Article(id=1241686763161309310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742918400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970793762, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970793762, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970793762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970793762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241686759470329942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='249', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970792882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970911747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=164, endPage=173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241686764432183462, articleId=1241686763161309310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Test study on ultrasonic wire saw cutting of reaction bonded silicon carbide, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Reaction bonded silicon carbide (RB-SiC) is widely used for manufacturing core components in nuclear energy and optics due to its excellent thermal stability, radiation resistance and chemical inertness. However, RB-SiC is highly hard and brittle, making it difficult to ensure processing quality and efficiency with traditional methods. Ultrasonic diamond wire saw cutting technology, as an efficient machining method for hard brittle materials, has been successfully applied in the processing of single crystal Si, single crystal SiC, and other hard brittle materials. However, the cutting test and process research of this technology in RB-SiC materials need to be carried out. To this end, the ultrasonic sawing test of RB-SiC was carried out for the first time. The ultrasonic wire saw cutting RB-SiC platform was built. The surface quality of parallel and vertical ultrasonic vibration directions was compared and analyzed. The effects of ultrasonic amplitude, line speed and feed speed parameters on surface roughness and surface micro-morphology were studied. Results demonstrate ultrasonic sawing has significant advantages in improving surface quality. Increasing the amplitude from 3 μm to 7 μm reduces surface roughness value by 17.4% and decreases the number of surface scratches and pits. Compared to the vertical feed direction, ultrasonic vibration sawing in the parallel feed direction is more effective in improving the surface quality of RB-SiC materials. This study can provide guidance for the research of ultrasonic sawing process of RB-SiC materials.

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WANG Yidan, E-mail:
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反应烧结碳化硅(Reaction Bonded Silicon Carbide,RB-SiC)因其优异的热稳定性、耐辐射性以及化学惰性,被广泛应用于核能和光学领域核心构件的制造。但是,RB-SiC材料具有硬度高、脆性大等特点,传统加工方法难以保证其加工质量和效率。超声金刚石线锯切割(锯切)技术作为硬脆材料的高效加工方法,已在单晶Si、单晶SiC等硬脆材料的加工中成功应用。然而,该技术在RB-SiC材料的切削试验和工艺的研究还有待开展。为此,首次开展了RB-SiC的超声锯切试验研究,搭建了超声锯切RB-SiC平台,对比分析了平行与垂直超声振动方向的加工表面质量,研究了超声振幅、线速度、进给速度参数对表面粗糙度及表面微观形貌的影响规律。试验结果表明,超声锯切在提高表面质量等方面具有显著优势。随着振幅由3 μm提高到7 μm,表面粗糙度值降低了17.4%,表面划痕和凹坑数量随之减少;相较于垂直进给方向,平行进给方向的超声锯切更能有效提高RB-SiC材料的表面质量。本研究可为RB-SiC材料超声锯切工艺研究提供指导。

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王毅丹,男,1989年生,河南洛阳人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为超声加工技术与装备;E-mail:
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宋洪侠,女,1966年生,黑龙江望奎人,硕士,教授;主要研究方向为虚拟样机数字化设计方法、工程图学教学与应用、精密及特种加工技术;E-mail:

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宋洪侠,女,1966年生,黑龙江望奎人,硕士,教授;主要研究方向为虚拟样机数字化设计方法、工程图学教学与应用、精密及特种加工技术;E-mail:

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宋洪侠,女,1966年生,黑龙江望奎人,硕士,教授;主要研究方向为虚拟样机数字化设计方法、工程图学教学与应用、精密及特种加工技术;E-mail:

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figureFileBig=0Licmux/CytQvGYweOGQWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810815729336845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686763161309310, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Surface roughness of RB-SiC ultrasonic sawed by different feed speeds, figureFileSmall=eRok5rgDhc/jr4BJcEahqw==, figureFileBig=MXFSJp6fOw/rBWZ98BSwfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810815838388756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686763161309310, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同进给速度的RB-SiC超声锯切表面粗糙度, figureFileSmall=eRok5rgDhc/jr4BJcEahqw==, figureFileBig=MXFSJp6fOw/rBWZ98BSwfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810815972606488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686763161309310, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material properties of RB-SiC

