacturing process, and a forming and manufacturing process method for high-performance high-speed railway bearing rings was proposed. The research shows that ring rolling can refine grains, promote the refinement of carbides and increase the dislocation density after carburizing once quenching and tempering, reduce the grain size and carbides, and improve the volume fraction of carbides after secondary quenching and tempering. The deep cryogenic treatment process promotes the decomposition of retained austenite and the precipitation of carbides, reduces the content of retained austenite, enhances the stability of retained austenite, decreases the average size of carbides, and increases the volume fraction of carbides. The wear resistance of high-speed railway bearings is improved by 82.7%, and the contact fatigue performance is improved by 322.1%by applying the optimal hot ring rolling and carburizing heat treatment processes. The research can provide a scientific basis and technical method for the high-performance forming manufacturing of high-speed railway bearings.

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HUA Lin, E-mail:
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为研究高铁轴承轧制成形、渗碳热处理、深冷处理组织性能遗传演化规律,建立了高铁轴承成形制造条件、组织状态、机械性能定量关系,确定了高铁轴承高性能成形制造最优工艺条件。采用电子背散射衍射(Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction,EBSD)、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)、X射线衍射(X-Ray Diffraction,XRD)等微观组织测试技术和拉伸、摩擦磨损、滚动接触疲劳性能测试技术,揭示了高铁轴承环件在成形制造过程中的组织状态和机械性能演化规律,提出了高性能高铁轴承环件成形制造工艺方法。研究表明,轧制成形可以细化晶粒,促使渗碳一次淬回火后碳化物细化和位错密度增加,减小二次淬回火后晶粒和碳化物尺寸,提升碳化物体积分数。深冷处理工艺促进残余奥氏体分解和碳化物析出,降低残余奥氏体含量,提升残余奥氏体稳定性,减小碳化物平均尺寸,提升碳化物体积分数。应用最优轧制成形和渗碳热处理工艺,使高铁轴承耐磨性能提升82.7%,接触疲劳性能提升322.1%。研究成果可为高铁轴承高性能成形制造提供科学依据和技术方法。

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华林,男,1962年生,湖北蕲春人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为节能与新能源汽车、运载装备、能源装备等高性能制造;E-mail:

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华林,男,1962年生,湖北蕲春人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为节能与新能源汽车、运载装备、能源装备等高性能制造;E-mail:

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华林,男,1962年生,湖北蕲春人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为节能与新能源汽车、运载装备、能源装备等高性能制造;E-mail:

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figureFileBig=c/rF6qLbtoFokdRGUE0tBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811178516862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=SEM microstructure morphology of the specimens at different secondary quenching temperatures (holding time is 60 min), figureFileSmall=npax6nsKmX+xZzE7tsM9vw==, figureFileBig=s8eHyPJLkBRJwUcOKhAODg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811279180165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同二次淬火温度下样品SEM微观组织形貌(保温时间为60 min), figureFileSmall=npax6nsKmX+xZzE7tsM9vw==, figureFileBig=s8eHyPJLkBRJwUcOKhAODg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811384037770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=SEM microstructure morphology of the specimens at different secondary quenching holding time (quenching temperature is 810 ℃), figureFileSmall=iVcXD/aYXFl8CDlbc+vj4A==, figureFileBig=3qPlyi3pG+1opWVao9uPxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811472118157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同二次淬火保温时间下样品SEM微观组织形貌(淬火温度为810 ℃), figureFileSmall=iVcXD/aYXFl8CDlbc+vj4A==, figureFileBig=3qPlyi3pG+1opWVao9uPxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811568587157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Influence of secondary quenching temperature and holding time on the carbide average size and volume fraction, figureFileSmall=oJtyR5CBox6pmvqJowA8GA==, figureFileBig=1mQqerNfJqC+8OFtRazhzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811686027675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=CN, label=图10, caption=二次淬火温度和保温时间对碳化物平均尺寸和体积分数的影响, figureFileSmall=oJtyR5CBox6pmvqJowA8GA==, figureFileBig=1mQqerNfJqC+8OFtRazhzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811769913760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Influence of secondary quenching temperature and holding time on the diffraction intensity and content of retained austenite, figureFileSmall=RT47559qvKgb70aDU0zSeg==, figureFileBig=yRTObP4yMyDLVfFfXNSWTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811891548586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=CN, label=图11, caption=二次淬火温度和保温时间对残余奥氏体衍射强度和含量影响, figureFileSmall=RT47559qvKgb70aDU0zSeg==, figureFileBig=yRTObP4yMyDLVfFfXNSWTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811988017580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=SEM microstructure morphology of the specimens under 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figureFileSmall=lkgkm/XhralBmhuXgJ3Ztg==, figureFileBig=+iHJQ6HWU5ZwDEHGWwnRyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812365504959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Influence