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Article(id=1241686760963493971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741363200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-08, revisedDate=1747584000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970793237, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970793237, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970793237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970793237, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241686759470329942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='249', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970792882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970911747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=174, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241686761148043352, articleId=1241686760963493971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Study on tensile strength prediction and test validation of blind bolted rivets with large flange, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Blind bolted rivets with large flange are widely used as standard fasteners for single-side connection in the aerospace industry, and their minimum tensile load is one of the clearly specified mechanical properties. However, the current method for calculating the tensile strength of blind bolted rivets with large flanges is not yet fully developed. In order to improve the forward design process of blind bolted rivets with large flanges and predict their tensile strength, the failure modes during the tensile process were investigated. First, mechanical analysis reveals three failure modes due to stress concentration:the breakage of the forming sleeve, breakage of the head, and indentation of the nut sleeve. Then, a finite element simulation was used to propose a prediction method for the tensile strength of blind rivet nuts with large flanges, which helps obtain the failure modes and predict the tensile strength. Finally, a hydraulic testing system was used to conduct tensile tests on a specific model of blind bolted rivets with a large flange, the specific failure modes and force-displacement curves are obtained. The accuracy of the proposed prediction method is verified by the test result. This study provides a reference for improving the connection strength of blind bolted rivets with large flanges and enables the prediction of tensile strength in the forward design process.

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LIAO Ridong, E-mail：
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大底脚螺纹抽钉作为单面连接标准件广泛应用于航空航天领域，其最小拉伸载荷是有明确规定标准的机械性能之一。但目前大底脚螺纹抽钉抗拉强度的计算方法尚未成熟，为了完善大底脚螺纹抽钉的正向设计流程，实现其抗拉强度的预测，针对其在拉伸过程中的失效模式进行了研究。首先，力学分析表明，大底脚螺纹抽钉在拉伸过程中由于应力集中存在成型套断裂、墩头断裂、钉套沉头断裂3种失效模式。然后，通过有限元仿真提出了一种大底脚螺纹抽钉抗拉强度预测方法，能够获取其拉伸失效模式和抗拉强度。最后，通过液压测试系统对某型号大底脚螺纹抽钉进行了拉伸试验，得到了具体失效模式和力-位移曲线。试验结果验证了预测方法的准确性，为提升大底脚螺纹抽钉的连接强度，实现其正向设计流程中抗拉强度的预测提供了参考。

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廖日东，男，1972年生，江西贵溪人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师；主要研究方向为动力机械结构强度与振动、结构密封与防松；E-mail：。
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孙宇茵，女，1999年生，河南南阳人，在读硕士研究生；主要研究方向为紧固件结构强度；E-mail：。

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孙宇茵，女，1999年生，河南南阳人，在读硕士研究生；主要研究方向为紧固件结构强度；E-mail：。