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参数Parameter值Value
密度 Density ρ/(g/cm32.89
弹性模量 Elastic modulus E/GPa391
比刚度 Specific stiffness (E/ρ)/(106 m2/s2135
比热容 Specific heat capacity cheat/[J/(kg·K)]710
热膨胀系数 Thermal expansion coefficient cTE/(10-8 K-1240
导热性系数 Thermal conductivity coefficient cTC/[W/(m·K)]155
), ArticleFig(id=1241810816069075482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686763161309310, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RB-SiC材料性能

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参数Parameter值Value
密度 Density ρ/(g/cm32.89
弹性模量 Elastic modulus E/GPa391
比刚度 Specific stiffness (E/ρ)/(106 m2/s2135
比热容 Specific heat capacity cheat/[J/(kg·K)]710
热膨胀系数 Thermal expansion coefficient cTE/(10-8 K-1240
导热性系数 Thermal conductivity coefficient cTC/[W/(m·K)]155
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Test parameters

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编号 Number线速度 Linear speed vw/(m/s)进给速度 Feed speed vf/(mm/s)振幅 Amplitude A/μm振动方向 Direction of vibration
110,20,300.0253X
2100.1,0.05,0.0253X
3100.0253,5,7X
410,20,300.0253Y
5100.1,0.05,0.0253Y
6100.0253,5,7Y
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试验参数

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编号 Number线速度 Linear speed vw/(m/s)进给速度 Feed speed vf/(mm/s)振幅 Amplitude A/μm振动方向 Direction of vibration
110,20,300.0253X
2100.1,0.05,0.0253X
3100.0253,5,7X
410,20,300.0253Y
5100.1,0.05,0.0253Y
6100.0253,5,7Y
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反应烧结碳化硅超声线锯切割试验研究
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宋洪侠 , 曾国伟 , 晁胜豪 , 郭晓光 , 董志刚 , 王毅丹
机械强度 | 2025,47(9): 164-173
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机械强度 | 2025, 47(9): 164-173
反应烧结碳化硅超声线锯切割试验研究
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宋洪侠 , 曾国伟, 晁胜豪, 郭晓光, 董志刚, 王毅丹
作者信息
  • 大连理工大学 高性能精密制造全国重点实验室,大连 116024
  • 宋洪侠,女,1966年生,黑龙江望奎人,硕士,教授;主要研究方向为虚拟样机数字化设计方法、工程图学教学与应用、精密及特种加工技术;E-mail:

通讯作者:

王毅丹,男,1989年生,河南洛阳人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为超声加工技术与装备;E-mail:
Test study on ultrasonic wire saw cutting of reaction bonded silicon carbide
Hongxia SONG , Guowei ZENG, Shenghao CHAO, Xiaoguang GUO, Zhigang DONG, Yidan WANG
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.015
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反应烧结碳化硅(Reaction Bonded Silicon Carbide,RB-SiC)因其优异的热稳定性、耐辐射性以及化学惰性,被广泛应用于核能和光学领域核心构件的制造。但是,RB-SiC材料具有硬度高、脆性大等特点,传统加工方法难以保证其加工质量和效率。超声金刚石线锯切割(锯切)技术作为硬脆材料的高效加工方法,已在单晶Si、单晶SiC等硬脆材料的加工中成功应用。然而,该技术在RB-SiC材料的切削试验和工艺的研究还有待开展。为此,首次开展了RB-SiC的超声锯切试验研究,搭建了超声锯切RB-SiC平台,对比分析了平行与垂直超声振动方向的加工表面质量,研究了超声振幅、线速度、进给速度参数对表面粗糙度及表面微观形貌的影响规律。试验结果表明,超声锯切在提高表面质量等方面具有显著优势。随着振幅由3 μm提高到7 μm,表面粗糙度值降低了17.4%,表面划痕和凹坑数量随之减少;相较于垂直进给方向,平行进给方向的超声锯切更能有效提高RB-SiC材料的表面质量。本研究可为RB-SiC材料超声锯切工艺研究提供指导。