of secondary quenching process on microhardness and tensile strength, figureFileSmall=E571y/y+pTAPUBmcVQLL4w==, figureFileBig=GfmALbxNnj95nONWVl489w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812449391044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=CN, label=图14, caption=二次淬火工艺对显微硬度和抗拉强度的影响, figureFileSmall=E571y/y+pTAPUBmcVQLL4w==, figureFileBig=GfmALbxNnj95nONWVl489w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812554248650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Influence of deep cryogenic treatment process on microhardness and tensile strength, figureFileSmall=xzodXFDX8/43iNQRYtwaxw==, figureFileBig=pazgjMBBUQDb2xLMm4BA4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812633940431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=CN, label=图15, caption=深冷处理工艺对显微硬度和抗拉强度的影响, figureFileSmall=xzodXFDX8/43iNQRYtwaxw==, figureFileBig=pazgjMBBUQDb2xLMm4BA4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812730409428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Influence of hot ring rolling and carburizing heat treatment processes on wear resistance, figureFileSmall=eFEU5lVwNG6BsFsScksT1w==, figureFileBig=cwUGnZ7bhmPB02cMitlkzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812856238553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=CN, label=图16, caption=轧制成形和渗碳热处理工艺对耐磨性能的影响, figureFileSmall=eFEU5lVwNG6BsFsScksT1w==, figureFileBig=cwUGnZ7bhmPB02cMitlkzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812973679070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Surface morphology of sample wear marks, figureFileSmall=NCjSzY4hfVCafSVhEe0SZg==, figureFileBig=DnJYt/0wIB1HzJGeMpw26w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810813099508192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=CN, label=图17, caption=样品磨痕表面形貌, figureFileSmall=NCjSzY4hfVCafSVhEe0SZg==, figureFileBig=DnJYt/0wIB1HzJGeMpw26w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810813183394274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Relation between fatigue life and damage probability of the specimens, figureFileSmall=U+vC+rPwDbaxGamwZ+ZS6A==, figureFileBig=crdi2YSf08X+NScuHf/6Kw==, tableContent=null), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical composition of G20CrNi2MoA bearing steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CCrNiSiMnFe
0.220.541.770.350.64余量
Balance
), ArticleFig(id=1241810813686710771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

G20CrNi2MoA渗碳轴承钢化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CCrNiSiMnFe
0.220.541.770.350.64余量
Balance
), ArticleFig(id=1241810813762208246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Process parameters of hot ring rolling and carburizing heat treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Specimens
壁厚减薄量
Ring rolling recdution/%
渗碳热处理
Carburizing heat treatment
HR-00热轧环坯 Hot ring blank
HR-4545热轧锻件 Hot rolled ring
RQT-00热轧环坯+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬回火
Hot ring blank+carburizing once quenching and tempering +secondary quenching and tempering
RQT-4545热轧锻件+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬回火
Hot rolled ring+carburizing once quenching and tempering +secondary quenching and tempering
QDCT90-00热轧环坯+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬火(810 ℃/1 h)+深冷处理(-90 ℃/6 h)+回火(190 ℃/4 h)
Hot ring blank+carburizing once quenching and tempering +secondary quenching (810 ℃/1 h)+deep cryogenic treatment (-90 ℃/6 h)+tempering (190 ℃/4 h)
QDCT90-4545热轧锻件+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬火(810 ℃/1 h)+深冷处理(-90 ℃/6 h)+回火(190 ℃/4 h)
Hot rolled ring+carburizing once quenching and tempering +secondary quenching (810 ℃/1 h)+deep cryogenic treatment (-90 ℃/6 h)+tempering (190 ℃/4 h)
QDCT196-00热轧环坯+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬火(810 ℃/1 h)+深冷处理(-196 ℃/6 h)+回火(190 ℃/4 h)
Hot ring blank+carburizing once quenching and tempering+secondary quenching (810 ℃/1 h)+deep cryogenic treatment (-196 ℃/6 h)+tempering (190 ℃/4 h)
QDCT196-4545热轧锻件+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬火(810 ℃/1 h)+深冷处理(-196 ℃/6 h)+回火(190 ℃/4 h)
Hot rolled ring+carburizing once quenching and tempering +secondary quenching (810 ℃/1 h)+deep cryogenic treatment (-196 ℃/6 h)+tempering (190 ℃/4 h)
), ArticleFig(id=1241810813837705721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765719842971, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

轧制成形和渗碳热处理工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Specimens
壁厚减薄量
Ring rolling recdution/%
渗碳热处理
Carburizing heat treatment
HR-00热轧环坯 Hot ring blank
HR-4545热轧锻件 Hot rolled ring
RQT-00热轧环坯+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬回火