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孙宇茵，女，1999年生，河南南阳人，在读硕士研究生；主要研究方向为紧固件结构强度；E-mail：。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=试验验证)], refs=[Reference(id=1241810817159598164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=5, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=张庆东, journalName=有色金属加工, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张庆东. 美国铝业公司旗下航空航天产业发展路径分析[J]. 有色金属加工，2022，51（2）：1-5., articleTitle=美国铝业公司旗下航空航天产业发展路径分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241810817264455769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=5, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ZHANG Qingdong, journalName=Nonferrous Metals Processing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Qingdong. 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Beijing：Beijing Institute of Technology，2023：17-26.（In Chinese）, articleTitle=Analysis of fastening performance and structural optimization of blind bolt, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241810808716464891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241810808724853498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, companyId=1241810808716464891, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241810808733242108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, companyId=1241810808716464891, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Large flange blind bolted rivets tensile process, figureFileSmall=v5cimRcjO1N9lJDqfgJsWg==, figureFileBig=b0/R289LEKJA4xirXCpvTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811698615191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸过程, figureFileSmall=v5cimRcjO1N9lJDqfgJsWg==, figureFileBig=b0/R289LEKJA4xirXCpvTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811799278493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Force analysis after the installation of the blind bolted rivets with large flange, figureFileSmall=I3aQkfTGij3hshuG0q1TMA==, figureFileBig=8KU/eDFUr5WfmtYthL2RTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811904136100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大底脚螺纹抽钉安装完成后受力分析, figureFileSmall=I3aQkfTGij3hshuG0q1TMA==, figureFileBig=8KU/eDFUr5WfmtYthL2RTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810811996410792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Force analysis of the tensile process of blind bolted rivets with large flange, figureFileSmall=XvIgu1LXuEO+O7jUCDt5Ew==, figureFileBig=wxDWRbpGlI6c573WUAKX5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812113851310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=CN, label=图3, caption=大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸过程受力分析, figureFileSmall=XvIgu1LXuEO+O7jUCDt5Ew==, figureFileBig=wxDWRbpGlI6c573WUAKX5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812197737394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Finite element geometry model, mesh model and contact pair settings, figureFileSmall=wLq1KYQZlOPk/5VBtwu6hg==, figureFileBig=QL/QsAnePJx8zlpoxbO73w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812269040567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=CN, label=图4, caption=有限元几何模型、网格模型及接触对设置, figureFileSmall=wLq1KYQZlOPk/5VBtwu6hg==, figureFileBig=QL/QsAnePJx8zlpoxbO73w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812365509564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Geometry model and mesh model of nut sleeve, figureFileSmall=aoNjs89RZKiO1OHCu7s1zQ==, figureFileBig=LWTgJLf1CISXnFzwAKlf7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812453589952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=CN, label=图5, caption=钉套几何模型、网格模型, figureFileSmall=aoNjs89RZKiO1OHCu7s1zQ==, figureFileBig=LWTgJLf1CISXnFzwAKlf7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812541670339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Finite element boundary conditions and contact settings of nut sleeve, figureFileSmall=Y0BtvfWlBlWYG/brfKJURw==, figureFileBig=KTXPFYla/e4VVpdLqgcmMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812621362119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=CN, label=图6, caption=钉套有限元边界条件及接触设置, figureFileSmall=Y0BtvfWlBlWYG/brfKJURw==, figureFileBig=KTXPFYla/e4VVpdLqgcmMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812738802639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Stress variation of the forming sleeve during the tensile process, figureFileSmall=iAAK8+/PmAaFdyEX+gSeTA==, figureFileBig=muxul0EA52Zw6P0xQ930sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812864631764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=CN, label=图7, caption=拉伸过程中成型套应力变化, figureFileSmall=iAAK8+/PmAaFdyEX+gSeTA==, figureFileBig=muxul0EA52Zw6P0xQ930sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810812973683675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Stress variation at the head during the tensile process, figureFileSmall=SUCTqojp4YoteCN8VDaM4Q==, figureFileBig=tgdbQQWLFkW4yFtT+iX+dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810813103707104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=CN, label=图8, caption=拉伸过程中墩头处应力变化, figureFileSmall=SUCTqojp4YoteCN8VDaM4Q==, figureFileBig=tgdbQQWLFkW4yFtT+iX+dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810813191787492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Stress variation of the nut sleeve countersunk head during the 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label=Fig.16, caption=Comparison of test and simulation force-displacement curves, figureFileSmall=SiKh8Z46CuNrgIZxjgXcLg==, figureFileBig=/ZhjjFfP3DYtsIiAXTGI1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810815972610096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=CN, label=图16, caption=仿真与试验测得的力-位移曲线对比, figureFileSmall=SiKh8Z46CuNrgIZxjgXcLg==, figureFileBig=/ZhjjFfP3DYtsIiAXTGI1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241810816064884787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Key dimensional parameters at critical locations

