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Taking cast iron material of cylinder head as the research object, a series of thermo-mechanical fatigue experiments under different temperature ranges were conducted through bulk sampling. The results show that the fatigue test of cast iron materials exhibits three stages: cyclic softening, cyclic stability and rapid failure. Additionally, the fatigue life of materials under inverse phase loading is significantly shorter than that under positive phase loading. Six typical supervised learning models, including artificial neural networks (ANN) and random forest (RF), were used to predict the fatigue life of the experimental data. However, the results indicate that these models failed to learn the fatigue life distribution trend of the materials. For this problem, the prediction of the thermal mechanical fatigue life of cast iron materials for cylinder heads was achieved by using the self-supervised algorithm based on the generative adversarial network (GAN), and it showed a good prediction effect under the condition of small samples. This research has strong guiding significance and reference value for cylinder head design and fatigue analysis.

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SUN Xingyue, E-mail:
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以气缸盖铸铁材料为研究对象,采用本体取样的方式进行了一系列不同温度范围下的热机械疲劳试验。结果表明,铸铁材料的疲劳试验表现出循环软化、循环稳定和快速失效3个阶段。此外,反相位加载下材料的疲劳寿命显著小于正相位加载。使用人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network,ANN)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)等6种典型有监督学习模型对试验数据进行疲劳寿命预测;结果表明,模型无法学习到材料的疲劳寿命分布趋势。针对该问题,利用基于生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Network,GAN)自监督算法,实现了对气缸盖铸铁材料热机械疲劳寿命的预测,在小样本条件下表现出了较好的预测效果。该研究对于开展气缸盖设计和疲劳分析有着极强的指导意义和参考价值。

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孙兴悦,男,1995年生,河南洛阳人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为多轴疲劳及数据驱动结构完整性评价;E-mail:
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蒲博闻,男,1993年生,天津人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为材料强韧化理论及疲劳可靠性评价;E-mail:

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蒲博闻,男,1993年生,天津人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为材料强韧化理论及疲劳可靠性评价;E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811891548583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of cylinder head cast iron material thermal mechanical fatigue tests

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温度范围
Temperature range ΔT/℃
应变幅值
Strain amplitude εa/%
加载相位
Loading phase
疲劳寿命
Fatigue life Nf
100~4500.3反相位OP3 000
0.5正相位IP2 383
0.6正相位IP1 002
0.7反相位OP473
100~5000.4正相位IP3 000
0.4反相位OP2 399
0.5正相位IP1 533
0.5反相位OP689
0.7正相位IP374
0.7反相位OP441
100~5500.4反相位OP1 400
0.6正相位IP502
0.6反相位OP385
0.8正相位IP246
0.8反相位OP107
), ArticleFig(id=1241810811992211885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

气缸盖铸铁材料热机械疲劳试验参数

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温度范围
Temperature range ΔT/℃
应变幅值
Strain amplitude εa/%
加载相位
Loading phase
疲劳寿命
Fatigue life Nf
100~4500.3反相位OP3 000
0.5正相位IP2 383
0.6正相位IP1 002
0.7反相位OP473
100~5000.4正相位IP3 000
0.4反相位OP2 399
0.5正相位IP1 533
0.5反相位OP689
0.7正相位IP374
0.7反相位OP441
100~5500.4反相位OP1 400
0.6正相位IP502
0.6反相位OP385
0.8正相位IP246
0.8反相位OP107
), ArticleFig(id=1241810812109652403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Hyperparameter settings of the used supervised learning algorithms

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算法模型
Algorithms model
超参数设置
Hyper parameters setting
ANN隐藏层个数Number of hidden layers:4
隐藏层神经元个数Number of neurons in hidden layer:128-64-32-16
激活函数Activation function: LeakyReLU
优化器Optimizer: Adam
学习率Learning rate: 0.001
KNN最近邻数量Number of nearest neighbors: 20
权重函数Weighting function: uniform
最近邻算法Nearest neighbor algorithm: auto
Minkowski距离参数Minkowski distance parameter p: 2
距离度量标准Distance metric: Minkowski
RF决策树数量Number of decision trees: 20
决策树深度Decision tree depth: None
最小样本分割数Minimum number of sample splits: 2
最小样本叶子数Minimum number of sample leaves: 2
最大特征数Maximum number of features: auto
SVM核函数Kernel function: rbf
非线性系数Nonlinear coefficient γ: auto
正则化参数Regularization parameter C: 2
LSTMLSTM层数Number of LSTM layers: 5
神经元个数Number of neurons: 100
优化器Optimizer: Adam
学习率Learning rate: 0.001
GRUGRU层数Number of GRU layers: 4
每层神经元个数Number of neurons per layer: 100
优化器Optimizer: Adam
学习率Learning rate: 0.001
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所采用有监督学习算法超参数设置