Hot ring blank+carburizing once quenching and tempering +secondary quenching and tempering
RQT-4545热轧锻件+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬回火
Hot rolled ring+carburizing once quenching and tempering +secondary quenching and tempering
QDCT90-00热轧环坯+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬火(810 ℃/1 h)+深冷处理(-90 ℃/6 h)+回火(190 ℃/4 h)
Hot ring blank+carburizing once quenching and tempering +secondary quenching (810 ℃/1 h)+deep cryogenic treatment (-90 ℃/6 h)+tempering (190 ℃/4 h)
QDCT90-4545热轧锻件+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬火(810 ℃/1 h)+深冷处理(-90 ℃/6 h)+回火(190 ℃/4 h)
Hot rolled ring+carburizing once quenching and tempering +secondary quenching (810 ℃/1 h)+deep cryogenic treatment (-90 ℃/6 h)+tempering (190 ℃/4 h)
QDCT196-00热轧环坯+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬火(810 ℃/1 h)+深冷处理(-196 ℃/6 h)+回火(190 ℃/4 h)
Hot ring blank+carburizing once quenching and tempering+secondary quenching (810 ℃/1 h)+deep cryogenic treatment (-196 ℃/6 h)+tempering (190 ℃/4 h)
QDCT196-4545热轧锻件+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬火(810 ℃/1 h)+深冷处理(-196 ℃/6 h)+回火(190 ℃/4 h)
Hot rolled ring+carburizing once quenching and tempering +secondary quenching (810 ℃/1 h)+deep cryogenic treatment (-196 ℃/6 h)+tempering (190 ℃/4 h)
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高铁轴承轧制热处理组织演化与高性能制造
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华林 1, 2, 3 , 周光华 1, 2, 3
机械强度 | 2025,47(9): 38-49
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机械强度 | 2025, 47(9): 38-49
高铁轴承轧制热处理组织演化与高性能制造
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华林1, 2, 3 , 周光华1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.高温轻合金及应用技术全国重点实验室,武汉 430070
  • 2.现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430070
  • 3.武汉理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,武汉 430070
  • 华林,男,1962年生,湖北蕲春人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为节能与新能源汽车、运载装备、能源装备等高性能制造;E-mail:

Microstructure evolution during the ring rolling and heat treatment and high-performance manufacturing of high-speed railway bearings
Lin HUA1, 2, 3 , Guanghua ZHOU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Super Alloys and Application Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.002
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为研究高铁轴承轧制成形、渗碳热处理、深冷处理组织性能遗传演化规律,建立了高铁轴承成形制造条件、组织状态、机械性能定量关系,确定了高铁轴承高性能成形制造最优工艺条件。采用电子背散射衍射(Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction,EBSD)、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)、X射线衍射(X-Ray Diffraction,XRD)等微观组织测试技术和拉伸、摩擦磨损、滚动接触疲劳性能测试技术,揭示了高铁轴承环件在成形制造过程中的组织状态和机械性能演化规律,提出了高性能高铁轴承环件成形制造工艺方法。研究表明,轧制成形可以细化晶粒,促使渗碳一次淬回火后碳化物细化和位错密度增加,减小二次淬回火后晶粒和碳化物尺寸,提升碳化物体积分数。深冷处理工艺促进残余奥氏体分解和碳化物析出,降低残余奥氏体含量,提升残余奥氏体稳定性,减小碳化物平均尺寸,提升碳化物体积分数。应用最优轧制成形和渗碳热处理工艺,使高铁轴承耐磨性能提升82.7%,接触疲劳性能提升322.1%。研究成果可为高铁轴承高性能成形制造提供科学依据和技术方法。

高铁轴承环件  /  轧制渗碳热处理  /  二次淬火  /  深冷处理  /  组织性能演化  /  高性能制造

In order to study the evolution laws of microstructure and properties during the hot ring rolling, carburizing heat treatment, and deep cryogenic treatment of high-speed railway bearings, the quantitative relationships among the forming manufacturing conditions, microstructure states, and mechanical properties of high-speed railway bearings were established.The optimal process conditions for high-performance forming manufacturing of high-speed railway bearings were determined.The electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) microstructural testing technologies and tensile, friction and wear, rolling contact fatigue performance testing technologies were used to reveal the evolution laws of the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-speed railway bearing rings during the forming and manufacturing process, and a forming and manufacturing process method for high-performance high-speed railway bearing rings was proposed. The research shows that ring rolling can refine grains, promote the refinement of carbides and increase the dislocation density after carburizing once quenching and tempering, reduce the grain size and carbides, and improve the volume fraction of carbides after secondary quenching and tempering. The deep cryogenic treatment process promotes the decomposition of retained austenite and the precipitation of carbides, reduces the content of retained austenite, enhances the stability of retained austenite, decreases the average size of carbides, and increases the volume fraction of carbides. The wear resistance of high-speed railway bearings is improved by 82.7%, and the contact fatigue performance is improved by 322.1%by applying the optimal hot ring rolling and carburizing heat treatment processes. The research can provide a scientific basis and technical method for the high-performance forming manufacturing of high-speed railway bearings.

