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Taking cast iron material of cylinder head as the research object, a series of thermo-mechanical fatigue experiments under different temperature ranges were conducted through bulk sampling. The results show that the fatigue test of cast iron materials exhibits three stages: cyclic softening, cyclic stability and rapid failure. Additionally, the fatigue life of materials under inverse phase loading is significantly shorter than that under positive phase loading. Six typical supervised learning models, including artificial neural networks (ANN) and random forest (RF), were used to predict the fatigue life of the experimental data. However, the results indicate that these models failed to learn the fatigue life distribution trend of the materials. For this problem, the prediction of the thermal mechanical fatigue life of cast iron materials for cylinder heads was achieved by using the self-supervised algorithm based on the generative adversarial network (GAN), and it showed a good prediction effect under the condition of small samples. This research has strong guiding significance and reference value for cylinder head design and fatigue analysis.
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以气缸盖铸铁材料为研究对象,采用本体取样的方式进行了一系列不同温度范围下的热机械疲劳试验。结果表明,铸铁材料的疲劳试验表现出循环软化、循环稳定和快速失效3个阶段。此外,反相位加载下材料的疲劳寿命显著小于正相位加载。使用人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network,ANN)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)等6种典型有监督学习模型对试验数据进行疲劳寿命预测;结果表明,模型无法学习到材料的疲劳寿命分布趋势。针对该问题,利用基于生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Network,GAN)自监督算法,实现了对气缸盖铸铁材料热机械疲劳寿命的预测,在小样本条件下表现出了较好的预测效果。该研究对于开展气缸盖设计和疲劳分析有着极强的指导意义和参考价值。
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, authorsList=蒲博闻, 孙兴悦, 周田果, 卫军朝, 王根全, 陈旭)}, authors=[Author(id=1241810806074048534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=pubowen1993@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241810806208266267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, authorId=1241810806074048534, language=EN, stringName=Bowen PU, firstName=Bowen, middleName=null, lastName=PU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1.School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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1.天津大学 化工学院,天津 300350
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蒲博闻,男,1993年生,天津人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为材料强韧化理论及疲劳可靠性评价;E-mail:pubowen1993@163.com。
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蒲博闻,男,1993年生,天津人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为材料强韧化理论及疲劳可靠性评价;E-mail:pubowen1993@163.com。
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1.School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241810807198122098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, authorId=1241810806938075224, language=CN, stringName=周田果, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3.Structural Technology Department, China North Engine Research Institute, Tianjin 300400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241810807550443658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, authorId=1241810807311368314, language=CN, stringName=卫军朝, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3.中国北方发动机研究所 结构技术部,天津 300400, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241810805897887758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241810805906276366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, companyId=1241810805897887758, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2.National Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power System, China North Engine Research Institute, Tianjin 300400, China
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2.中国北方发动机研究所 车用动力系统全国重点实验室,天津 300400
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1.School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241810808259281085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, authorId=1241810808045371568, language=CN, stringName=陈旭, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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163:108148., articleTitle=Automated fatigue damage detection and classification technique for composite structures using Lamb waves and deep autoencoder, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241810812537471433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, awardId=2024T029TJ, language=EN, fundingSource=China Postdoctoral Science Foundation-Tianjin Joint Support Program(2024T029TJ), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241810812617163214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, awardId=2024T029TJ, language=CN, fundingSource=中国博士后科学基金会与天津市联合项目(2024T029TJ), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241810812730409429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, awardId=12302098, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(12302098), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241810812856238554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, awardId=12302098, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(12302098), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241810805696562172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241810805704950784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, companyId=1241810805696562172, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Ontology sampling diagram of cylinder head cast iron material, figureFileSmall=CqzEBV5ZsoY5MJjbjEqxhg==, figureFileBig=GjnxAmXk/JblENrutHinxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810809928614202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