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几何示意图
Geometric schematic		分件图
Component diagram		尺寸
Dimensions
ho/mm10.00
he/mm3.15
do/mm4.10
ddt/mm4.13
dt/mm2.50
Rdt/mm0.15
dc/mm4.178
hd/mm15.86
hdz/mm12.9
hc/mm0.99
αcou/（°）130
Rd/mm0.60
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关键位置尺寸参数

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几何示意图
Geometric schematic		分件图
Component diagram		尺寸
Dimensions
ho/mm10.00
he/mm3.15
do/mm4.10
ddt/mm4.13
dt/mm2.50
Rdt/mm0.15
dc/mm4.178
hd/mm15.86
hdz/mm12.9
hc/mm0.99
αcou/（°）130
Rd/mm0.60
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Materials and performance parameters

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分件Component
芯杆
Core rod		钉套
Nut sleeve		成型套
Forming sleeve		插入件
Insert
材料
Material		A286Ti6AL4V304不锈钢
304 stainless steel		聚甲醛
POM
密度 Density/（g/cm3）7.924.437.931.42
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/GPa		2101132052.9
泊松比Poisson ratio0.30.340.30.4
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa		1 24097035060
抗拉强度
Tensile strength/MPa		1 4001 700680120
延长率 Elongation/%854040
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材料及性能参数

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分件Component
芯杆
Core rod		钉套
Nut sleeve		成型套
Forming sleeve		插入件
Insert
材料
Material		A286Ti6AL4V304不锈钢
304 stainless steel		聚甲醛
POM
密度 Density/（g/cm3）7.924.437.931.42
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/GPa		2101132052.9
泊松比Poisson ratio0.30.340.30.4
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa		1 24097035060
抗拉强度
Tensile strength/MPa		1 4001 700680120
延长率 Elongation/%854040
), ArticleFig(id=1241810816492703808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760963493971, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Installation plate dimensions

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dd1d2h1h2
尺寸Dimensions /mm4.17840551621.215
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安装板尺寸

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dd1d2h1h2
尺寸Dimensions /mm4.17840551621.215
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Maximum tensile force data record

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编号
Number		R1R2R3R4R5R6均值
Average value
Flmax/kN6.056.076.056.116.216.136.10
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最大拉伸力数据记录

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编号
Number		R1R2R3R4R5R6均值
Average value
Flmax/kN6.056.076.056.116.216.136.10
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Simulation prediction and test verification results for type 06 rivet

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关键位置
Key positions		仿真结果
Simulation results		最大拉伸力
Maximum tensile force/kN
钉套
Nut sleeve		20.281
芯杆
Core rod		15.35
成型套
Forming sleeve		10.03
失效模式
Failure mode		试验结果
Test results		平均最大拉伸力
Average maximum tensile force /kN
成型套失效
Failure of the forming sleeve		10.21
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06型号抽钉仿真预测及试验验证结果

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关键位置
Key positions		仿真结果
Simulation results		最大拉伸力
Maximum tensile force/kN
钉套
Nut sleeve		20.281
芯杆
Core rod		15.35
成型套
Forming sleeve		10.03
失效模式
Failure mode		试验结果
Test results		平均最大拉伸力
Average maximum tensile force /kN
成型套失效
Failure of the forming sleeve		10.21
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大底脚螺纹抽钉抗拉强度预测与试验验证研究
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孙宇茵 1 , 丰佳铭 1 , 金万军 2 , 廖日东 1
机械强度 | 2025,47(9): 174-181
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机械强度 | 2025, 47(9): 174-181
大底脚螺纹抽钉抗拉强度预测与试验验证研究
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孙宇茵1 , 丰佳铭1, 金万军2, 廖日东1
作者信息
  • 1.北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院，北京　100081
  • 2.中国航空工业标准件制造有限责任公司，贵阳　550014

    • 孙宇茵，女，1999年生，河南南阳人，在读硕士研究生；主要研究方向为紧固件结构强度；E-mail：。

通讯作者:

廖日东，男，1972年生，江西贵溪人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师；主要研究方向为动力机械结构强度与振动、结构密封与防松；E-mail：。
Study on tensile strength prediction and test validation of blind bolted rivets with large flange
Yuyin SUN1 , Jiaming FENG1, Wanjun JIN2, Ridong LIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2.China Aviation Industry Standard Parts Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550014, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.016
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摘要
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大底脚螺纹抽钉作为单面连接标准件广泛应用于航空航天领域，其最小拉伸载荷是有明确规定标准的机械性能之一。但目前大底脚螺纹抽钉抗拉强度的计算方法尚未成熟，为了完善大底脚螺纹抽钉的正向设计流程，实现其抗拉强度的预测，针对其在拉伸过程中的失效模式进行了研究。首先，力学分析表明，大底脚螺纹抽钉在拉伸过程中由于应力集中存在成型套断裂、墩头断裂、钉套沉头断裂3种失效模式。然后，通过有限元仿真提出了一种大底脚螺纹抽钉抗拉强度预测方法，能够获取其拉伸失效模式和抗拉强度。最后，通过液压测试系统对某型号大底脚螺纹抽钉进行了拉伸试验，得到了具体失效模式和力-位移曲线。试验结果验证了预测方法的准确性，为提升大底脚螺纹抽钉的连接强度，实现其正向设计流程中抗拉强度的预测提供了参考。

大底脚螺纹抽钉  /  失效模式  /  抗拉强度  /  预测方法  /  试验验证

Blind bolted rivets with large flange are widely used as standard fasteners for single-side connection in the aerospace industry, and their minimum tensile load is one of the clearly specified mechanical properties. However, the current method for calculating the tensile strength of blind bolted rivets with large flanges is not yet fully developed. In order to improve the forward design process of blind bolted rivets with large flanges and predict their tensile strength, the failure modes during the tensile process were investigated. First, mechanical analysis reveals three failure modes due to stress concentration:the breakage of the forming sleeve, breakage of the head, and indentation of the nut sleeve. Then, a finite element simulation was used to propose a prediction method for the tensile strength of blind rivet nuts with large flanges, which helps obtain the failure modes and predict the tensile strength. Finally, a hydraulic testing system was used to conduct tensile tests on a specific model of blind bolted rivets with a large flange, the specific failure modes and force-displacement curves are obtained. The accuracy of the proposed prediction method is verified by the test result. This study provides a reference for improving the connection strength of blind bolted rivets with large flanges and enables the prediction of tensile strength in the forward design process.