High-speed railway bearing rings  /  Rolling and carburizing heat treatment  /  Secondary quenching  /  Deep cryogenic treatment  /  Microstructure and property evolution  /  High-performance manufacturing
华林, 周光华. 高铁轴承轧制热处理组织演化与高性能制造. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (9) : 38 -49 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.002
Lin HUA, Guanghua ZHOU. Microstructure evolution during the ring rolling and heat treatment and high-performance manufacturing of high-speed railway bearings[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (9) : 38 -49 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.002
高铁轴承在工作中承受高速、重载和振动冲击,其服役寿命和可靠性有着极高的要求[1]。工作中的高载荷应力循环会使高铁轴承产生裂纹缺陷,表面裂纹萌生扩展导致出现剥离、磨损和疲劳破坏等[2-4]。高铁轴承耐磨性和抗接触疲劳性能与基体的组织状态和机械性能紧密关联,通过优化生产制造工艺改善组织状态和机械性能是提升高铁轴承服役寿命和可靠性的关键。高铁轴承由内圈、外圈、滚动体、保持架等构成。内圈、外圈合称轴承环件,是轴承基体,直接决定了高铁轴承工作性能、服役寿命和可靠性。华林等[5-6]经过长期研究,建立了轴承环件轧制成形理论计算方法、有限元分析[7-9]和试验测试方法[10-11],发明了轴承环件轧制技术[12],为高铁轴承环件轧制成形提供了技术支撑。
高铁轴承主要使用G20CrNi2MoA渗碳轴承钢,其经过渗碳热处理后表层具有高硬度高强度,且心部有较好的冲击韧性。高铁轴承环件轧制成形与渗碳热处理存在复杂遗传演化作用,对基体晶粒度、碳化物、残余奥氏体等组织状态有着显著影响,进而显著影响高铁轴承工作性能和服役寿命。CLARK等[13]发现,后续淬火可以降低残余奥氏体含量。曾宋文[14]发现,二次淬火热处理后马氏体细化,残余奥氏体含量降低。张建[15]发现,提高二次淬火温度,可使钢的强度增加,冲击韧性下降。LIU等[16]发现,二次淬火中碳化物会优先在晶格缺陷密度较高的边界处析出。二次淬火后深冷处理会促进残余奥氏体的转变和碳化物的析出[17-18],进而影响组织稳定性和耐磨性[19-24]。本文深入揭示高铁轴承环件轧制成形-渗碳热处理组织性能演化规律,确定高铁轴承成形条件、组织状态和机械性能定量关系,优化设计高铁轴承高性能成形制造技术方法,为高性能长寿命高铁轴承制造提供科学依据。
本文试验研究的材料为G20CrNi2MoA渗碳轴承钢,其化学成分如表1所示。
G20CrNi2MoA渗碳轴承钢首先加热到1 200 ℃,经过高温剪切、镦粗和穿孔平高后得到热轧环坯(HR-0),用于后续轧制成形和渗碳热处理。
1)轧制成形。热轧环坯HR-0在驱动辊和芯辊作用下产生连续壁厚减小直径扩大变形,成形为轴承环热轧锻件HR-45,热轧锻件HR-45的壁厚减薄量为45%。轧制成形工艺条件如图1(a)所示。
2)渗碳一次淬回火。首先将热轧环坯HR-0和热轧锻件HR-45加热到470 ℃,保温一定时间后进行预氧化,使环件表面形成均匀致密的Fe3O4膜。该氧化膜在达到渗碳温度前保持稳定,在高温还原气氛的作用下能还原,从而保证渗碳层的均匀性。在强渗、扩散和保温阶段,温度和碳势单独控制。最后在190 ℃保温4 h进行回火,回火后空冷至室温。渗碳一次淬回火工艺流程如图1(b)所示。
3)二次淬回火。为兼顾渗碳层和心部的微观组织,避免因二次淬火温度过高导致晶粒粗大和碳化物过多溶解,降低环件的耐磨性和疲劳性能,分别选取淬火温度(780、810、840 ℃)与保温时间(40、60、80 min)为二次淬火核心工艺参数。随后在190 ℃下保温4 h进行回火处理。二次淬回火工艺流程如图1(c)所示。
