Article(id=1241686762750267518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745424000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-24, revisedDate=1747929600000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970793664, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970793664, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970793664, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970793664, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241686759470329942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='249', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970792882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970911747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=102, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241686764008558733, articleId=1241686762750267518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Theoretical and test analysis of the influence of adhesive structure parameters on connection failure performance, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the assembly connection performance of adhesive structures in heavy machinery and aerospace equipment, a numerical analysis model based on the cohesive force element was developed to investigate the failure behavior of adhesive joints. The evolution of shear stress distribution in the adhesive layer during the tensile-shear failure process under different loading stages was analyzed. The variations in ultimate failure load and structural stiffness with different adhesive joint parameters were systematically studied, and tensile-shear failure tests were conducted. The results indicate that the shear stress distribution in the adhesive layer transitions from an initial U-shaped profile to an M-shaped and finally evolves into an approximately inverted U-shaped pattern as the load increases. Increasing the length or width of the adhesive layer significantly improves both the ultimate failure load and overall structural stiffness. However, increasing the adhesive layer thickness or substrate thickness exhibits a minor effect on the ultimate failure load. Notably, the structural stiffness decreases with increasing adhesive thickness but increases with higher substrate thickness.

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LIN Qiyin, E-mail:
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为提高重型机械和航空航天装备粘接结构装配连接性能,构建了基于内聚力单元的胶粘结构连接失效破坏数值分析模型。分析了结构拉剪破坏过程中不同载荷时刻下胶层剪切应力分布的演变规律,研究了不同结构参数下极限失效载荷与结构刚度的变化规律,并开展了拉伸剪切破坏试验。结果表明,不同载荷时刻下胶层剪切应力分布从刚开始的U形逐渐变为M形,最后过渡为近似倒U形;增加胶层长度或宽度,极限失效载荷及结构刚度均会随之增大;随着胶层厚度或基底厚度的增加,极限失效载荷变化幅度较小;结构刚度则大致随着胶层厚度的增加而减小,随着基底厚度的增加而增大。

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林起崟,男,1987年生,福建三明人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为动、静接触机械装配界面设计理论与方法;E-mail:
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丘铭军,男,1979年生,广东梅州人,工程博士,教授级高级工程师;主要研究方向为重型机械装备及基础件设计与制造;E-mail:

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articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Stress changes of the adhesive layer of the adhesive structures during tensile-shear processing, figureFileSmall=grevUhvpdGi9NVdEtMieMA==, figureFileBig=fvzGwp7yicdTe6LQ9SXB9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810813300839402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=CN, label=图8, caption=拉剪过程中胶粘结构胶层的应力变化, figureFileSmall=grevUhvpdGi9NVdEtMieMA==, figureFileBig=fvzGwp7yicdTe6LQ9SXB9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810813397308400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Load-displacement finite element simulation curves of the adhesive structures with different adhesive layer lengths, figureFileSmall=dgqIzRO0A6TCdWHVN1YeaQ==, figureFileBig=MeuO1C1j+jyNq9+MYD1NeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810813481194490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Load-displacement finite element simulation curves of the adhesive structures with different adhesive layer widths, figureFileSmall=IkKkjYWAJgccA13ip4bTiQ==, figureFileBig=pBnxuaY6/3PYJJakVH90UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810813841903628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=CN, label=图11, caption=在不同胶层宽度下胶粘结构的载荷-位移有限元仿真曲线, figureFileSmall=IkKkjYWAJgccA13ip4bTiQ==, figureFileBig=pBnxuaY6/3PYJJakVH90UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810813934178320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Comparison