Blind bolted rivets with large flange  /  Failure modes  /  Tensile strength  /  Prediction method  /  Test validation
孙宇茵, 丰佳铭, 金万军, 廖日东. 大底脚螺纹抽钉抗拉强度预测与试验验证研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (9) : 174 -181 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.016
Yuyin SUN, Jiaming FENG, Wanjun JIN, Ridong LIAO. Study on tensile strength prediction and test validation of blind bolted rivets with large flange[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (9) : 174 -181 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.016
正文
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0　引言
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铆钉作为最常用的紧固件之一，大量应用于航空制造及装配领域。根据空客公司的统计，世界上最大的量产客机A380的航空铆钉用量已经超过了一百万颗[1]。而大底脚螺纹抽钉是抽芯铆钉的一种，其作为单面连接紧固件可解决飞机机体开敞性差场合的连接问题，同时具有连接强度高、隐身性能好等优点[2]，广泛应用于航空航天领域中铝合金、结构钢和复合材料的连接[3]。据统计，机体损伤的故障数量约占飞机全部安全故障总数的12%~30%，可以认为飞机机体的寿命决定了飞机的总寿命[4]。作为飞机机体的主要连接紧固件之一，铆钉的连接性能直接影响着飞机结构的可靠性。在铆钉的众多性能要求中，拉伸性能是一个重要的力学指标，基于这一要求，已经制定了相关标准来规定铆钉的拉伸强度。而对于大底脚螺纹抽钉，其机械性能要求中明确规定了最低拉伸载荷，因此抗拉强度是其关键性能参数。为了实现大底脚螺纹抽钉的正向设计，设计过程中必须对其抗拉强度进行准确的预测。
国内外众多学者对如何提升抽芯铆钉连接结构的力学性能进行了广泛的研究。从20世纪末起，学者主要通过试验对抽芯铆钉的结构参数进行调整以实现性能要求。马权印[5]经过多次试验确定了断颈槽的直径及拉断力的大小，使钢抽芯铆钉的铆接成功率从20%提高到85%~90%。陈兴安[6]通过铆接性能试验、钉套胀形试验等10种试验，调整了断颈槽直径，研制出的抽芯铆钉达到了性能要求。LEE等[7]用宏观模型对抽芯铆钉连接的接头强度进行了分析，通过单搭接剪切试验测量了抽芯铆钉接头在拉伸和剪切方向的载荷-位移曲线，并进行了横向拉伸试验和优化。
近年来随着有限元仿真技术的快速发展，研究领域内的学者逐渐转向抽芯铆钉的预测设计，从其原始需求出发独立研制国产抽芯铆钉。黄志超等[8]采用有限元软件对抽芯铆钉的拉铆工艺进行数值模拟，并通过拉伸试验研究拉铆件的静强度，测试铆接质量。石智辉等[9]对传统托板螺母用抽芯铆钉进行了有限元计算，并分析了部分参数对抽芯铆钉抗拉力的影响。VAN DE VELDE等[10]对抽芯铆钉螺母的转矩-转角值进行了数值预测，提出了一种方法来模拟包含大塑性应变和接触压力的凝固过程，采用基于有限元模型的反演方法识别抽芯铆钉的局部塑性材料特性。BOROWIECKI等[11]对盲铆螺母最大拉拔力、预紧力、剪切力进行了试验，提出了基于有限元分析的螺栓建模方法。
综上所述，前人对于抽芯铆钉的研究大多是通过试验进行结构优化，部分进行了其成型机制的有限元仿真研究，在大底脚螺纹抽钉正向设计方面研究较少，作者课题组在前期工作中已经通过对大底脚螺纹抽钉理论分析、有限元仿真和试验验证，建立了安装过程中力的演变规律及与关键几何参数的匹配关系，提出了一套正向设计方法[12]1559-1566，但对大底脚螺纹抽钉的拉伸失效过程缺乏系统研究，抗拉强度计算方法尚未成熟，且正向设计中这一部分内容尚未完善。为了解决这一问题，本文从力学理论角度分析了大底脚螺纹抽钉在拉伸过程中的薄弱位置及其将会导致的失效模式，并通过有限元仿真模型提出了一种大底脚螺纹抽钉抗拉强度预测方法，以获取其拉伸失效模式和抗拉强度。最后，通过液压测试系统对某型号大底脚螺纹抽钉进行了拉伸试验，得到了具体失效模式和力-位移曲线，试验结果验证了预测方法的准确性，仿真与试验力-位移曲线吻合良好。