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算法模型
Algorithms model
超参数设置
Hyper parameters setting
ANN隐藏层个数Number of hidden layers:4
隐藏层神经元个数Number of neurons in hidden layer:128-64-32-16
激活函数Activation function: LeakyReLU
优化器Optimizer: Adam
学习率Learning rate: 0.001
KNN最近邻数量Number of nearest neighbors: 20
权重函数Weighting function: uniform
最近邻算法Nearest neighbor algorithm: auto
Minkowski距离参数Minkowski distance parameter p: 2
距离度量标准Distance metric: Minkowski
RF决策树数量Number of decision trees: 20
决策树深度Decision tree depth: None
最小样本分割数Minimum number of sample splits: 2
最小样本叶子数Minimum number of sample leaves: 2
最大特征数Maximum number of features: auto
SVM核函数Kernel function: rbf
非线性系数Nonlinear coefficient γ: auto
正则化参数Regularization parameter C: 2
LSTMLSTM层数Number of LSTM layers: 5
神经元个数Number of neurons: 100
优化器Optimizer: Adam
学习率Learning rate: 0.001
GRUGRU层数Number of GRU layers: 4
每层神经元个数Number of neurons per layer: 100
优化器Optimizer: Adam
学习率Learning rate: 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241810812264841661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

RMSE performance of data-driven algorithms in thermal mechanical fatigue life prediction of cylinder head cast iron

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算法模型
Algorithms model
数据集
Dataset
均值
Mean value
标准差
Standard deviation
ANN训练集Training set0.317 7420.040 353
测试集Test set0.414 630.153 597
KNN训练集Training set00
测试集Test set0.253 1410.100 024
RF训练集Training set0.201 1910.014 857
测试集Test set0.429 1290.081 548
SVM训练集Training set0.162 470.026 366
测试集Test set0.265 6240.052 101
LSTM训练集Training set0.320 3880.112 89
测试集Test set0.428 130.119 483
GRU训练集Training set0.340 5570.124 815
测试集Test set0.315 4530.089 806
GAN训练集Training set0.062 470.026 366
测试集Test set0.152 9480.039 022
), ArticleFig(id=1241810812365504960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686765426241680, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

数据驱动算法在气缸盖铸铁热机械疲劳寿命预测中的RMSE性能表现

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算法模型
Algorithms model
数据集
Dataset
均值
Mean value
标准差
Standard deviation
ANN训练集Training set0.317 7420.040 353
测试集Test set0.414 630.153 597
KNN训练集Training set00
测试集Test set0.253 1410.100 024
RF训练集Training set0.201 1910.014 857
测试集Test set0.429 1290.081 548
SVM训练集Training set0.162 470.026 366
测试集Test set0.265 6240.052 101
LSTM训练集Training set0.320 3880.112 89
测试集Test set0.428 130.119 483
GRU训练集Training set0.340 5570.124 815
测试集Test set0.315 4530.089 806
GAN训练集Training set0.062 470.026 366
测试集Test set0.152 9480.039 022
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基于自监督对抗训练算法的气缸盖铸铁材料热机械疲劳寿命预测研究
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蒲博闻 1, 2 , 孙兴悦 1 , 周田果 1 , 卫军朝 3 , 王根全 2, 3 , 陈旭 1
机械强度 | 2025,47(9): 241-249
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机械强度 | 2025, 47(9): 241-249
基于自监督对抗训练算法的气缸盖铸铁材料热机械疲劳寿命预测研究
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蒲博闻1, 2 , 孙兴悦1 , 周田果1, 卫军朝3, 王根全2, 3, 陈旭1
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学 化工学院,天津 300350
  • 2.中国北方发动机研究所 车用动力系统全国重点实验室,天津 300400
  • 3.中国北方发动机研究所 结构技术部,天津 300400
  • 蒲博闻,男,1993年生,天津人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为材料强韧化理论及疲劳可靠性评价;E-mail:

通讯作者:

孙兴悦,男,1995年生,河南洛阳人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为多轴疲劳及数据驱动结构完整性评价;E-mail:
Thermomechanical fatigue life prediction of cast iron materials for cylinder head based on self-supervision adversarial training algorithm
Bowen PU1, 2 , Xingyue SUN1 , Tianguo ZHOU1, Junchao WEI3, Genquan WANG2, 3, Xu CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power System, China North Engine Research Institute, Tianjin 300400, China
  • 3.Structural Technology Department, China North Engine Research Institute, Tianjin 300400, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.024
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以气缸盖铸铁材料为研究对象,采用本体取样的方式进行了一系列不同温度范围下的热机械疲劳试验。结果表明,铸铁材料的疲劳试验表现出循环软化、循环稳定和快速失效3个阶段。此外,反相位加载下材料的疲劳寿命显著小于正相位加载。使用人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network,ANN)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)等6种典型有监督学习模型对试验数据进行疲劳寿命预测;结果表明,模型无法学习到材料的疲劳寿命分布趋势。针对该问题,利用基于生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Network,GAN)自监督算法,实现了对气缸盖铸铁材料热机械疲劳寿命的预测,在小样本条件下表现出了较好的预测效果。该研究对于开展气缸盖设计和疲劳分析有着极强的指导意义和参考价值。

自监督算法  /  深度学习  /  热机械疲劳  /  脉冲疲劳  /  寿命预测

Taking cast iron material of cylinder head as the research object, a series of thermo-mechanical fatigue experiments under different temperature ranges were conducted through bulk sampling. The results show that the fatigue test of cast iron materials exhibits three stages: cyclic softening, cyclic stability and rapid failure. Additionally, the fatigue life of materials under inverse phase loading is significantly shorter than that under positive phase loading. Six typical supervised learning models, including artificial neural networks (ANN) and random forest (RF), were used to predict the fatigue life of the experimental data. However, the results indicate that these models failed to learn the fatigue life distribution trend of the materials. For this problem, the prediction of the thermal mechanical fatigue life of cast iron materials for cylinder heads was achieved by using the self-supervised algorithm based on the generative adversarial network (GAN), and it showed a good prediction effect under the condition of small samples. This research has strong guiding significance and reference value for cylinder head design and fatigue analysis.