and error of ultimate failure load between test method and FEM method with different adhesive layer widths, figureFileSmall=clXqh/PP6SXALoUjJSDezg==, figureFileBig=KpymPkOw75+yDZ+/3HYwVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810814030647319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同胶层宽度下试验法与有限元法极限失效载荷的对比及误差, figureFileSmall=clXqh/PP6SXALoUjJSDezg==, figureFileBig=KpymPkOw75+yDZ+/3HYwVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810814114533402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Load-displacement finite element simulation curves of the adhesive structures with different adhesive layer thicknesses, figureFileSmall=5QlZtn4xlZjv/xo2AP2PuQ==, figureFileBig=sWSem6rk+T3ILJ1QS5E2Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810814185836575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=CN, label=图13, caption=在不同胶层厚度下胶粘结构的载荷-位移有限元仿真曲线, figureFileSmall=5QlZtn4xlZjv/xo2AP2PuQ==, figureFileBig=sWSem6rk+T3ILJ1QS5E2Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810814278111267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Comparison and error of ultimate failure load between test method and FEM method with different adhesive layer thicknesses, figureFileSmall=s0ISBLjDFQCLZ4l2TyEexQ==, figureFileBig=Q5hXhA6T2M6xe3w9Z+hzqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810815733534759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同胶层厚度下试验法与有限元法极限失效载荷的对比及误差, figureFileSmall=s0ISBLjDFQCLZ4l2TyEexQ==, figureFileBig=Q5hXhA6T2M6xe3w9Z+hzqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810815838392363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Load-displacement finite element simulation curves of the adhesive structures with different substrate thicknesses, figureFileSmall=NQrF4qkEfIfNS47eLHGFhQ==, figureFileBig=IRqrchnr+TMyQBpnRiFVEg==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Change of ultimate failure load and structural stiffness of the adhesive structures with different adhesive layer widths, figureFileSmall=kBUzq6DRdzY3MUXeO9brGA==, figureFileBig=XNV7YInM/3nwLhke1p24Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810816891162699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=CN, label=图20, caption=在不同胶层宽度下胶粘结构的极限失效载荷与结构刚度的变化, figureFileSmall=kBUzq6DRdzY3MUXeO9brGA==, figureFileBig=XNV7YInM/3nwLhke1p24Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810816979243088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Load-displacement test curves of the adhesive structures with different adhesive layer thicknesses, figureFileSmall=a4PajL18yaREs+S4ciSBDQ==, figureFileBig=vc2IL5WVz7xVHxHD4B+u6g==, tableContent=null), 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ArticleFig(id=1241810817620971618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=CN, label=图24, caption=在不同基底厚度下胶粘结构的极限失效载荷与结构刚度的变化, figureFileSmall=3U7+MSeLeHA0xJDL6XJ7Wg==, figureFileBig=GGOd57VjbuKMvXBgw+4wEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810817721634918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material properties of DP590 and Araldite 2021-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性
Material property
DP590材料属性
Material property
Araldite
2021-1
密度
Density ρ/(g/cm3)
7.8弹性模量
Elastic modulus E1/MPa
1 157
弹性模量
Elastic modulus E/GPa
206剪切模量
Shear modulus E2=E3/MPa
379
泊松比
Poisson ratio ν
0.3拉伸失效强度
Tensile failure strength σ1/MPa
31
抗拉强度
Tensile strength σb/MPa
595剪切失效强度
Shear failure strength τ2=τ3/MPa
26
屈服强度
Yield strength σs/MPa
378法向临界断裂能
Normal critical fracture energy/(kJ/m2)
2.57
延伸率
Elongation/%
16切向临界断裂能
Tangential critical fracture energy/(kJ/m2)
2.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241810817788743785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DP590与Araldite 2021-1的材料属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性
Material property
DP590材料属性
Material property
Araldite
2021-1
密度
Density ρ/(g/cm3)
7.8弹性模量
Elastic modulus E1/MPa
1 157
弹性模量
Elastic modulus E/GPa
206剪切模量
Shear modulus E2=E3/MPa