1　大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸失效模式分析
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1.1　大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸过程
大底脚螺纹抽钉的强度失效模式主要有3种：成型套失效、芯杆失效、钉套失效。图1为大底脚螺纹抽钉的拉伸过程：①被夹紧件下端固定，上端被夹持；②成型套沿径向继续膨胀，插入件继续受到挤压；墩头处成型套二次鼓包加重，被夹紧件上夹板距离墩头距离越来越近；③成型套上端收口处在墩头下方卡住，二次鼓包从墩头处溢出，插入件严重变形。
1.2　受力分析
作者课题组在文献[13]中已对大底脚螺纹抽钉安装过程进行了受力分析，其安装完成后的各分件受力如图2所示。其中，F1为被夹紧件对成型套成型后底脚的反作用合力，即产生的夹紧力（预紧力）；F2为成型套与钉套接触面上摩擦力沿芯杆轴向分力的合力；F3为芯杆墩头下端对成型套上端面压力的合力；F4为钉套与芯杆拧紧，沿轴线上产生拉力的合力；F5为被夹紧件对钉套沉头产生的反作用力沿芯杆轴向分力的合力。
大底脚螺纹抽钉在拉伸过程中的受力是基于安装完成后的状态，并在此基础上施加一个作用于被夹紧件的轴向拉力，如图3所示。在此过程中，各分件在外力作用下达到力平衡。其中，成型套三力平衡：
式中，Fl为作用在被夹紧件上的轴向拉力。
芯杆两力平衡：
钉套三力平衡：
式中，、、、为改变大小后的力。
随着轴向拉力Fl的增加，F1增大至，由图1可以看出，拉伸过程中成型套严重变形，随着墩头处成型套鼓包的加重，上端会从墩头下方溢出，导致成型套不断伸长，根据第二强度理论，当成型套上端应变到达材料极限值时，将会发生成型套失效。
F3增大至，F4增大至，芯杆两端受到更大的拉力，将会在芯杆墩头与螺纹段连接处产生更为严重的应力集中，导致芯杆墩头在拉伸过程中断裂（即为“掉头”），此时芯杆失效。
F5增大至，被夹紧件对钉套沉头产生更大的反作用力，钉套沉头与钉身连接处应力集中增大，导致钉套沉头断裂，此时钉套沉头失效。
2　大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸仿真分析
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通过对大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸过程的受力分析可以发现，有3个分件存在薄弱位置，但因为应力集中和失稳难以用计算公式表示，所以这3种失效模式的应力计算非常困难。为了预测大底脚螺纹抽钉的抗拉强度，明确具体的失效形式，本文提出了一种仿真计算方法，选用成型套外径为4.1 mm的某型号大底脚螺纹抽钉建立拉伸过程的仿真模型，通过数值模拟获取其最大抗拉强度，具体该型号各薄弱位置尺寸参数如表1所示。
2.1　抽芯铆钉各分件抗拉强度计算模型建立
2.1.1　芯杆及成型套模型建立
为了协调计算精度和效率，对实际抽芯铆钉进行合理简化，将芯杆简化成墩头和一段圆柱基体，忽略芯杆螺纹段。简化后的结构、约束和载荷具有对称性，模型简化为二维轴对称模型[12]1559-1566[14]。
经简化，大底脚螺纹抽钉装配及拉伸过程的有限元仿真模型如图4所示。考虑到成型套在安装完成后具有较大变形、较高应变的特征，难以在拉伸过程中模拟，所以模型分为2个分析步：Step-1用于模拟大底脚螺纹抽钉的安装过程；Step-2用于模拟大底脚螺纹抽钉的拉伸过程。模型中共有10个接触对，包括：墩头/成型套（SC1）、成型套/钉套（SC2）、成型套/插入件（SC3）、插入件自接触（SC4）、插入件/钉套（SC5）、成型套/安装板（SC6）、钉套/上安装板（SC7）、上安装板/下安装板（SC8）、下安装板/钉套（SC9）、成型套自接触（SC10）。所有接触对均定义为法向硬接触和切向摩擦（罚函数算法），摩擦因数为0.15。