气缸盖铸铁材料本体取样示意图, figureFileSmall=CqzEBV5ZsoY5MJjbjEqxhg==, figureFileBig=GjnxAmXk/JblENrutHinxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810810037666112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Strain loading diagram of cast iron cylinder head thermal mechanical fatigue test, figureFileSmall=yuyrglU46LmeVG4odFCCpg==, figureFileBig=nWSKRUu41Tb1JAWyqEtScQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810810117357892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
气缸盖铸铁热机械疲劳试验应变载荷示意图, figureFileSmall=yuyrglU46LmeVG4odFCCpg==, figureFileBig=nWSKRUu41Tb1JAWyqEtScQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810810238992715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Evolution curve of stress amplitude with the cycle number under different temperature cycles, figureFileSmall=lXBTZQfbLPMuUYCJjtbiwA==, figureFileBig=4/PvAanr2CNrA+YJT9gjYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810810339656015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
不同温度循环下应力幅值随循环圈数的演化曲线, figureFileSmall=lXBTZQfbLPMuUYCJjtbiwA==, figureFileBig=4/PvAanr2CNrA+YJT9gjYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810810444513620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Lifetime results of thermal mechanical fatigue experiments of cast iron of cylinder head, figureFileSmall=IbZR2eGImfV0yXIk9/B98A==, figureFileBig=tesFoQ9bGNX3+8rCOLR2RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810810515816793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
气缸盖铸铁热机械疲劳试验寿命结果, figureFileSmall=IbZR2eGImfV0yXIk9/B98A==, figureFileBig=tesFoQ9bGNX3+8rCOLR2RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810810624868702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Framework diagram of the supervised learning model, figureFileSmall=4coKuAjtf1yLQeravdRjQQ==, figureFileBig=CdNuuyA3UisNo0bbbyywUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810810775863654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
有监督学习模型框架示意图, figureFileSmall=4coKuAjtf1yLQeravdRjQQ==, figureFileBig=CdNuuyA3UisNo0bbbyywUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810810872332653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Schematic diagram of generative adversarial network based self-supervised learning algorithm framework, figureFileSmall=8ujeZeYSn32OIlcGCbCaFA==, figureFileBig=8bFb4U7+NPp/tWvkO4oHIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810810977190260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
基于生成对抗网络的自监督学习算法框架示意图, figureFileSmall=8ujeZeYSn32OIlcGCbCaFA==, figureFileBig=8bFb4U7+NPp/tWvkO4oHIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811061076345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Detailed network architecture of the used generative adversarial network in this paper, figureFileSmall=6lA803K2ITM7JQafxuu0bg==, figureFileBig=6ArT4VbiPffq5wgYLOEUdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811178516860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
本文所用生成对抗网络模型详细网络架构, figureFileSmall=6lA803K2ITM7JQafxuu0bg==, figureFileBig=6ArT4VbiPffq5wgYLOEUdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811274985860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
RMSE prediction performance of different machine learning models in the test set, figureFileSmall=gWIx418WsuorUQPTL56d3g==, figureFileBig=/+KQShdlwew5YLp+/7D3hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811379843465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
不同机器学习模型在测试集中的RMSE预测性能, figureFileSmall=gWIx418WsuorUQPTL56d3g==, figureFileBig=/+KQShdlwew5YLp+/7D3hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811497283983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Loss function evolution of neural network models, figureFileSmall=AXsu6zsJRA/WIntlDkR89Q==, figureFileBig=bP3KlNHOT5fBYYiU7PsT7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811597947289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
神经网络模型的损失函数演化, figureFileSmall=AXsu6zsJRA/WIntlDkR89Q==, figureFileBig=bP3KlNHOT5fBYYiU7PsT7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811686027677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Life prediction effect of different machine learning models, figureFileSmall=gYQym1awXCDXX5CeE9969Q==, figureFileBig=rUIraCEzKrII7XpHG2ROUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811769913762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
不同机器学习模型的寿命预测效果, figureFileSmall=gYQym1awXCDXX5CeE9969Q==, figureFileBig=rUIraCEzKrII7XpHG2ROUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811891548583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Parameters of cylinder head cast iron material thermal mechanical fatigue tests
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度范围 Temperature range ΔT/℃ | 应变幅值 Strain amplitude εa/% | 加载相位 Loading phase | 疲劳寿命 Fatigue life Nf |
|---|
| 100~450 | 0.3 | 反相位OP | 3 000 |
| 0.5 | 正相位IP | 2 383 |
| 0.6 | 正相位IP | 1 002 |
| 0.7 | 反相位OP | 473 |
| 100~500 | 0.4 | 正相位IP | 3 000 |
| 0.4 | 反相位OP | 2 399 |
| 0.5 | 正相位IP | 1 533 |
| 0.5 | 反相位OP | 689 |
| 0.7 | 正相位IP | 374 |
| 0.7 | 反相位OP | 441 |
| 100~550 | 0.4 | 反相位OP | 1 400 |
| 0.6 | 正相位IP | 502 |
| 0.6 | 反相位OP | 385 |