379
泊松比
Poisson ratio ν
0.3拉伸失效强度
Tensile failure strength σ1/MPa
31
抗拉强度
Tensile strength σb/MPa
595剪切失效强度
Shear failure strength τ2=τ3/MPa
26
屈服强度
Yield strength σs/MPa
378法向临界断裂能
Normal critical fracture energy/(kJ/m2)
2.57
延伸率
Elongation/%
16切向临界断裂能
Tangential critical fracture energy/(kJ/m2)
2.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241810817876824172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test schemes of the adhesive structure

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方案
Scheme
胶层长度
Adhesive layer length/mm
胶层宽度
Adhesive layer width/mm
胶层厚度
Adhesive layer thickness/mm
基底厚度
Substrate thickness/mm
15300.23
10300.23
20300.23
30300.23
40300.23
230200.23
30250.23
30300.23
30350.23
30400.23
330300.23
30300.33
30300.43
30300.53
30300.63
30301.03
430300.22
30300.23
30300.24
30300.25
30300.26
), ArticleFig(id=1241810817956515951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686762750267518, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

胶粘结构试验方案

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方案
Scheme
胶层长度
Adhesive layer length/mm
胶层宽度
Adhesive layer width/mm
胶层厚度
Adhesive layer thickness/mm
基底厚度
Substrate thickness/mm
15300.23
10300.23
20300.23
30300.23
40300.23
230200.23
30250.23
30300.23
30350.23
30400.23
330300.23
30300.33
30300.43
30300.53
30300.63
30301.03
430300.22
30300.23
30300.24
30300.25
30300.26
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胶粘结构参数对连接失效性能影响的理论与试验分析
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丘铭军 1, 2 , 王涛 1 , 计江 2 , 贾一鸣 1 , 王晨 1 , 洪军 1 , 王社昌 2 , 林起崟 1
机械强度 | 2025,47(9): 102-112
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机械强度 | 2025, 47(9): 102-112
胶粘结构参数对连接失效性能影响的理论与试验分析
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丘铭军1, 2 , 王涛1, 计江2, 贾一鸣1, 王晨1, 洪军1, 王社昌2, 林起崟1
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学 机械工程学院 现代设计及转子轴承系统教育部重点实验室,西安 710049
  • 2.中国重型机械研究院股份公司 金属成形技术与重型装备全国重点实验室,西安 710018
  • 丘铭军,男,1979年生,广东梅州人,工程博士,教授级高级工程师;主要研究方向为重型机械装备及基础件设计与制造;E-mail:

通讯作者:

林起崟,男,1987年生,福建三明人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为动、静接触机械装配界面设计理论与方法;E-mail:
Theoretical and test analysis of the influence of adhesive structure parameters on connection failure performance
Mingjun QIU1, 2 , Tao WANG1, Jiang JI2, Yiming JIA1, Chen WANG1, Jun HONG1, Shechang WANG2, Qiyin LIN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design & Rotor-Bearing System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Metal Forming Technology and Heavy Equipment, China National Heavy Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710018, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.009
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为提高重型机械和航空航天装备粘接结构装配连接性能,构建了基于内聚力单元的胶粘结构连接失效破坏数值分析模型。分析了结构拉剪破坏过程中不同载荷时刻下胶层剪切应力分布的演变规律,研究了不同结构参数下极限失效载荷与结构刚度的变化规律,并开展了拉伸剪切破坏试验。结果表明,不同载荷时刻下胶层剪切应力分布从刚开始的U形逐渐变为M形,最后过渡为近似倒U形;增加胶层长度或宽度,极限失效载荷及结构刚度均会随之增大;随着胶层厚度或基底厚度的增加,极限失效载荷变化幅度较小;结构刚度则大致随着胶层厚度的增加而减小,随着基底厚度的增加而增大。

胶粘连接结构  /  装配界面胶粘强度  /  内聚力单元  /  粘接应力  /  极限失效载荷

To enhance the assembly connection performance of adhesive structures in heavy machinery and aerospace equipment, a numerical analysis model based on the cohesive force element was developed to investigate the failure behavior of adhesive joints. The evolution of shear stress distribution in the adhesive layer during the tensile-shear failure process under different loading stages was analyzed. The variations in ultimate failure load and structural stiffness with different adhesive joint parameters were systematically studied, and tensile-shear failure tests were conducted. The results indicate that the shear stress distribution in the adhesive layer transitions from an initial U-shaped profile to an M-shaped and finally evolves into an approximately inverted U-shaped pattern as the load increases. Increasing the length or width of the adhesive layer significantly improves both the ultimate failure load and overall structural stiffness. However, increasing the adhesive layer thickness or substrate thickness exhibits a minor effect on the ultimate failure load. Notably, the structural stiffness decreases with increasing adhesive thickness but increases with higher substrate thickness.