Self-supervised algorithm  /  Deep learning  /  Thermo-mechanical fatigue  /  Pulse fatigue  /  Life prediction
蒲博闻, 孙兴悦, 周田果, 卫军朝, 王根全, 陈旭. 基于自监督对抗训练算法的气缸盖铸铁材料热机械疲劳寿命预测研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (9) : 241 -249 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.024
Bowen PU, Xingyue SUN, Tianguo ZHOU, Junchao WEI, Genquan WANG, Xu CHEN. Thermomechanical fatigue life prediction of cast iron materials for cylinder head based on self-supervision adversarial training algorithm[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (9) : 241 -249 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.024
作为发动机中结构最复杂、承受机械载荷和热载荷最剧烈的本体结构部件之一,发动机气缸盖材料的承载特性直接影响其疲劳强度和可靠性。随着柴油机功率密度和燃烧压力的提高,缸盖服役工况愈发恶劣,这就大幅度加剧了其在高温高压工况下的疲劳损伤概率,也使其疲劳失效问题更加显著[1-3]。缸盖承载规律较为复杂,既承受螺栓预紧力的强约束,又因其火力面与高温燃气直接接触而受到交变的热力耦合作用,而后者也是缸盖疲劳失效的主要原因[4-5]。因此,进行缸盖火力面结构抗疲劳研究,探明热力耦合作用下的缸盖材料的疲劳行为和疲劳寿命,对提高缸盖服役的耐久性和可靠性具有重要意义。
蠕墨铸铁RuT400是目前较为成熟的缸盖材料之一,其铸造性能优异,室温抗拉强度通常可达350~450 MPa。相比于传统铸铁HT250材料,RuT400的抗热疲劳开裂性能有明显改善,能够有效提高发动机产品使用寿命[6-7]。获取缸盖材料耐受温度和应力、应变随时间变化行为,是材料研究和部件考核评价的重要依据,也是缸盖疲劳寿命预测的必要前提条件[8-9]。考虑到缸盖火力面周期性热冲击的载荷特性,RuT400材料在脉冲载荷下的热机械疲劳行为及相关寿命预测成为关注的重点。而由于缸盖材料获取成本较高,并且热机械疲劳试验成本高且复杂,如何建立准确的寿命预测模型是关键问题。
随着数据驱动算法的发展,采用机器学习和深度学习方法进行复杂条件下的疲劳寿命预测成为学者关注的焦点。以材料性能、载荷信息、环境信息等因素作为输入特征,疲劳寿命作为输出特征进行训练,可以获得较好的预测效果[10][11]107536[12]106716[13-15]。HAO等[11]107536提出了一个机器学习框架,用于航空航天多晶合金的缺口疲劳寿命预测和机械性能、缺口几何参数、载荷特征等关键特征参数识别。LIAN等[12]106716构建梯度增强回归模型,基于载荷特征实现了不同系列铝合金疲劳寿命预测。
但目前常用的机器学习算法以监督学习类为主,需要大量的试验数据作为支撑,在小样本条件下难以提供良好的训练效果。为了改善其在小样本条件下的性能,学者提出采用物理信息神经网络和数据增强等方法来进行改进[16-17]。ZHOU等[18]将物理信息融入神经网络的训练过程,在3种材料的疲劳寿命预测上缓解了过拟合问题。WANG等[19]将理论分析结果融入模型构建残差神经网络,在增材制造材料的疲劳预测上表现出更高的准确性并缓解了过拟合问题。CHEN等[20]将物理信息融入神经元计算、模型框架和迭代计算,实现小样本下的金属材料疲劳预测。与物理信息神经网络不同,数据增强通过增加可训练数据的数量来解决小样本问题。SUN等[21]通过生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Network, GAN)进行数据增强,提高了材料疲劳预测的精度。LIANG等[22]在深度神经网络框架中引入Delaunay数据增强算法,提出了一种预测金属疲劳裂纹扩展的方法。
针对气缸盖铸铁材料的疲劳寿命预测问题,本文采用基于GAN的自监督学习算法,在小样本条件下实现良好的热机械疲劳寿命预测。与目前得到广泛应用的监督学习机器学习算法相比,预测精度得到了显著提升,可为保障发动机安全运行和疲劳可靠性提供技术支撑。
本文所用的气缸盖铸铁材料,是基于图1所示的本体取样方法从某发动机气缸盖样件上获取的。如图1(b)所示,在发动机缸盖的红色框线处采用线切割取出原始铸铁材料,加工成如图1(c)所示的棒状单轴疲劳试样。试样表面经过砂纸抛光处理,确保表面光洁度。