通过在芯杆下端面施加轴向位移来代替安装过中墩头对成型套的下压过程，在上套筒端面施加轴向位移来模拟抽芯铆钉单钉连接的拉伸过程，下压位移根据该型号抽芯铆钉尺寸设定，上拉位移根据试验测量数据确定。在相同的计算精度下，简化后模型的网格数量3 000，仅为原始模型的1/100，网格类型为八节点六面体线性缩减积分单元C3D8R。各分件材料参数参考表2。
2.1.2　钉套模型建立
考虑到钉套沉头下端存在十字凹槽，为了提升计算的准确性，需要建立三维模型。钉套的几何模型与网格模型如图5所示，从左到右依次是钉套整体几何模型、1/4剖面图模型、1/4网格模型。边界条件及接触设置如图6所示，并与整体计算模型保持一致。材料属性参考表2。
2.2　抽芯铆钉拉伸仿真结果
该型号大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸仿真过程中成型套的应力变化及变形情况如图7所示，成型套在拉伸过程中屈曲失稳状况非常明显，随着上端鼓包的加重，成型套将会从墩头处溢出并被切断，发生成型套失效，此过程沿芯杆轴向最大拉力为6.12 kN。
图8为该型号大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸仿真过程中墩头处应力变化。由图8可知，墩头下端与芯杆螺纹段相连处确实存在较为严重的应力集中，随着轴向拉力的增加，该位置应力逐渐增大，直至墩头发生断裂，芯杆失效导致连接件失效，此时轴向拉力即芯杆能够承受的最大拉力为8.69 kN。
图9为该型号大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸仿真过程中钉套沉头处应力变化。由图9可知，钉身与钉套锥面连接处确实存在严重的应力集中，随着轴向力的增加，该位置应力逐渐增大，直至沉头发生断裂，钉套失效导致连接件失效，此时轴向拉力即钉套能够承受的最大拉力为11.15 kN。
通过比较3个薄弱位置的极限拉力可知，成型套失效时的拉力最小，由此预测该型号大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸失效模式为成型套失效，最大拉伸载荷为6.12 kN。
3　大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸试验及结果
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为验证大底脚螺纹抽钉抗拉强度预测方法的可靠性和有效性，选用相同型号的抽芯铆钉进行了拉伸试验。通过对拉伸试验结果与预测方法的对比分析，能够进一步验证理论模型在实际应用中的准确性。
3.1　大底脚螺纹抽钉装配
试验件由安装板及某型号大底脚螺纹抽钉装配而成，安装板由上、下2个套筒及桨片组成。安装板如图10所示，其尺寸如表3所示，安装完成后的抽芯铆钉如图11所示。
3.2　试验方法
大底脚螺纹抽钉抗拉强度试验采用伺服液压测试系统进行，试验原理示意如图12所示，液压测试系统及试件装夹方式如图13所示。
试验的基本步骤如下：
1）装夹试件。先用下夹头夹紧试件下端，调节上夹头位置，为防止试件在拉伸过程中晃动，夹持长度应超过夹头总长度的1/3，闭合上夹头将试件完全固定。
2）设置试验参数。设置拉伸速度等试验参数。试验开始前，将试验机力值清零；试验在室温（20 ℃）条件下进行，试验过程中，液压机的下夹头固定，上夹头以0.1 mm/s的加载速率向上拉伸。
3）停止试验，记录数据。液压机上夹头向上位移至试验件发生完全破坏，预紧力完全消失，导出力-位移数据并将失效试验件取下。
重复6次试验，将力-位移曲线与失效模式结合分析最大抗拉强度及失效原因。
3.3　试验结果与分析
3.3.1　失效模式
拉伸试验总共包含6个试件，用字母R（Rivets）表示；例如，R1表示第一个试件。图14展示了试验结束后6个试件的变形失效情况。
由图14可知，该型号大底脚螺纹抽钉在拉伸过程只出现了一种失效模式，即成型套失效。
3.3.2　力-位移曲线
大底脚螺纹抽钉拉伸试验的力-位移曲线如图15所示，随着拉伸力的变化，抽芯铆钉的变化可以分为5个阶段：
阶段Ⅰ：上套筒开始上移，拉伸力迅速增大至预紧力并不断增加，此阶段为成型套的持续压缩阶段。