Adhesive joint structure  /  Assembly interface adhesive strength  /  Cohesive force element  /  Adhesive stress  /  Ultimate failure load
丘铭军, 王涛, 计江, 贾一鸣, 王晨, 洪军, 王社昌, 林起崟. 胶粘结构参数对连接失效性能影响的理论与试验分析. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (9) : 102 -112 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.009
Mingjun QIU, Tao WANG, Jiang JI, Yiming JIA, Chen WANG, Jun HONG, Shechang WANG, Qiyin LIN. Theoretical and test analysis of the influence of adhesive structure parameters on connection failure performance[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (9) : 102 -112 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.009
胶粘连接,一方面可以实现异质材料间的连接,同时充分发挥减振、密封、绝缘等优良性能[1];另一方面,与铆钉连接、螺纹连接等机械连接方式配合使用时,还能够起到多种连接方式优势互补的效果,极大地改善装备连接性能[2]。因此,胶粘连接已经成为航空航天装配领域中一种主要的、不可代替的连接方法[3-4]
近些年,国内外学者对胶粘结构拉剪过程中胶层的应力分布特性、强度与极限载荷开展了大量研究分析。GOLAND等[5]最先把弯曲效应引入单搭接胶粘结构中,建立了一维梁理论模型;TSAI等[6]在层叠梁单元理论的基础上对基底的剪切变形进行了研究;LUO等[7]分别在线性和非线性的基础上,建立了不同的胶粘结构解析模型;WANG等[8]在双参数弹性数值解析方法的基础上,进一步把胶层的横向位移作为独立影响因素进行研究,建立了单搭接胶粘结构的三参数弹性数值解析模型;赵波等[9]以单搭接胶粘结构为研究对象,建立了包含弯曲效应及剥离应力的数值解析模型;LANGELLA等[10]考虑了胶粘结构的胶层长度、胶层弯曲刚度还有轴向拉伸载荷等因素的作用;HAMEDI等[11]针对复合材料单搭接胶粘结构,通过非线性拉格朗日应力法建立了胶粘失效预测模型。OSNES等[12]研究了非线性模型下的单搭接胶粘结构在不同外载荷作用时的仿真效果;CUI等[13]运用有限元方法,对不同基底厚度以及不同剥离角度的单搭接胶粘结构的强度进行了研究;DARWISH[14]将单搭接胶粘结构的胶层以及基底简化为线弹性材料,获得了不同基底材料下的胶粘结构在拉剪过程中的应力分布情况;程凯等[15]针对胶层、粘合界面以及旋翼进行了失效破坏仿真分析,研究了胶粘结构在失效过程中的应力变化规律,以及胶层宽度、厚度对结构强度的影响;JAIRAJA等[16]针对复合材料与铝合金胶粘结构,采用有限元方法研究了粘接方式与胶粘剂种类对胶层剥离应力分布情况的影响;胡春幸等[17]研究了胶层长度、胶层厚度以及铺层方式对结构应力分布的影响,并通过响应面法得出拉伸强度与结构因素之间的函数关系,对胶粘结构进行多目标优化,提高结构连接性能;MUBASHAR等[18]通过内聚力胶层单元与有限元方法对单搭接胶粘结构内胶层的失效破坏进行了仿真模拟;HESHMATI等[19]使用内聚力模型对单搭接胶粘结构的失效过程进行了仿真模拟,研究了裂纹初始位置、胶层长度以及不同断裂模式对胶粘结构连接强度的作用规律;梁祖典等[20]对以复合材料为基底的单搭接胶粘结构进行准静态拉伸模拟,分析了不同的胶层长度对胶粘结构胶层应力分布以及结构强度的影响;邹田春等[21]构建了复合材料双搭接胶粘结构有限元模型,发现胶层长度达到一定程度就不再是影响结构拉伸强度的首要因素;肖潇等[22]利用内聚力模型(Cohesive Zone Model, CZM)和Hashin失效准则对胶粘剂和碳纤维增强树脂(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer, CFRP)复合材料层合板进行了模拟计算;高国良等[23]针对胶粘结构的装配应力,开展了胶粘连接结构参数对其动静态性能影响的研究。