4)深冷处理。本研究采用二次淬火+深冷处理+回火的工艺方案,深冷处理温度分别选取为-90 ℃和-196 ℃。具体工艺流程为:先将经过渗碳一次淬回火处理后的样品在碳势保护气氛炉中加热至810 ℃保温1 h,然后缓慢冷却至指定的深冷处理温度并保温6 h,再缓慢升温至室温,最后在190 ℃下保温4 h进行回火处理。深冷处理工艺流程如图1(d)所示。
不同轧制成形和渗碳热处理工艺下样品的定义如表2所示。
对轧制成形和不同渗碳热处理的样品进行研磨和抛光,后进行微观组织测试。采用JEM-7500F场发射扫描电子显微镜观测样品组织形貌。采用Image Pro Plus软件对组织图中的碳化物进行统计分析,获得碳化物的尺寸和含量数据。通过X射线衍射仪(X-Ray Diffraction, XRD)(D/max-2500)对残余奥氏体含量进行测定。采用华银HV-1000A型多功能维氏硬度计测量不同渗碳热处理工艺下样品的显微硬度。受环件尺寸限制,拉伸试样选用非标准尺寸。拉伸试验至少需制备3个拉伸样品,取平均值作为样品的最终抗拉强度。拉伸样品尺寸如图2所示。
摩擦磨损性能测试在HT-1000型摩擦磨损设备上开展,设备如图3(a)所示。试验样品直径和高度分别为20 mm和10 mm。试验前后对样品进行超声波清洗并对样品进行称重,计算出干摩擦试验前后的体积损失,获得磨损率。磨损率采用式(1)计算。其中,W为磨损率,表示单位长度和单位载荷下的磨损体积;P为载荷压力;S为相对滑动距离;V为磨损体积损失。
滚动接触疲劳性能测试在TPB5-25f型滚动接触疲劳试验机上开展,设备如图3(b)所示,采用完全接触疲劳失效方法对接触疲劳性能进行测试。其中主轴旋转速度为2 040 r/min,试验机最大轴向载荷为20 kN,采用油润滑方式。接触疲劳样品为圆环状样品,其外径为35 mm,内径为15 mm,高度为8 mm。试验机上的振动传感器可实时监测试验过程中样品的振动状态,并可以通过电脑操作系统观测。样品在即将疲劳破坏时,振动数值会急剧增加。当振动值为1.2gg=9.8 m/s2)时试验停止,即判定样品疲劳失效。试验后微拉伸、摩擦磨损和接触疲劳样品如图4所示。
轧制成形后样品的晶粒形貌如图5所示。在热轧环坯HR-0中存在较多大尺寸晶粒,且晶粒尺寸分布均匀性差,最大晶粒约35 μm。热轧锻件HR-45样品的晶粒尺寸明显减小,且晶粒尺寸分布均匀性增强。经统计发现,热轧环坯和热轧锻件样品中平均晶粒尺寸分别为12.99 μm和10.41 μm。热轧成形是在热力作用下形变累积的过程,经过热轧成形后,会发生明显的动态再结晶。热轧成形会引起形变储能增加,为晶粒的再结晶行为提供驱动力,使得再结晶能更加充分进行,从而引起热轧成形后晶粒尺寸减小。
轧制成形样品经过渗碳热处理后的晶粒形貌如图6所示。经过渗碳一次淬回火后,热轧环坯和热轧锻件样品的平均晶粒尺寸分别17.1 μm和16.2 μm;经过二次淬回火后,对应的平均晶粒尺寸分别为4.9 μm和4.1 μm。相比于轧制成形样品,渗碳一次淬回火后,平均晶粒尺寸明显增加。这是由于样品渗碳温度为930 ℃,长时间保温会引起晶粒粗化。在随后的二次淬回火过程中,平均晶粒尺寸显著减小。这说明,二次淬回火工艺能显著细化组织,二次淬回火是在渗碳淬回火后的非平衡态组织的基础上进行的,与平衡态组织相比,基体中存在大量的碳化物和位错。在二次淬火中,晶粒会在以上位置优先形核,形核点相较于平衡组织增加,这促使二次淬回火样品晶粒细化。同时,轧制成形样品在渗碳热处理后晶粒尺寸更细,说明轧制成形对晶粒细化具有遗传效应。
轧制成形和渗碳一次淬回火后的扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)微观组织形貌如图7所示。与热轧环坯HR-0相比,热轧锻件HR-45样品中渗碳体尺寸减小,并沿轧制方向均匀分布。这是因为热轧成形通过细化晶粒尺寸,降低了珠光体片层间距,从而细化了渗碳体尺寸。在图7(c)和图7(f)所示的回火样品中可以发现,条状碳化物从基体中析出。其中,未经过轧制成形和经过轧制成形后条状碳化物的宽度分别为20.4 nm和11.9 nm。这主要是因为渗碳一次淬火后样品中残余奥氏体和马氏体的碳含量较高,在回火过程中,过饱和的碳会在位错等缺陷处以碳化物的形式析出。热轧成形使基体中残余奥氏体和马氏体的碳含量增加,畸变程度增加,导致碳化物析出能力增强,进而形成了尺寸更细的碳化物。
热轧环坯RQT-0和热轧锻件RQT-45在不同二次淬火温度下的微观组织形貌如图8所示。二次淬火保温时间设定为60 min。当二次淬火温度为780 ℃时,可以清晰地观察到基体中存在大量的未溶碳化物和残余奥氏体。二次淬火温度较低,碳原子的扩散速率较小,碳化物溶解速率降低。当二次淬火温度升高至810 ℃时,碳化物尺寸和数量均显著减小。温度升高导致碳扩散加剧,碳化物溶解速率增加。当二次淬火温度进一步升高至840 ℃时,样品中仅存在极少量碳化物。这表明,在此温度下,碳化物几乎完全溶解到基体中。同时可以发现,热轧锻件RQT-45样品中的碳化物尺寸明显低于热轧环坯。这是因为经过热轧成形+渗碳一次淬回火后组织细化,为二次淬火过程中碳化物形核提供了有利条件,碳化物形核点位增加引起碳化物尺寸减小。