阶段Ⅱ：拉伸力持续增大，安装过程在墩头处产生的二次鼓包加重，导致拉伸力上升速率下降。
阶段Ⅲ：拉伸力呈线性下降，此阶段成型套上端的二次鼓包在持续加重的过程中开始从墩头处溢出（临界值），导致拉伸力迅速降低。
阶段Ⅳ：成型套上端在拉力作用下开始发生断裂，成型套的断裂过程是成型套在墩头处发生显著的塑性应变后在墩头下端作用下逐渐发生的剪切断裂，此阶段为成型套逐渐断裂的过程，拉伸力趋于平缓，这是由于在此阶段材料应力已超过屈服强度，进入塑性流动阶段，此时材料开始发生不可逆的塑性变形，力的增长速度减缓，出现水平段。
阶段Ⅴ：成型套完全断裂，上端与墩头产生摩擦并开始从墩头处滑出，此阶段拉伸力逐渐下降为零，成型套完全脱落。
3.3.3　最大拉伸载荷
各试件的最大拉伸载荷结果如表4所示。
图16展示了通过仿真模拟和试验测量得到的夹紧力-拉伸位移曲线，其中试验结果为6个试件的平均值曲线。通过试验与仿真预测结果对比发现，该型号大底脚螺纹抽钉失效模式均为成型套失效，且在拉伸过程中力-位移曲线吻合良好。由图16可知，试验与仿真在阶段Ⅰ峰值的相对误差为0.36%，阶段Ⅱ峰值相对误差为0.85%，成型套开始断裂时的相对误差为1.52%，仿真预测最大拉伸载荷为6.12 kN，试验测得最大拉伸载荷为6.10 kN，相对误差为0.85%（即第2峰值点对比）。这一对比证明了仿真模型的可靠性和抗拉强度预测方法的准确性。
为进一步验证该预测方法的准确性，选用6个同一批次的成型套外径为4.9 mm的大底脚螺纹抽钉，在相同的条件下进行了仿真和试验对比，表5为该型号仿真预测与试验验证的失效模式和抗拉强度。由表5可知，该型号大底脚螺纹抽钉仿真与试验得到的失效模式均为成型套失效，仿真预测最大拉伸载荷为10.03 kN。试验测得最大拉伸载荷为10.21 kN，相对误差为1.76%，有效证实了该预测方法的可靠性和准确性。
4　结论
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通过对大底脚螺纹抽钉的受力分析、关键薄弱位置识别、仿真模型的抗拉强度预测以及试验验证，提出了一种系统的抗拉强度预测方法，得出如下主要结论：
1）通过受力分析，明确了大底脚螺纹抽钉在拉伸过程中3个主要薄弱位置，分别为成型套、芯杆墩头及钉套沉头，这些区域在拉伸力作用下存在明显的应力集中，容易导致失效。基于这些薄弱位置，建立了大底脚螺纹抽钉的有限元仿真模型，并通过仿真计算预测了其抗拉强度。
2）仿真结果表明，成型套失效是该型号大底脚螺纹抽钉的主要失效模式，最大拉伸载荷预测值为6.12 kN。并进一步进行了相同型号大底脚螺纹抽钉的拉伸试验。试验结果显示，实际测得的最大拉伸载荷为6.10 kN，与仿真结果相比，相对误差仅为0.85%。而且，对不同型号的大底脚螺纹抽钉也进行了仿真预测和试验验证，进一步证实该预测方法的可靠性与准确性。
本文提出的抗拉强度预测方法不仅合理且准确，未来可作为相应产品正向设计的基础工具，帮助优化设计过程、提高产品性能，并为类似结构件的抗拉强度评估提供可靠的理论支持。
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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.016
  • 接收时间：2025-03-08
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-08
  • 修回日期：2025-05-19
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    1.北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院，北京　100081
    2.中国航空工业标准件制造有限责任公司，贵阳　550014

通讯作者:

廖日东，男，1972年生，江西贵溪人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师；主要研究方向为动力机械结构强度与振动、结构密封与防松；E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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