虽然现有的文献对胶粘结构的失效分析进行了一定的研究,但胶粘结构参数对其连接失效性能的影响机制仍然不够系统全面,有待进一步研究。为此,本文采用基于内聚力单元的单搭接胶粘结构失效破坏数值分析模型与拉伸剪切破坏试验相结合的方式,分析了结构拉剪破坏过程中不同载荷时刻下胶层剪切应力分布的演变规律,厘清了不同结构参数(胶层长度、胶层宽度、胶层厚度与基底厚度)对搭接胶粘结构极限失效载荷与结构刚度的影响机制。
内聚力是指胶粘结构本身的内部结合力,其可将胶层的强度和弹性模量等性能进行参数化表征。在计算整个胶粘结构的裂纹增长或断裂过程时(即胶层裂纹由尖端逐渐扩展延伸增长,最终形成整个断裂面的过程),胶层材料分子间的内聚力会不断抵抗,阻止其断裂分离。胶层材料的本构方程对于裂纹扩展状态和模式十分重要,在对胶粘结构进行断裂模拟时,一般选用粘合单元作为胶层单元,这种单元类型的本构方程主要有双线性、梯形、指数及多项式等形式,本文选用双线性本构方程进行模拟。
根据胶粘结构断裂时裂纹受到的载荷类型,可将断裂模型分为3种,如图1所示。模式1为张开型断裂模式,指载荷垂直于断裂面,裂纹扩展的方向与载荷方向互相垂直;模式2为滑开型断裂模式,指载荷平行于断裂面以及裂纹扩展方向;模式3为撕开型断裂模式,指载荷平行于断裂面且垂直于裂纹扩展方向。在工程实际中,胶层的断裂模式通常为三者皆有的混合型断裂模式,对胶粘结构进行破坏模拟时,内聚力模型首先分析单个模式下裂纹前端的损伤,之后综合3种断裂模式的分析结果对裂纹扩展进行判断。
在胶层裂纹前端的微小内聚力区域内有两个损伤阶段,为损伤起始以及裂纹扩展阶段,如图2所示。损伤起始阶段的胶层牵引力随着分离位移增大而逐渐增大,最终达到最大值,裂纹扩展阶段胶层的刚度下降且牵引力随着分离位移的增大而逐渐减小,最终降为0,整个过程中胶层释放的能量为GC,这时裂纹前端的胶层完全断裂且裂纹进一步扩展延伸。
损伤起始准则[24]有二次名义应变准则、最大名义应变准则、二次名义应力准则以及最大名义应力准则等,其表明当材料应力、应变达到临界损伤准则时,材料开始退化或刚度减小。
二次名义应变准则,指3种裂纹模式中的应变比平方之和等于1时,胶层材料开始损伤,其表达式为
式中,ε1为裂纹模式1下的应变;为裂纹模式1下的最大应变;ε2为裂纹模式2下的应变;为裂纹模式2下的最大应变;ε3为裂纹模式3下的应变;为裂纹模式3下的最大应变。
最大名义应变准则,指在3种裂纹模式中,任意一种模式的应变比等于1时,胶层材料开始损伤,其表达式为
二次名义应力准则,指3种裂纹模式中的应力比平方之和等于1时,胶层材料开始损伤,其表达式为
式中,σ1为裂纹模式1下的应力;为裂纹模式1下的强度;σ2为裂纹模式2下的应力;为裂纹模式2下的强度;σ3为裂纹模式3下的应力;为裂纹模式3下的强度。
最大名义应力准则,指在3种裂纹模式中,任意一种模式的应力比等于1时,胶层材料开始损伤,其表达式为
在胶粘结构多种裂纹模式混合中,可以通过线性、双线性、临界能量释放率、幂指数、Bazant-Kazemi(B-K)等断裂准则来判断胶层的裂纹扩展。
线性断裂准则[25]将3种裂纹模式的断裂能及临界断裂能的比值之和等于1作为判断裂纹扩展的依据,其表达式为
式中,G1为裂纹模式1的断裂能;为裂纹模式1的临界断裂能;G2为裂纹模式2的断裂能;为裂纹模式2的临界断裂能;G3为裂纹模式3的断裂能;为裂纹模式3的临界断裂能。
双线性断裂准则[26]的表达式为
式中,λφ均为材料常数。
临界能量释放率断裂准则[27]将3种断裂模式的断裂能之和与某种模式下临界断裂能的比值等于1作为判断裂纹扩展的依据,其表达式为
幂指数断裂准则[28],将3种裂纹模式断裂能及临界断裂能比值的指数之和等于1作为判断裂纹扩展的依据,其表达式为
式中,αβγ均为常数,且大于0;当α=β=γ=1时,相当于线性断裂准则。
B-K断裂准则[29]的表达式为
式中,η为与材料相关的常数;GC为胶层断裂释放的能量。
拟采用单搭接胶粘结构进行拉伸剪切破坏试验,其主要试验材料有高强钢DP590和Araldite 2021-1环氧树脂结构胶粘剂。DP590高强钢[30]具有高抗拉强度、高硬度以及高延伸率等性能,为了使胶粘结构胶层具有高强度高粘接性能,选用双组分Araldite 2021-1环氧树脂结构胶粘剂[31],其在室温下固化后呈淡黄色,广泛适用于金属、玻璃、塑料等材料的粘接,其材料属性如表1所示。