基于缸盖火力面周期性热冲击载荷特性,以机械和热两方面载荷为边界输入,开展应变幅和温度在正/反相位脉冲循环加载条件下RuT400材料的热机械疲劳行为测试,以此建立寿命预测关系。所有试验均在MTS-810型疲劳试验机上进行,使用高温单轴引伸计进行应变控制加载,采用中频感应加热电源和空气风冷的方式进行温度控制。参考GJB 6213—2008标准共进行了正、反2种加载相位的疲劳试验,通过脉冲加载方式进行循环加载,以此模拟发动机运行过程中循环爆发压力的影响。根据发动机运行期间气缸盖火力面的温度变化,设计试验的温度循环范围为100~450 ℃、100~500 ℃和100~550 ℃,每个温度循环下分别进行了4、6、5组试验,具体试验参数如表1所示。以100~550 ℃温度循环下机械应变幅值为0.8%的试验为例分别展示了正相位(In-phase, IP)和反相位(Out-of-phase, OP)的加载波形,如图2所示。
图3分别为不同温度范围下不同应变幅值试验中材料循环应力响应幅值随循环圈数的演化曲线。从图3中可以看出,在所有温度循环下本文所研究气缸盖铸铁材料都表现出明显的3阶段特征:第1阶段为快速循环软化阶段,在循环的前5圈左右材料的循环应力响应会出现一个快速的下降;随后进入循环稳定阶段,这一阶段在材料疲劳寿命中占比最大,材料的循环应力响应基本保持不变;最后是快速失效阶段。此外,对于具有相同温度范围和应变幅值的试验,反相位加载下的材料循环应力响应均要高于正相位加载。
图4展示了气缸盖铸铁材料热机械疲劳试验的寿命结果分布情况。从图4中可以看出,不同温度循环下的试验结果都基本遵循对数趋势分布。在相同温度循环范围内,绝大多数反相位加载下的疲劳寿命显著低于正相位加载。这表明温度载荷和机械载荷之间的加载相位差加重了材料所承受的疲劳损伤,导致了更短的疲劳寿命。
后续研究中将以本节中介绍的气缸盖铸铁热机械疲劳试验结果作为训练和测试样本,以半寿命循环下的温度载荷和应变载荷序列作为输入特征,以对数疲劳寿命作为输出特征,以降低疲劳寿命取值范围带来的偏差。针对以上特征,为了避免量纲和数量级等造成的影响,进行归一化处理:
式中,x为输入和输出特征;为样本数据方差;σ(x)为样本数据标准差;xnor为归一化后的样本特征。
目前,为解决材料疲劳寿命预测问题,诸如人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network, ANN)、随机森林(Random Forest, RF)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)等一系列有监督学习模型得到了广泛应用[23]。如图5所示,这一类算法都是基于模型预测结果和试验结果之间的误差,通过反向传播或智能优化算法来对模型参数进行更新迭代,从而不断提升模型预测精度。
对于这一类模型,训练样本的数量和分布起到了关键的作用。要想获得良好的预测结果,就需要有充足的样本数量和合理的样本分布;否则,模型极易出现过拟合问题,导致其在训练集以外的样本预测中效果不佳。对于疲劳寿命预测特别是热机械疲劳寿命预测问题,其试验成本和耗时都决定了难以提供充足的训练样本。这就使得有监督学习网络可能产生的过拟合或欠拟合等问题变得不容忽视。
本文选取人工神经网络、K最近邻算法、随机森林、支持向量机、长短时记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM)和门控神经网络(Gated Recurrent Unit, GRU)等6种典型的有监督学习模型进行气缸盖铸铁材料热机械疲劳寿命预测,并与自监督学习方法进行对比。表2是所采用有监督学习算法的超参数情况。
除了有监督学习模型外,自监督学习模型在材料的疲劳、断裂等领域也受到了广泛关注。常见的自监督学习算法包括生成对抗网络[24-25]、变分自编码器[26]等。其训练过程不需要事先对数据进行标记处理,可以在无标签的情况下实现模型训练。其中生成对抗网络还可以通过网络中生成器和判别器之间的对抗训练,不断提升模型的预测效果。
图6为本文所采用的生成对抗网络模型架构,包括1个生成器和1个判别器。其中,生成器网络以1个周期内的温度载荷曲线和应变载荷曲线为输入,输出相应的预测寿命结果;判别器则以温度载荷和应变载荷曲线以及寿命值作为输入,以数据的真假判断作为输出。其中,温度载荷和应变载荷都来自图2所示的热机械疲劳试验加载曲线。通过重新采样的方式,将温度载荷曲线和总应变载荷曲线数据点个数统一,以便于2条载荷曲线在后续的模型训练中进行拼接处理。
对于真实样本,其疲劳寿命值来自试验结果,对于虚假样本,其疲劳寿命值则来自生成器结果。在训练过程中,模型判别器不断对真实样本和虚假样本进行判断,判断的结果通过误差反向传播给判别器和生成器。生成器根据误差改进生成结果,目标是让判别器无法识别真实和虚假样本。通过这种方式,在小样本条件下也能获得较好的训练效果。
本文将以图6所示的基本框架训练自监督学习的生成对抗网络模型,具体的生成器和判别器架构如图7所示。其中,生成器以温度载荷曲线Tt)和应变载荷曲线εt)为输入,疲劳寿命的对数值lg Nf为输出,以GRU模型作为基础架构实现不同载荷条件下的疲劳寿命预测。判别器则将疲劳寿命进行填充,与温度和应变载荷曲线共同作为输入特征,同样以GRU网络作为基础模型,来判断输入样本为真实试验样本还是虚假样本。通过生成器和判别器之间的对抗训练,生成网络所实现的寿命预测结果会更加接近真实试验结果,直到判别网络无法准确进行区分,此时认为训练结束。
本节主要对几种机器学习模型的预测效果进行展示和讨论。为了避免结果的偶然性,每个模型都进行了20次重复试验,在每次试验中模型权重都会被随机初始化。在每次试验中,热机械疲劳数据都以7∶3的比例随机划分为训练集和测试集。试验结果采用均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)进行评估,为