超声锯切  /  反应烧结碳化硅  /  金刚石线锯  /  超声振动  /  表面质量

Reaction bonded silicon carbide (RB-SiC) is widely used for manufacturing core components in nuclear energy and optics due to its excellent thermal stability, radiation resistance and chemical inertness. However, RB-SiC is highly hard and brittle, making it difficult to ensure processing quality and efficiency with traditional methods. Ultrasonic diamond wire saw cutting technology, as an efficient machining method for hard brittle materials, has been successfully applied in the processing of single crystal Si, single crystal SiC, and other hard brittle materials. However, the cutting test and process research of this technology in RB-SiC materials need to be carried out. To this end, the ultrasonic sawing test of RB-SiC was carried out for the first time. The ultrasonic wire saw cutting RB-SiC platform was built. The surface quality of parallel and vertical ultrasonic vibration directions was compared and analyzed. The effects of ultrasonic amplitude, line speed and feed speed parameters on surface roughness and surface micro-morphology were studied. Results demonstrate ultrasonic sawing has significant advantages in improving surface quality. Increasing the amplitude from 3 μm to 7 μm reduces surface roughness value by 17.4% and decreases the number of surface scratches and pits. Compared to the vertical feed direction, ultrasonic vibration sawing in the parallel feed direction is more effective in improving the surface quality of RB-SiC materials. This study can provide guidance for the research of ultrasonic sawing process of RB-SiC materials.