| 0.8 | 正相位IP | 246 |
| 0.8 | 反相位OP | 107 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241810811992211885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
气缸盖铸铁材料热机械疲劳试验参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度范围 Temperature range ΔT/℃ | 应变幅值 Strain amplitude εa/% | 加载相位 Loading phase | 疲劳寿命 Fatigue life Nf |
|---|
| 100~450 | 0.3 | 反相位OP | 3 000 |
| 0.5 | 正相位IP | 2 383 |
| 0.6 | 正相位IP | 1 002 |
| 0.7 | 反相位OP | 473 |
| 100~500 | 0.4 | 正相位IP | 3 000 |
| 0.4 | 反相位OP | 2 399 |
| 0.5 | 正相位IP | 1 533 |
| 0.5 | 反相位OP | 689 |
| 0.7 | 正相位IP | 374 |
| 0.7 | 反相位OP | 441 |
| 100~550 | 0.4 | 反相位OP | 1 400 |
| 0.6 | 正相位IP | 502 |
| 0.6 | 反相位OP | 385 |
| 0.8 | 正相位IP | 246 |
| 0.8 | 反相位OP | 107 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241810812109652403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Hyperparameter settings of the used supervised learning algorithms
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法模型 Algorithms model | 超参数设置 Hyper parameters setting |
|---|
| ANN | 隐藏层个数Number of hidden layers:4 隐藏层神经元个数Number of neurons in hidden layer:128-64-32-16 激活函数Activation function: LeakyReLU 优化器Optimizer: Adam 学习率Learning rate: 0.001 |
| KNN | 最近邻数量Number of nearest neighbors: 20 权重函数Weighting function: uniform 最近邻算法Nearest neighbor algorithm: auto Minkowski距离参数Minkowski distance parameter p: 2 距离度量标准Distance metric: Minkowski |
| RF | 决策树数量Number of decision trees: 20 决策树深度Decision tree depth: None 最小样本分割数Minimum number of sample splits: 2 最小样本叶子数Minimum number of sample leaves: 2 最大特征数Maximum number of features: auto |
| SVM | 核函数Kernel function: rbf 非线性系数Nonlinear coefficient γ: auto 正则化参数Regularization parameter C: 2 |
| LSTM | LSTM层数Number of LSTM layers: 5 神经元个数Number of neurons: 100 优化器Optimizer: Adam 学习率Learning rate: 0.001 |
| GRU | GRU层数Number of GRU layers: 4 每层神经元个数Number of neurons per layer: 100 优化器Optimizer: Adam 学习率Learning rate: 0.001 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241810812193538489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
所采用有监督学习算法超参数设置
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法模型 Algorithms model | 超参数设置 Hyper parameters setting |
|---|
| ANN | 隐藏层个数Number of hidden layers:4 隐藏层神经元个数Number of neurons in hidden layer:128-64-32-16 激活函数Activation function: LeakyReLU 优化器Optimizer: Adam 学习率Learning rate: 0.001 |
| KNN | 最近邻数量Number of nearest neighbors: 20 权重函数Weighting function: uniform 最近邻算法Nearest neighbor algorithm: auto Minkowski距离参数Minkowski distance parameter p: 2 距离度量标准Distance metric: Minkowski |
| RF | 决策树数量Number of decision trees: 20 决策树深度Decision tree depth: None 最小样本分割数Minimum number of sample splits: 2 最小样本叶子数Minimum number of sample leaves: 2 最大特征数Maximum number of features: auto |
| SVM | 核函数Kernel function: rbf 非线性系数Nonlinear coefficient γ: auto 正则化参数Regularization parameter C: 2 |
| LSTM | LSTM层数Number of LSTM layers: 5 神经元个数Number of neurons: 100 优化器Optimizer: Adam 学习率Learning rate: 0.001 |
| GRU | GRU层数Number of GRU layers: 4 每层神经元个数Number of neurons per layer: 100 优化器Optimizer: Adam 学习率Learning rate: 0.001 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241810812264841661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
RMSE performance of data-driven algorithms in thermal mechanical fatigue life prediction of cylinder head cast iron
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法模型 Algorithms model | 数据集 Dataset | 均值 Mean value | 标准差 Standard deviation |
|---|
| ANN | 训练集Training set | 0.317 742 | 0.040 353 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.414 63 | 0.153 597 |
| KNN | 训练集Training set | 0 | 0 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.253 141 | 0.100 024 |
| RF | 训练集Training set | 0.201 191 | 0.014 857 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.429 129 | 0.081 548 |
| SVM | 训练集Training set | 0.162 47 | 0.026 366 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.265 624 | 0.052 101 |
| LSTM | 训练集Training set | 0.320 388 | 0.112 89 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.428 13 | 0.119 483 |
| GRU | 训练集Training set | 0.340 557 | 0.124 815 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.315 453 | 0.089 806 |
| GAN | 训练集Training set | 0.062 47 | 0.026 366 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.152 948 | 0.039 022 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241810812365504960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
数据驱动算法在气缸盖铸铁热机械疲劳寿命预测中的RMSE性能表现
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算法模型 Algorithms model | 数据集 Dataset | 均值 Mean value | 标准差 Standard deviation |
|---|
| ANN | 训练集Training set | 0.317 742 | 0.040 353 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.414 63 | 0.153 597 |
| KNN | 训练集Training set | 0 | 0 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.253 141 | 0.100 024 |
| RF | 训练集Training set | 0.201 191 | 0.014 857 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.429 129 | 0.081 548 |
| SVM | 训练集Training set | 0.162 47 | 0.026 366 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.265 624 | 0.052 101 |
| LSTM | 训练集Training set | 0.320 388 | 0.112 89 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.428 13 | 0.119 483 |
| GRU | 训练集Training set | 0.340 557 | 0.124 815 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.315 453 | 0.089 806 |
| GAN | 训练集Training set | 0.062 47 | 0.026 366 |
| 测试集Test set | 0.152 948 | 0.039 022 |
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