拉剪破坏试验所用到的单搭接胶粘结构几何尺寸及粘接特征如图3所示。由图3可知,结构的初始尺寸:胶层长度为30 mm、胶层宽度为30 mm、胶层厚度为0.2 mm、基底长度为100 mm、基底厚度为3 mm、基底宽度与胶层宽度相同、垫片长度为30 mm、垫片宽度与胶层宽度相同、垫片厚度与基底厚度相同。垫片主要用于保持上下基底的粘合界面水平,以防胶层不同位置厚度不同,同时使结构所受的拉剪力与胶层齐平,防止载荷偏心产生弯矩。为研究不同结构因素对单搭接胶粘结构强度的影响,以胶层长度、胶层宽度、胶层厚度、基底厚度为变量对其进行拉伸剪切破坏试验。其中胶层长度分别为5、10、20、30、40 mm,胶层宽度分别为20、25、30、35、40 mm,胶层厚度分别为0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、1.0 mm,基底厚度分别为2、3、4、5、6 mm,共21组试验,每组试验重复3次。具体试验方案如表2所示。
对加工好的基底表面进行处理,先用纱布清除基底表面灰尘、锈迹或油污等杂质,再使用100目砂纸反复横向纵向交替打磨基底表面的粘接区域,最后用酒精湿润清洗基底表面,晾晒风干20 min。通过混胶管将Araldite 2021-1结构胶的A组分与B组分按照1∶1等体积混合均匀,使用专门的胶枪将混合后的胶粘剂均匀涂抹在下基底的粘接区域与夹持区域,再将上基底与下基底以及垫片与上、下基底分别粘接。需要注意的是涂胶过程应一次性操作完成且要避免胶层中出现气泡。将直径分别为0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、1.0 mm细铁线,裁剪成与胶层宽度相同长度,水平放置在下基底粘接区域两端,以此用来精确的控制涂胶后的胶层厚度。在粘接完成后,需要对胶粘结构进行加压固化,使用燕尾夹夹紧粘接区域以及夹持区域的两侧,再用刮板清除粘接区域和夹持区域四周被挤出的残余胶粘剂。在室温下固化1周,最后检测各结构尺寸是否符合所需要求。固化完成后不同结构尺寸的单搭接胶粘结构如图4所示。其中,C代表胶层长度,K代表胶层宽度,JH代表胶层厚度,H代表上、下基底厚度,C20代表胶层长度20 mm,依此类推。
单搭接胶粘结构拉伸剪切破坏试验所用的试验设备为西安交通大学机械结构强度与振动国家重点实验室的MTS-880/25T型电液伺服万能试验机,如图5(a)所示。
使用试验机上夹头加紧固定单搭接试件的上夹持区域,调节下夹头上下位置,使其与试件下夹持区域重合并夹紧,需要注意的是试件整体需要保持垂直,且夹紧后不能有滑动现象。在数据采集系统将位移与力清零后,施加拉伸载荷,加载速率为2 mm/min,检查系统各状态是否正常,开始拉剪破坏试验,如图5(b)所示。
在内聚力模型理论和最大名义应力准则及B-K等断裂准则的基础上,建立了三维单搭接胶粘结构有限元仿真模型,如图6所示。对单搭接胶粘结构有限元模型采用结构化六面体单元对整体结构进行网格划分,将其下基底和相应垫片左端面以及表面夹持区域完全固定,建立参考点并耦合结构右端面,对参考点施加2 mm/min的位移载荷并通过平滑幅值曲线消除加速度效应,采用共节点接触算法实现胶层与基底的界面连接。牵引分离法则可以根据胶层内聚力单元上、下表面节点的相对位移来计算判断粘合界面是否失效,若胶层沿着厚度方向被划分为两层及以上的网格单元时,仿真结果会严重失真,因此这里将胶层在y方向上只划分为一层Cohesive单元。仿真所用材料属性与试验相同。
选取初始结构尺寸的单搭接胶粘结构建立有限元仿真模型,即胶层长度为30 mm、胶层宽度为30 mm、胶层厚度为0.2 mm、基底厚度为3 mm、其余结构尺寸与试验相同。得到初始结构尺寸下的有限元载荷与位移变化关系,如图7所示。由图7可知,有限元与试验得到的载荷-位移曲线具有相同的变化趋势,在线性加载阶段,单搭接结构随着位移的增加,其所受载荷线性增大,直到单搭接结构发生失效,而后在失效阶段所受载荷迅速减小为0。此外有限元法得到的极限失效载荷、失效位移以及曲线斜率均与试验结果基本一致。
图8为初始结构尺寸的单搭接胶粘结构在拉剪破坏过程中,不同时刻下的胶层剪切应力变化图。由图8可知,在拉伸载荷由0增加到12.5 kN的过程中,胶层剪切应力曲线一直呈现出近似U形,胶层剪切应力最大值出现在左右两端。在12.5~15.0 kN内,应力最大值从两端开始向内偏移;在15.0~19.0 kN内,应力最大值继续从两端向中心靠拢,两端应力值开始逐渐下降,整体呈M形分布。在达到极限失效载荷20.02 kN时,剪切应力曲线变为倒U形,最大值出现在中间区域。
图9为不同胶层长度下单搭接结构采用有限元法得到的载荷-位移曲线。由图9可知,不同胶层长度的载荷-位移曲线变化趋势相同,在线性加载阶段拉伸载荷逐渐增大,在失效阶段,拉伸载荷迅速衰减为0。结构的失效位移、极限失效载荷及曲线斜率(整体结构刚度)都随着胶层长度的增加而逐渐增大,与试验方案1所得到的结果相近。