Ultrasonic sawing  /  Reaction bonded silicon carbide  /  Diamond wire saw  /  Ultrasonic vibration  /  Surface quality
宋洪侠, 曾国伟, 晁胜豪, 郭晓光, 董志刚, 王毅丹. 反应烧结碳化硅超声线锯切割试验研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (9) : 164 -173 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.015
Hongxia SONG, Guowei ZENG, Shenghao CHAO, Xiaoguang GUO, Zhigang DONG, Yidan WANG. Test study on ultrasonic wire saw cutting of reaction bonded silicon carbide[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (9) : 164 -173 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.015
反应烧结碳化硅(Reaction Bonded Silicon Carbide,RB-SiC)具有高强度、耐腐蚀、低热膨胀的特征,物理化学性能优异,是核能和光学领域的先进材料[1]243-253[2-3]。在核能领域,RB-SiC凭借其出色的高温稳定性、耐辐射性及化学惰性,应用于核工业中的关键部件,以满足极端环境下高温、高压的严苛要求,显著提升冷却堆系统的效率和可靠性。在光学加工领域,RB-SiC因其化学性质稳定、热变形系数小、比刚度大等特性,在大型、复杂轻量化光学系统设计中展现出巨大的应用潜力,满足现代光学领域对高性能材料的迫切需求[4]。然而,RB-SiC由SiC相和Si相制备而成,具有高硬度、脆性、各向异性的特点。两相材料在机械性能和化学稳定性上的差异,使得加工过程中的切削力波动大,加剧了刀具磨损,工件表面质量不易控制,加工难度大[5]。现有研究表明,RB-SiC材料的加工表面损伤会导致材料断裂强度下降[6-7],进而影响所制成部件的工作和服役性能,因此RB-SiC材料的高质量加工面临挑战[8][9]15-24[10-11]。目前,国内外加工RB-SiC材料的主要方式为磨削加工。然而,磨削加工的精度高但加工效率低、加工成本高。金刚石线锯切割(锯切)技术是利用金刚石线高速锯切割运动实现硬脆材料复杂形状加工的先进技术,具有切削力小、热影响区小以及加工精度高等优势,可实现高硬度脆性材料的高效加工[12][13]10-14[14]1466-1497[15]7-11[16]
现有研究针对不同硬脆材料开展了金刚石线锯切割试验与工艺研究[17]4238-4240。金刚石线锯切割工件是通过将金刚石磨粒嵌入切削表面,锯丝带动磨粒沿切削表面滚动形成切割作用,具有切割效率高的优点[9]17[18]。然而,影响工件表面质量的锯切工艺的参数很多。HARDIN等[19]开展了金刚石锯切单晶SiC的工艺研究试验,研究线锯进给速度对表面损伤的影响,证明了金刚石线锯切割单晶SiC的有效性,当进给速度由0.013 mm/s减小至0.005 1 mm/s时,划痕间距由0.23 mm减小至0.092 mm,划痕变浅,表面波纹度降低。李宏达等[20]开展了金刚石线锯多线锯切单晶Si的工艺研究试验,通过对不同线速度下硅片质量的对比,发现随着线速度的提高,表面粗糙度降低30%以上。SEFENE等[14]1471对金刚石线锯切割Si和SiC等各类硬脆材料时工艺参数影响的机制研究进行了综述,指出了法向和切向锯切力显著影响工件的表面质量,切削力随着线速度的降低和进给速度的增加而增加,进而降低表面质量。线速度与进给速度作为金刚石线锯切割的核心工艺参数,直接影响工件去除机制及表面质量。合理的线速度与进给速度的参数选取是提高表面形貌、表面粗糙度等质量指标的关键[21-24]。目前金刚石锯切技术已用于单晶SiC、单晶Si等硬脆材料的加工,但存在着工件表面容易出现崩碎、凹坑等问题[13]10-14。此外,传统金刚石线锯加工过程中,还存在切削力大、线锯加工锯缝狭窄、切屑和切削热难以及时去除等不足,影响工件表面质量。