式中,yi,pre为模型预测的对数化疲劳寿命;yi,exp为试验获取的对数化疲劳寿命。
图8以箱线图的形式展示了6种有监督学习模型和生成对抗网络模型在重复试验中的寿命预测效果。其中,细线的两端代表了重复试验结果中的最大值和最小值。箱形图的两端则代表了重复试验结果中的75%和25%值。从图8可以看出,对于有监督学习模型,经过本文所用的热机械疲劳数据进行训练后的预测结果分散性较大,而生成对抗网络结果则表现出了较好的重复性,预测误差较低。表3为几种模型的预测效果。其中,KNN由于模型特点,其训练集误差为0,而其他模型中GAN模型表现出了最好的测试平均RMSE,为0.152 948,并且重复试验之间的误差分散性也较小,仅为0.039 022。
在本文所研究的7种机器学习算法中,ANN、LSTM、GRU和GAN模型都是以神经网络作为核心框架,并采用误差反向传播的方法进行训练的。因此,可以通过对这4种模型的损失函数演化进行分析,从而较为直观地展示模型的训练过程。以重复试验中的中值性能模型为例,图9为这4个模型的损失函数演化情况。从图9可以看出,ANN、LSTM和GRU模型的损失函数都呈渐进下降的趋势直到稳定,并没有出现严重的误差抖动或上升,最终训练集和测试集之间的损失函数都较为接近,没有出现过拟合现象。
GAN模型则有着不同的损失函数演化趋势。其中,判别器在训练期间保持着较低的损失函数值;而生成器随着训练进行首先出现一次短暂升高后又快速降低。在训练期间生成器和判别器的损失函数呈交替上升趋势,这是对抗训练的一大特点,即两部分网络交替占据上风,最终实现共同的效果提升。
图10为每个模型的具体预测效果,同样是以性能中位数试验为例。从图10可以看出,对于神经网络框架的有监督机器学习模型(ANN、LSTM、GRU),其预测效果在训练集和测试集中都表现不佳。这主要是小样本条件下模型未能得到有效训练导致的。神经网络模型主要通过误差反向传播进行训练,在小样本条件下样本覆盖范围较小,难以进行有效训练。而非神经网络类的机器学习模型(KNN、RF、SVM)则表现出了明显的过拟合行为。这可能是这些模型主要通过梯度下降的智能优化算法进行参数寻优,在小样本条件下很容易陷入局部最优解,导致模型缺乏泛化性能。相比之下,生成对抗网络模型则表现出了较好的训练效果和泛化性能。
针对发动机常用气缸盖材料所面临的热机械疲劳寿命预测问题,提出采用自监督对抗训练的方法解决训练样本不足的难点,改善数据驱动模型的预测效果,具体结论如下:
1)以气缸盖铸铁材料为研究对象,采用本体取样的方式进行了一系列不同温度范围下的热机械疲劳试验。结果表明,铸铁材料表现出循环软化、循环稳定和快速失效3个阶段,其中循环稳定阶段占疲劳寿命的比例最大。反相位加载下材料的疲劳寿命要显著小于正相位加载。
2)在热机械疲劳小样本条件下,ANN、KNN、RF、SVM、LSTM、GRU等6种典型有监督学习模型均难以取得较好的训练效果。虽然训练未出现过拟合行为,但模型无法学习到材料的疲劳寿命分布趋势。特别是ANN、LSTM和GRU模型,无论训练集还是测试集,其预测结果都较差。
3)采用对抗训练的GAN模型在小样本条件下表现出了较好的预测效果。
本文的研究结果提供了一种有效的气缸盖铸铁材料的热机械疲劳寿命预测方法,对于开展气缸盖设计和疲劳分析有着极强的指导意义和参考价值。
  • 中国博士后科学基金会与天津市联合项目(2024T029TJ)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12302098)
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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.024
  • 接收时间:2024-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-27
基金
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation-Tianjin Joint Support Program(2024T029TJ)
中国博士后科学基金会与天津市联合项目(2024T029TJ)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(12302098)
国家自然科学基金项目(12302098)
作者信息
    1.天津大学 化工学院,天津 300350
    2.中国北方发动机研究所 车用动力系统全国重点实验室,天津 300400
    3.中国北方发动机研究所 结构技术部,天津 300400

通讯作者:

孙兴悦,男,1995年生,河南洛阳人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为多轴疲劳及数据驱动结构完整性评价;E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jxqd/CN/10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.024
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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