从式(2)可以得到碳在奥氏体中的平衡固溶度,当温度升高时,平衡固溶度升高,这表明在奥氏体中会固溶更多的碳原子。因此可以确定,随着二次淬火温度升高,碳原子会逐渐由碳化物向奥氏体中扩散,从而引起碳化物颗粒尺寸和数量的降低。
式中,[Cγ]为残余奥氏体中的碳含量;T为淬火温度。
热轧环坯RQT-0和热轧锻件RQT-45在不同二次淬火保温时间下的微观组织形貌如图9所示。二次淬火温度设定为810 ℃。随着二次淬火保温时间增加,碳化物数量明显降低。这是因为虽然碳原子的扩散速度在一定的二次淬火温度下保持不变,但碳化物中的碳含量明显高于基体,随着二次淬火保温时间增加,碳化物会逐渐溶解到基体中,碳化物尺寸减小,含量降低。当二次淬火保温时间为40 min时,热轧锻件RQT-45样品中的碳化物数量高于热轧环坯RQT-0。这归因于轧制成形提升了表层的碳含量。但当二次淬火保温时间提升到80 min时,由于碳化物大量溶解,轧制成形对碳化物数量的影响减弱。
在二次淬火过程中,碳化物的溶解行为决定了基体中未溶碳化物的尺寸和含量。高温奥氏体中碳原子的扩散系数和基体内的碳含量是影响碳化物溶解的关键因素。在恒定温度下,经过特定的时间,碳化物尺寸会按照式(3)的规律演化,即
式中,r为经过t时间后碳化物的半径;r0为碳化物的起始半径;α为基体中与碳化物和奥氏体相关的碳含量系数;D为碳在奥氏体中的扩散系数。
为定量分析不同二次淬火温度和保温时间下碳化物的演变行为,对热轧环坯RQT-0和热轧锻件RQT-45样品中碳化物平均尺寸和体积分数进行统计,结果如图10所示。由图10可知,随着二次淬火温度升高和保温时间增加,RQT-0和RQT-45样品中碳化物平均尺寸和体积分数均呈降低趋势。
随着二次淬火温度升高,碳在高温奥氏体中的平衡固溶度增加,高温奥氏体中会固溶更多碳原子,加剧碳化物溶解。在相同的二次淬火温度下,由于碳化物中的碳原子含量高于高温奥氏体,随着二次淬火保温时间增加,碳化物中的碳原子会向高温奥氏体中扩散,导致碳化物尺寸和含量降低。另外,轧制成形提高了二次淬火前基体组织的缺陷密度,有助于提高热轧锻件样品中碳的扩散,加速碳化物的溶解,同时轧制成形为碳化物提供了更多的形核点位,因此相比于热轧环坯,热轧锻件样品中碳化物尺寸减小,体积分数增加。
对不同二次淬火温度和保温时间下热轧环坯RQT-0和热轧锻件RQT-45进行XRD测试,得到样品中残余奥氏体含量,如图11所示。随着二次淬火温度和保温时间增加,残余奥氏体衍射强度增加,残余奥氏体含量呈升高趋势。这是因为随着二次淬火温度和保温时间增加,碳化物溶解加剧,基体中高温奥氏体碳含量增加,过冷奥氏体稳定性提高,导致淬火时C曲线右移,残余奥氏体含量增加。其次,在相同的二次淬火工艺下,RQT-45样品中残余奥氏体含量始终高于RQT-0。轧制成形促进了渗碳过程中碳原子的扩散,增加了样品中的碳含量,是出现此现象的主要原因。
不同深冷处理工艺下热轧环坯和热轧锻件样品的微观组织形貌如图12所示。相较于二次淬回火样品,经过-90 ℃深冷处理后,碳化物含量明显增加。这是因为在-90 ℃深冷处理过程中,基体中马氏体和残余奥氏体分解引起碳化物析出。当深冷温度达到-196 ℃时,样品中碳化物含量进一步增加,这说明深冷温度降低,可以促进碳化物的析出。深冷处理过程中析出的碳化物颗粒细小并弥散分布于基体中,有利于性能的提升。此外,热轧锻件QDCT90-45和QDCT196-45样品中的碳化物含量相比于对应的热轧环坯呈增加趋势。这表明在相同的深冷处理工艺下,轧制成形对碳化物含量的影响具有遗传效果。
对经过深冷处理样品的碳化物平均尺寸、体积分数和残余奥氏体含量进行统计,如图13所示。随着深冷温度降低,热轧环坯和热轧锻件表层碳化物平均尺寸均呈现减小趋势。这是因为在深冷过程中,低温下马氏体晶格收缩,马氏体中碳的过饱和度升高,提升了碳原子的析出能力。但在低温下碳原子仅能短距离迁移,析出的碳原子在晶界和位错处聚集。在随后的回火过程中,合金元素的扩散能力增强,在碳原子的聚集区会优先析出碳化物。深冷处理温度降低,进一步提升了马氏体中碳原子的析出能力,碳化物的形核点位增加,从而降低了碳化物平均尺寸。其次,在相同深冷温度下,热轧锻件中碳化物平均尺寸均低于热轧环坯。这是因为热轧成形减小了深冷处理前二次淬火过程中碳化物尺寸,当深冷温度相同时,碳化物平均尺寸减小。深冷处理后碳化物的体积分数如图13(b)所示。由图13(b)可知,深冷温度降低,碳化物体积分数增加。这主要归因于深冷处理促进碳化物析出,且随着深冷温度降低,碳化物析出能力增强。