图10为不同胶层长度下有限元法与试验法所得极限失效载荷与两者相对误差。由图10可知,两种方法所得极限失效载荷均随着胶层长度的增大而增大;对于有限元,当胶层长度在5~40 mm时,极限失效载荷从3.75 kN上升到25.91 kN,提高了590.93%。在5种胶层长度中,有限元法与试验法的误差均不超过10%,当胶层长度为20 mm时,其最大误差为8.17%。验证了有限元法模拟胶粘结构失效破坏的准确性。
图11为不同胶层宽度下单搭接结构采用有限元法得到的载荷-位移曲线。由图11可知,虽然结构的极限失效载荷与整体结构刚度均随着胶层宽度的增加而逐渐增大,但与方案2结果不同的是,胶层宽度增加而结构的失效位移没有发生变化,始终维持在0.297 mm不变。
图12为不同胶层宽度下有限元法与试验法所得极限失效载荷与两者相对误差。从图12中可以看出,两种方法所得极限失效载荷均随着胶层宽度的增大而增大,对有限元法来说,当胶层宽度在20~40 mm时,极限失效载荷从13.34 kN上升到26.71 kN,提高了100.22%。在5种胶层宽度中,有限元法与试验法的误差都不超过10%,当胶层宽度为40 mm时,其最大误差为6.59%。同样验证了有限元法可以很好地模拟胶粘结构的失效破坏。
图13为不同胶层厚度下单搭接结构采用有限元法得到的载荷-位移曲线。由图13可知,与方案3结果的变化规律有所不同,在胶层厚度从0.2 mm增加到0.6 mm过程中,结构的极限失效载荷与整体结构刚度逐渐减小,失效位移逐渐增大,而在胶层厚度从0.6 mm增加到1.0 mm过程中,三者变化增减趋势均相反。
图14为不同胶层厚度下有限元法与试验法所得极限失效载荷与两者相对误差。由图14可知,试验法所得极限失效载荷随着胶层厚度的增大而减小,而有限元法则先减小后略微上升。对于有限元法,当胶层厚度在0.2~0.6 mm时,极限失效载荷从20.02 kN下降到19.53 kN,减小了2.45%。在6种胶层厚度中,有限元法与试验法的误差都不超过10%,当胶层厚度为1.0 mm时,其最大误差为8.16%。验证了有限元模拟的准确性,且进一步说明改变胶层厚度对结构连接强度的影响很小,可以忽略。
图15为不同基底厚度下单搭接结构采用有限元法得到的载荷-位移曲线。由图15可知,与方案4结果的变化规律相近,在基底厚度从2 mm增加到6 mm过程中,结构的极限失效载荷与整体结构刚度逐渐增大,而失效位移逐渐减小。
图16为不同基底厚度下有限元法与试验法所得极限失效载荷的对比与两者相对误差。由图16可知,试验法所得极限失效载荷随着基底厚度的增大而先减小后增大直至逐渐平缓,而有限元法则持续逐渐增大。对有限元法来说,当基底厚度在2~6 mm时,极限失效载荷从19.77 kN增大到20.77 kN,增加了5.06%。在5种基底厚度中,有限元法与试验法的误差都不超过10%;当基底厚度为4.0 mm时,其最大误差为3.83%。验证了有限元模拟的准确性,且进一步说明增大基底厚度可提高结构连接强度,但提升效果比增大胶层长度和宽度小。
图17为不同胶层长度下的单搭接结构拉剪试验载荷-位移曲线。从图17中可以看出,对于不同胶层长度的单搭接结构,在拉伸载荷由0逐渐增加到最大值的过程中,载荷-位移曲线的斜率均近似于常值,因此将这个过程称为线性加载阶段,并用此阶段的曲线斜率来表示单搭接结构的整体结构刚度。当不同的单搭接结构在达到各自的失效位移时,胶层开始发生破坏断裂,结构所承受的拉伸载荷迅速较小为0,将此过程称为失效破坏阶段。另外随着胶层长度的增加,单搭接结构的失效位移、极限失效载荷以及曲线斜率均逐渐增大。
单搭接结构在不同胶层长度下的极限失效载荷与整体结构刚度变化情况,如图18所示。由图18可知,结构的极限失效载荷和整体结构刚度均随着胶层长度的增大而增大,当胶层长度在5~40 mm时,极限失效载荷从3.57 kN上升到24.54 kN,提高了587.39%,整体结构刚度从27.98 kN/mm上升到74.41 kN/mm,提高了165.94%。方案1的5组试验说明了增大胶层长度,可以大幅提高单搭接结构的极限失效载荷以及整体结构刚度,有效提升结构的连接性能。
图19为不同胶层宽度下的单搭接结构拉剪试验载荷-位移曲线。从图19中可以看出,与方案1的试验结果类似,在线性加载阶段,结构的载荷随着位移的增大而增大,斜率趋近于常值,在失效破坏阶段,载荷迅速衰减为0。随着胶层宽度的增加,单搭接结构的极限失效载荷和斜率逐渐增大,但其失效位移的大小在0.30 mm附近不断波动,没有明显的变化规律。