超声锯切技术是超声振动与传统金刚石线锯切割相结合的先进加工技术。近年来,超声振动加工技术朝着高频振动[25-26]、多向振动发展[27][28]155-173。相关学者开展了不同材料和加工技术研究,证明了超声金刚石线锯切割硬脆材料具有加工效率高和表面质量好等优势[15]10[29]3730-3736[30]。WANG等[31]2445-2460[32]3079-3091[33]开展超声金刚石线锯切割单晶硅的工艺研究试验,观察工件锯切后的裂纹、凹坑,研究指出,超声振动辅助线锯切割的工件表面凹坑数量少,凹坑尺寸小,表面粗糙度相较传统线锯降低了23%,在相同的工艺参数下,超声锯切的工件表面形貌优于传统线锯。李伦等[29]3734进行了横向超声振动金刚石线锯切割单晶SiC试验,发现横向超声振动使金刚石线锯与工件的切削由连续接触变为间断的周期性接触;与传统切割相比,超声振动能够显著降低切片表面的粗糙度,降幅26%~55%。XU等[28]156研究了不同超声方向、频率和振幅对蓝宝石表面形貌、抛光力的影响,发现水平振动振幅越大,亚表面损伤层越薄;垂直振动振幅越大,损伤越小;水平振动轨迹长,增加了线锯对材料的划切去除作用,可以获得较平整的表面和较浅的加工损伤层。袁日灿等[34]开展了超声锯切振动方向对切割运动过程的分析研究,分析了不同振动方向超声锯切的磨粒切削运动轨迹和单颗金刚石磨粒去除过程。综上所述,现有的超声金刚石锯切主要运用于单晶硅、蓝宝石、单晶SiC和碳化硅陶瓷等硬脆材料加工,针对RB-SiC的超声锯切研究还有待开展。
针对RB-SiC材料的高质高效加工需求,本文首次开展了包括振动方向在内的RB-SiC的超声锯切试验研究。搭建了超声锯切RB-SiC平台,超声锯切方向分别为与超声振动方向平行(简称为平行向)以及与超声振动方向垂直(简称为垂直向),将平行向和垂直向超声振动引入RB-SiC加工中,并研究了不同超声振幅、线速度、进给速度等工艺参数下RB-SiC的锯切表面微观形貌、表面粗糙度。在此基础上,分析了不同振动方向对表面质量的影响规律。本研究可为RB-SiC超声锯切加工工艺制定提供指导。
试验装置示意图如图1所示。超声金刚石线锯切割加工系统主要由金刚石线切割机床、超声振动系统及固持工装组成。工件通过夹头装夹在变幅杆前端部。变幅杆通过固定夹具装夹,并与工作台可靠连接。变幅杆与超声电源相连接,在超声电源驱动下,带动工件进行高频机械振动。金刚石线的线速度方向为主运动方向,线速度为vw。工件通过固定夹具在机床平台的带动下,沿金刚石线方向进给运动。切削液始终喷淋于加工区域,保证切屑和切削热被及时带走。
图2为不同超声振动方向超声锯切示意图。图2(a)为平行向振动锯切示意图。工件在变幅杆的带动下,沿变幅杆的轴线振动。金刚石线与工件垂直并沿变幅杆的轴线方向进给运动。金刚石线的锯切工件的宽度为3 mm。图2(b)为垂直向振动锯切示意图,工件在变幅杆的带动下,沿变幅杆的轴线振动。金刚石线垂直于变幅杆轴线方向进给运动。
图3为试验现场装置。金刚石线切割机床工作台进给方向为X方向、Y方向,最大行程为250 mm×250 mm。试验所使用的金刚石线为直径ϕ0.3 mm的电镀金刚石线锯。金刚石线锯的运动方向为Z方向,并由主动轮提供线速度。由张紧轮调整张力。所用工件为RB-SiC,性能参数如表1[1]245所示。RB-SiC试件为统一的30 mm×10 mm×5 mm(l1×l2×l3)方形试样,并将由固持夹具固定在超声振动单元上。
线锯的运动由主运动(vw)和进给运动(vf)构成,进给方向为X方向,主运动方向为Z方向。在时间t内,线锯在X方向上的位移x和在Z方向上的位移z分别为
在超声作用下,线锯切割作用点处的磨粒振动为简谐振动,振动方程可设为
式中,x(t)为磨粒在超声作用下的位移;A为超声振幅;ω为超声振动频率。
对于磨粒而言,x方向的位移由式(1)、式(3)相加,再联立式(2)可得,其表达式为
式中,xp(t)为磨粒的位移。
在磨粒锯切过程中,工件质量与磨粒的切削厚度相关。磨粒最大切削厚度的计算式[32]3082
式中,hmax为磨粒的最大切削厚度;C为单位面积上的有效磨粒数;θ为磨粒切削角的一半,θ=60°;ac为金刚石磨粒对工件的切削深度;d为线锯的直径。