对不同深冷处理工艺下样品进行XRD测试,衍射图谱如图13(c)所示。根据图13(c)计算残余奥氏体含量,可知随着深冷温度降低,热轧环坯和热轧锻件样品中残余奥氏体含量均呈现降低趋势,如图13(d)所示。未经过深冷处理的样品中残余奥氏体含量在20%以上,深冷处理可以显著降低残余奥氏体含量。在深冷过程中,马氏体中碳原子在位错和晶界处偏聚,这些碳原子在回火过程中一方面促进碳化物析出,另一方面会扩散到残余奥氏体中,使残余奥氏体中碳含量增加,亦即其稳定性增加。因此当深冷温度为-196 ℃时,基体中仍存在一定量的残余奥氏体。此外,热轧二次淬火深冷的QDCT90-45、QDCT196-45样品的残余奥氏体含量高于热轧环坯。这是因为热轧锻件HR-45经过二次淬火及深冷处理,基体中残余奥氏体含量增加且残余奥氏体的稳定性增加。
热轧环坯和热轧锻件在不同二次淬火温度和保温时间下的显微硬度分别如图14(a)、14(b)所示。随着二次淬火温度和保温时间增加,硬度呈先升高后降低的趋势。在二次淬火温度较低、保温时间短时,高温奥氏体中碳含量低,导致马氏体和残余奥氏体中碳含量低,样品硬度低;当二次淬火温度和保温时间增加时,马氏体和残余奥氏体中碳含量增加,基体硬度升高;然而,过高的二次淬火温度或过长的保温时间使样品中残余奥氏体含量急剧增加,从而使硬度降低。另外,不同二次淬火工艺下热轧锻件RQT-45样品硬度始终高于热轧环坯。这是因为轧制成形一方面提升了样品表面的碳含量,增强了马氏体的强度;另一方面细化了碳化物尺寸,从而提升了硬度。抗拉强度随二次淬火温度和保温时间增加,同样呈现先升高后降低的趋势,如图14(c)、14(d)所示。在相同二次淬火工艺下,热轧锻件RQT-45样品的抗拉强度均高于热轧环坯。这是因为抗拉强度与马氏体固溶碳含量成正相关。热轧成形通过提升环件渗碳层的碳含量,增加了马氏体中的固溶碳含量,从而引起抗拉强度的增加。
图15所示为经过深冷处理后热轧环坯和热轧锻件的工程应力-应变曲线与显微硬度和抗拉强度的规律。由图15可知,热轧锻件QDCT90-45和QDCT196-45样品表层硬度分别为829.3 HV和854.5 HV。此外,在相同深冷处理工艺下,热轧锻件样品的硬度始终高于热轧环坯,并随着深冷温度的降低,提升效果增加。深冷处理后,马氏体含量的升高和细小弥散碳化物的析出共同促进了硬度升高。不同深冷处理工艺下热轧锻件QDCT90-45和QDCT196-45样品抗拉强度分别为2 031 MPa和2 101 MPa。在相同深冷处理工艺下,热轧锻件样品的强度始终高于热轧环坯。抗拉强度提升的原因是深冷处理中析出的超细碳化物引起的第二相强化和马氏体的细化作用。
采用二次淬火温度为810 ℃、保温时间为1 h的二次淬回火样品为对象,分析轧制成形和渗碳热处理工艺对耐磨性能的影响,如图16所示。由图16(a)可知,未经过轧制成形的热轧环坯RQT-0样品的摩擦因数较高;经过轧制成形后,热轧锻件RQT-45样品摩擦因数明显降低。经过深冷处理后,摩擦因数进一步降低,且随着深冷温度降低,摩擦因数有降低趋势。平均摩擦因数和磨损率的变化规律如图16(b)所示。由图16(b)可知,热轧成形可以显著提升样品的耐磨性能,且深冷处理后样品的耐磨性能也得到了提升,同时随着深冷温度降低,样品的耐磨性能进一步得到提升。
对磨痕表面进行SEM观测,样品磨痕表面形貌如图17所示。由图17(a)、17(b)可知,热轧环坯RQT-0样品中磨痕表面存在大量明显平行于摩擦磨损方向的犁沟,同时存在较多的剥落区域。这是因为热轧环坯样品硬度和强度较低且碳化物较大,样品表面抵抗塑性变形的能力较弱,大颗粒碳化物脱落后被压入磨痕表面,在摩擦磨损过程中磨料的犁沟作用使磨痕表面产生槽状磨痕并伴随大量的剥落区域。经过轧制成形的热轧锻件RQT-45样品表面的硬度和强度增加且碳化物较小,磨痕表面较为光滑,犁削和塑性变形程度明显减弱,剥落区域也有减小趋势,这说明磨粒磨损的影响减小。由图17(c)、图17(d)可知,经过深冷处理后样品磨痕表面均存在犁沟。相比于未经过深冷处理的样品,经过深冷处理后样品的犁沟数量和深度有明显降低趋势并伴有一定的塑性变形,剥落区域面积显著减小。同时随着深冷温度降低,犁削程度进一步减小。这是因为深冷处理后样品强度高、硬度高且碳化物尺寸小,高硬度、小尺寸微细碳化物犁削程度较小,不易诱发裂纹的形成,缓解磨屑磨损,进而提升耐磨性。