单搭接结构在不同胶层宽度下的极限失效载荷与整体结构刚度变化情况,如图20所示。由图20可知,结构的极限失效载荷和整体结构刚度均随着胶层宽度的增大而增大;当胶层宽度在20~40 mm时,极限失效载荷从12.68 kN上升到28.60 kN,提高了125.55%,整体结构刚度从44.65 kN/mm上升到98.73 kN/mm,提高了121.12%。方案2的5组试验表明,增大胶层宽度,同样可以提高单搭接结构的极限失效载荷以及整体结构刚度,但增大胶层宽度对于结构连接强度的改善效果并没有增大胶层长度的效果明显。
图21为不同胶层厚度下的单搭接结构拉剪试验载荷-位移曲线。从图21中可以看出,与方案1、方案2试验结果的变化规律不同,增加单搭接结构的胶层厚度,其极限失效载荷逐渐减小。当胶层厚度在0.2~1.0 mm时,结构的失效位移先减小,后逐渐增大。
图22为单搭接结构在不同胶层厚度下的极限失效载荷与整体结构刚度变化情况。由图22可知,结构的极限失效载荷均随着胶层厚度的增大而减小,当胶层厚度在0.2~1.0 mm时,极限失效载荷从19.44 kN下降到18.11 kN,降低了6.84%。整体结构刚度随着胶层厚度的增大而先上升后减小,从最大66.01 kN/mm逐渐减小到52.63 kN/mm,减小了20.27%。方案3的6组试验表明,增大胶层厚度,虽然会降低单搭接结构的极限失效载荷及整体结构刚度,轻微影响结构的连接强度,但基本可以忽略。
图23为不同基底厚度下的单搭接结构拉剪试验载荷-位移曲线。从图23中可以看出,增加单搭接结构的基底厚度,其失效位移逐渐减小,而极限失效载荷变化不明显。
图24为单搭接结构在不同基底厚度下的极限失效载荷与整体结构刚度变化情况。由图24可知,当基底厚度在2~6 mm时,极限失效载荷没有发生明显变化,最大值为21.11 kN,而整体结构刚度随着基底厚度的增大而增大,从53.68 kN/mm上升到111.57 kN/mm,提高了107.84%。方案4的5组试验表明,增大基底厚度并无法有效改善单搭接结构的连接强度,只能提高其整体结构刚度。
本文构建了基于内聚力单元的胶粘结构连接性能失效破坏数值分析模型,分析了结构拉剪破坏过程中不同载荷时刻下胶层剪切应力分布的演变规律,研究了不同结构参数下极限失效载荷与结构刚度的变化规律,并开展了拉伸剪切破坏试验。通过数值分析与试验,得出主要结论如下:
1)不同载荷时刻下胶层剪切应力分布从刚开始的U形逐渐变为M形,最后过渡为近似倒U形。
2)失效位移随着胶层长度的增加而增大,随着基底厚度的增加而减小,而胶层厚度和宽度变化对其影响微弱。
3)增加胶层长度或宽度,其极限失效载荷及整体结构刚度均会随之增大;增加胶层厚度或基底厚度,极限失效载荷变化幅度较小;结构刚度则大致随着胶层厚度的增加而减小,随着基底厚度的增加而增大。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U24B6006; 52335011; 52222508)
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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.009
  • 接收时间:2025-04-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-24
  • 修回日期:2025-05-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24B6006; 52335011; 52222508)
国家自然科学基金项目(U24B6006; 52335011; 52222508)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学 机械工程学院 现代设计及转子轴承系统教育部重点实验室,西安 710049
    2.中国重型机械研究院股份公司 金属成形技术与重型装备全国重点实验室,西安 710018

通讯作者:

林起崟,男,1987年生,福建三明人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为动、静接触机械装配界面设计理论与方法;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

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种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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