在试验中,平行向与垂直向所选用的超声振幅、线速度、进给速度保持一致。式(5)中其他工艺参数恒定时,ac为影响hmax的唯一因素。振动方向不同,则ac不同。由图4可知,平行向的磨粒相较于垂直向的磨粒会在工件表面上的切削轨迹更短,平行向磨粒的最大切削深度小于垂直向磨粒的最大切削深度。因此,平行向振动加工相较于垂直向振动加工提高工件表面质量更显著。
图4(a)为平行向加工过程中金刚石线锯磨粒的加工轨迹。金刚石线的线速度为vw,方向竖直向下,工件沿进给速度方向的速度为vX。超声振动方向与进给速度方向平行。金刚石磨粒与工件之间的相对切削运动集中在t0~t1以及t2~t3时间段。在上述时间段内,磨粒会对工件表面进行切削,金刚石线上的磨粒会嵌入工件表面,通过线速度产生的主运动使磨粒在工件表面进行刮擦,实现工件表面材料的去除。而在其余时间内,工件与磨粒处于分离状态。在超声振动的作用下,整体表现为磨粒对工件的高频冲击作用,会出现周期性的短暂分离。这种间歇性切削运动不仅能够减小切削力、改善加工性能,还为切削液提供了充分的排屑和冷却空间,带走加工过程中产生的切屑和热量,进而提升加工效率和质量[35-37]
图4(b)为垂直向加工过程中金刚石线锯上磨粒的加工轨迹。垂直向加工的轨迹与平行向加工的轨迹相似,呈周期性波动特点。但与平行向加工不同的是,金刚石磨粒从t4时刻切入到t5时刻切出期间磨粒始终在工件表面耕犁。在超声振动的作用下,金刚石磨粒以正弦轨迹在加工面上持续切削,且振幅越大,切削加工接触面积越大。平行向相比垂直向振动加工时磨粒周期性分离效果更好,导致其加工性能相对较高,进而提高了工件表面质量。
RB-SiC试件锯切加工过程如图5所示。工件振动方向垂直于工作台进给方向。每次加工线锯对工件的切削厚度ae为3 mm。金刚石线锯在主动轮的带动下沿vw方向高速运动,同时沿vY方向进给,直至金刚石线锯整体切离工件,从而实现切割。
单因素试验法是开展工艺参数研究的常用方法,具有直接反映单一因素对指标影响的特点。同时因其设计简单、试验次数少,成为筛选关键参数或确定参数范围的常用方法。单因素试验法被用于单晶硅、单晶碳化硅、碳化硅陶瓷材料的锯切试验[17]4240[31]2457[32]3083[38-40]以及RB-SiC的超声磨削[41]和超声切削[42]工艺参数对表面质量影响规律研究。考虑到超声锯切RB-SiC研究尚未开展,参考现有的相关文献,本文采用单因素超声锯切RB-SiC的试验方式开展研究。详细研究了振动方向、振幅、线速度、进给速度对RB-SiC工件表面微观形貌和表面粗糙度的影响并揭示其变化规律,试验参数如表2所示。
在试验结束后,使用SU5000型扫描电子显微镜和OLS5100型共聚焦显微镜对锯切加工后的RB-SiC试件分别进行表面形貌和表面粗糙度Sa观测。观察不同加工参数下观测区域内的RB-SiC的表面损伤,并测量表面粗糙度值,对表面质量进行量化。在此基础上得出不同超声锯切参数对加工表面质量的影响规律。
图6为不同振动方向下不同振幅的RB-SiC超声锯切微观形貌。试验在线速度为10 m/s、进给速度为0.025 m/s条件下进行,对比分析了3、5、7 μm振幅下的RB-SiC超声锯切微观形貌。图6(a)、图6(c)、图6(e)为平行向振动时振幅不断增加的对比图。图6(b)、图6(d)、图6(f)为垂直向振动时振幅不断增加的对比图。其中,图6(a)所示为平行向加工振幅为3 μm时的加工表面形貌。观测可知,工件表面存在明显的脆性断裂、凹坑。随着振幅增大到5 μm,加工表面的凹坑变浅、数量降低,脆性断裂显著减少,如图6(c)所示。当振幅为7 μm时,加工表面的划痕明显变浅,脆性断裂减少,同时冲击产生的凹坑数量大幅减少,表面质量得到提升,如图6(e)所示。图6(b)为垂直向加工振幅为3 μm时加工表面形貌,与平行向相比,脆性断裂更明显,且存在较深凹坑。当振幅增大到5 μm时,图6(d)中的脆性断裂数量减少,凹坑范围减小。振幅增大到7 μm时,图6(f)所示的凹坑数量减少,表面微观形貌与平行向类似。
图7为不同振动方向下不同振幅的RB-SiC超声锯切测量形貌。其中,Sa为算术平均表面粗糙度,即平面高度差的平均值;Sz为最大表面粗糙度,即为最大峰高与最大谷深的和。由图7(a)、图7(b)可知,表面中存在碎屑黏附,波峰波谷差值大,当振幅由3 μm增加到5 μm,由图7(c)、图7(d)可知,工件表面变得更加平整,但波纹度较大。振幅为7 μm时,由图7(e)、图7(f)可知表面波纹度降低,整体粗糙度值降低,超声锯切后RB-SiC表面质量提高。