对热轧环坯和热轧锻件采用完全疲劳失效方法进行滚动接触疲劳寿命试验,根据试验数据点进行线性拟合得到接触疲劳寿命和破坏概率的关系,如图18所示。由线性拟合结果可计算出,RQT-0、RQT-45、QDCT90-45和QDCT196-45样品的额定寿命分别为1.024×107、2.338×107、3.697×107、4.322×107。这说明深冷处理在提升材料耐磨性的同时,也可以延长疲劳寿命。这是因为深冷处理可以促进微细碳化物的析出,大量均匀分布的微细碳化物会阻碍磨屑进入基体,减少磨屑对基体的犁削磨损,同时微细碳化物可以减少裂纹的萌生,从而降低对磨痕表面的破坏。
轧制成形可以细化组织,提升高铁轴承渗碳热处理后的性能。与热轧环坯相比,热轧锻件中碳化物平均尺寸更小,含量更多。但渗碳一次淬回火后,晶粒粗大,残余奥氏体含量高。二次淬回火可显著细化晶粒,降低残余奥氏体含量,并细化碳化物,进而显著提升高铁轴承机械性能。深冷处理可以显著降低基体中残余奥氏体含量,并促进细小碳化物析出,降低碳化物平均尺寸。因此,热轧成形、二次淬回火和深冷处理工艺的结合,可以优化轴承组织状态,显著提升高铁轴承性能和寿命。二次淬火工艺是决定晶粒尺寸、碳化物尺寸和含量的主要因素。二次淬火温度和保温时间直接影响残余奥氏体含量;淬火温度和保温时间增加,会提升残余奥氏体含量。深冷处理可以显著减小碳化物平均尺寸,提升碳化物体积分数。深冷处理温度远低于马氏体相变点,可以有效促进残余奥氏体向马氏体转变,对残余奥氏体含量有重要影响。轧制成形和渗碳热处理直接决定了基体的组织状态与力学性能,如图19所示。由图19可知,轧制成形可以显著减小碳化物尺寸,但对残余奥氏体含量的影响较小;深冷处理在减小碳化物尺寸的同时可以有效降低残余奥氏体含量,显著提升硬度和强度。
在高铁轴承环件成形制造过程中,保证基体存在细小、弥散分布且高含量的碳化物和适量的残余奥氏体能显著提升环件的耐磨性能和抗接触疲劳性能。研究发现,热轧壁厚减薄量为45%,渗碳温度为930 ℃,保温时间为21 h;一次回火温度为190 ℃,保温时间为4 h;二次淬火温度为810 ℃,保温时间为1 h;深冷处理温度为-196 ℃,保温时间为6 h;二次回火温度为190 ℃,保温时间为4 h;满足以上条件,高铁轴承环件可以获得最优组织性能。其碳化物平均尺寸为0.143 μm;碳化物体积分数为12.5%;残余奥氏体含量为6.53%;显微硬度为854.5 HV;抗拉强度为2 101 MPa;磨损率为1.38×10-5 mm3/(N·m);额定寿命为4.322×107
以高铁轴承环件为研究对象,揭示了轧制成形和渗碳热处理后组织性能演化规律,提出了高性能高铁轴承环件成形制造工艺方法,主要研究结论如下:
1)轧制成形可以显著细化晶粒和碳化物组织,对后续渗碳热处理组织演化具有遗传效应。
2)经过轧制成形+渗碳一次淬回火+二次淬火+深冷处理+回火,高铁轴承环件显微硬度提升13.1%,抗拉强度提升19.6%,耐磨性能提升82.7%,抗接触疲劳性能提升322.1%。
3)确定了高铁轴承环件高性能成形制造工艺流程及条件:轧制成形-渗碳一次淬火(930 ℃-21 h)-回火(190 ℃-4 h)-二次淬火(810 ℃-1 h)-深冷处理(-196 ℃-6 h)-回火(190 ℃-4 h)。
  • 国家重点基础研究发展计划(2011CB706605)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52433016)
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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.002
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-27
  • 修回日期:2025-06-15
基金
National Key Basic Research Program of China(2011CB706605)
国家重点基础研究发展计划(2011CB706605)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52433016)
国家自然科学基金项目(52433016)
作者信息
    1.高温轻合金及应用技术全国重点实验室,武汉 430070
    2.现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430070
    3.武汉理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,武汉 430070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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