图8为不同振幅的RB-SiC超声锯切表面粗糙度。当振幅由3 μm增加到7 μm,平行向表面粗糙度由0.689 μm降低到0.592 μm,降幅为14.07%;垂直向表面粗糙度由0.763 μm降低到0.607 μm,降幅为20.45%。超声振动由于其非连续周期性接触特性,显著降低了磨粒与工件之间的切削力和划擦力,减小的划擦力促进了高频划擦作用,在工件表面产生类似研磨的加工效果[43-44],使工件表面的划痕和凹坑大幅减少,凹坑深度降低,脆性断裂占比降低,进而显著降低了锯切的表面粗糙度。因此,在上述试验参数范围内,增大振幅有助于提高加工质量。
图9为不同振动方向下不同线速度的RB-SiC超声锯切微观形貌。试验在进给速度为0.025 mm/s、振幅为3 μm条件下进行,对比分析了10、20、30 m/s线速度的RB-SiC超声锯切微观形貌。图9(a)、图9(c)、图9(e)为平行向振动加工时线速度不断增加的对比图,图9(b)、图9(d)、图9(f)为垂直向振动加工时线速度不断增加的对比图。图9(a)、图9(c)中存在范围较大的凹坑和脆性断裂。当线速度提高到30 m/s后,图9(e)中的凹坑数量和脆性断裂数显著减少。同样,这一现象在垂直向振动加工中也存在,图9(b)、图9(d)中所示凹坑数量比平行向振动加工中数量更多。线速度提升至30 m/s时,图9(f)中的凹坑数量减少。
图10为不同振动方向下不同线速度的RB-SiC超声锯切测量形貌。图10(a)、图10(b)为线速度10 m/s时测量形貌,工件表面有较大波纹度。线速度为20 m/s时,图10(c)、图10(d)中表面粗糙度值降低,但存在较明显划擦痕迹。提高线速度到30 m/s,由图10(e)、图10(f)可知,磨粒的耕犁效应得到有效抑制,凹坑数量降低,脆性断裂数量显著减少,波峰波谷高度趋于统一,波纹度降低,工件表面的划痕明显变浅,表面质量得到明显改善。但是工件表面存在部分碎屑黏附,这可能是线速度提高后,加工区域的切削热量增加,导致未及时排出的切屑黏附在工件表面。提高线速度时,应使加工区域的切屑和切削热及时排出,避免过多切屑留在加工表面,可以进一步提高工件的表面质量。
图11为不同线速度的RB-SiC超声锯切表面粗糙度。当线速度从10 m/s提升至30 m/s时,由图11可知,平行向振动时表面粗糙度由0.689 μm降低到了0.506 μm,降幅为26.56%;垂直向振动时的表面粗糙度由0.763 μm降低到了0.601 μm,降幅为21.23%。锯切后的RB-SiC表面质量得到改善。在进给速度恒定的条件下,随着线速度的增加,线锯上单位长度参与切削的磨粒数量增多,工件在单位时间内被切削的次数也随之增加,磨粒压入工件的速度减缓,切削力减小。这使得磨粒在锯切过程中对工件表面的冲击作用更加均匀,脆性破坏减少,表面更加平整,从而大幅降低了表面粗糙度。因此,在试验参数范围内,提高线速度有助于改善加工质量。
图12所示为不同振动方向下不同进给速度的RB-SiC超声锯切微观形貌。试验在线速度为10 m/s、振幅为3 μm条件下进行,对比分析了0.1、0.05、0.025 mm/s进给速度的RB-SiC超声锯切微观形貌。图12(a)、图12(c)、图12(e)为平行向振动加工时线速度不断降低的对比图,图12(b)、图12(d)、图12(f)为垂直向振动加工时线速度不断降低的对比图。如图12(a)所示,平行向加工进给速度为0.1 mm/s时,存在大量显著脆性断裂,凹坑深度大,划痕明显。进给速度降低到0.05 mm/s时,表面形貌改善,脆性断裂减少,凹坑和划痕刻度变浅,如图12(c)所示。进给速度降低到0.025 mm/s时,脆性断裂大幅减少,凹坑范围降低,如图12(e)所示。垂直向加工进给速度为0.1 mm/s时,图12(b)中有明显划痕并伴随大范围脆性断裂特征,表面质量显著差于平行向加工。随着进给速度降低,脆性断裂大幅减少,冲击产生凹坑减小,表面形貌改善,如图12(d)所示。进给速度降到0.025 mm/s时的表面形貌如图12(f)所示,脆性断裂进一步降低,凹坑变浅,划痕刻度相较于图12(b)显著变浅,表面质量提升。
图13为不同振动方向下不同进给速度的RB-SiC超声锯切测量形貌。图13(a)、图13(b)为进给速度为0.1 mm/s时测量形貌,图13(a)中表面存在着明显的锯切纹理,表面划痕明显,图13(b)的表面有显著划痕,波峰波谷差值大,表面质量差。随着进给速度降低至0.05 mm/s时,如图13(c)、图13(d)所示,图13(c)呈现周期性波纹特征,波纹度较大,垂直向加工的表面形貌显著改善,但图13(d)仍可观察到明显的划痕缺陷。进给速度为0.025 mm/s时,图13(e)、图13(f)表面上脆性断裂占比减少,波峰波谷的差值降低,凹坑占比降低,表面粗糙度大幅降低。
图14为不同进给速度的RB-SiC超声锯切表面粗糙度。当进给速度从0.025 mm/s增至0.1 mm/s时,平行向振动的表面粗糙度由0.689 μm增加到了0.897 μm,增幅为30.19%;垂直向振动时的表面粗糙度由0.763 μm增加到了1.332 μm,增幅为74.57%。在高进给速度时,垂直向振动加工更不稳定,表面粗糙度提高幅度显著大于平行向振动加工,锯切后的RB-SiC表面质量降低。随着进给速度的增加,线锯上的磨粒嵌入工件的切削深度增大,导致切削力随之上升,表面划痕更加明显,锯切过程中形成的波峰与波谷之间的差值增大,同时凹坑的范围和数量也显著增加,脆性断裂占比增大,使表面粗糙度提高。因此,在试验参数范围内,降低进给速度有助于提高加工质量。
本文搭建超声金刚石线锯切割RB-SiC的试验平台,开展了不同超声振动方向的超声金刚石锯切RB-SiC试验,观测了不同超声锯切工艺参数条件下RB-SiC的表面损伤和表面粗糙度,采用单因素试验法研究了超声振动方向、超声振幅、线速度、进给速度对工件表面加工质量的影响规律,主要结论如下:
1)超声锯切RB-SiC时,通过增大超声振幅能够有效降低工件表面粗糙度和表面损伤。随着超声振幅由3 μm提高到7 μm,表面粗糙度降低17.4%,表面划痕变浅,凹坑的数量减少,脆性断裂占比下降,工件表面质量改善。
2)平行向振动超声锯切相较于垂直向振动超声锯切,在提升工件表面质量方面更为显著。振幅3、5、7 μm时,平行向比垂直向表面粗糙度分别降低9.7%、2.47%、2.13%。随着振幅增大,2种振动方向表面粗糙度差异程度减小。
3)在平行向和垂直向超声锯切中,通过增大线速度和减小进给速度均能提高工件表面质量。线速度从10 m/s提升至30 m/s时,平行向表面粗糙度降低了26.56%,垂直向表面粗糙度降低了21.23%。进给速度从0.1 mm/s降低至0.025 mm/s时,平行向表面粗糙度降低了23.19%,垂直向表面粗糙度降低了42.72%。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3403401)
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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.015
  • 接收时间:2025-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-26
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National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3403401)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3403401)
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    大连理工大学 高性能精密制造全国重点实验室,大连 116024

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王毅丹,男,1989年生,河南洛阳人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为超声加工技术与装备;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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