Article(id=1241686760321765452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970793085, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970793085, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970793085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970793085, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241686759470329942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='249', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970792882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970911747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=182, endPage=189, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241686760577617998, articleId=1241686760321765452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Effect of Ti content on microstructure and mechanical properties of 960 MPa high strength steel weld metal, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of 960 MPa high strength steel weld metal, the optimum content of Ti element in 960 MPa high strength steel weld metal was revealed. Firstly, four kinds of weld metals with different Ti contents (0.01%-0.08%) were designed and welded. The effects of Ti content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welds were systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, tensile and impact tests. The effect of Ti content on the initiation energy and propagation energy was evaluated by fracture observation and fracture morphology. The results show that when the Ti content is less than 0.06%, the microstructure of the weld metal changes from granular bainite to granular bainite + acicular ferrite. With the increase of Ti content, the content of acicular ferrite increases significantly. When the Ti content reaches 0.06%, the tensile strength reaches 939 MPa, the elongation reaches 23.5%, the elongation increases by 27% compared with Ti0.01, and the impact absorption energy at -40 ℃ reaches 104 J;when the Ti content increases to 0.08%, the formation of coarse lath bainite and the precipitation of TiN lead to a sharp decrease in plasticity and toughness, the elongation decreases to 18.2%, and the impact energy at -40 ℃ is only 25 J. Ti promotes the nucleation of acicular ferrite and improves the comprehensive mechanical properties by forming TiO2 inclusions.However, excessive Ti will induce the precipitation of brittle phase and the formation of coarse lath bainite, which significantly deteriorates the plasticity and toughness.

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CAO Rui, E-mail:
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为提高960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属综合力学性能,揭示了960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属中Ti元素的最佳含量。首先,设计并焊接了4种不同Ti含量(0.01%~0.08%)的焊缝金属,通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、拉伸与冲击试验,系统研究了Ti含量对焊缝微观结构与力学性能的影响。结合断口观察与断口显微形貌,评估了Ti含量对起裂能和扩展能的影响。结果表明,当Ti含量小于0.06%时,焊缝金属显微组织由粒状贝氏体转变为粒状贝氏体+针状铁素体;随着Ti含量提升,针状铁素体含量显著增加。当Ti含量达到0.06%时,抗拉强度为939 MPa,延伸率为23.5%,相较于Ti0.01延伸率提升27%,-40 ℃冲击功为104 J;Ti含量增至0.08%时,粗大板条贝氏体的形成与TiN的析出导致塑韧性急剧下降,延伸率降至18.2%,-40 ℃冲击功仅为25 J。Ti通过形成TiO2夹杂物促进针状铁素体形核,改善了焊缝的综合力学性能,但过量的Ti会诱发脆性相析出与粗大的板条贝氏体的形成,显著恶化塑韧性。

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曹睿,女,1977年生,甘肃兰州人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为新材料、异种材料的焊接性、强韧性、腐蚀、变形、损伤及断裂行为;E-mail:
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刘梓申,男,2001年生,河北唐山人,在读博士研究生;主要研究方向为焊缝金属强韧化;E-mail:

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刘梓申,男,2001年生,河北唐山人,在读博士研究生;主要研究方向为焊缝金属强韧化;E-mail:

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刘梓申,男,2001年生,河北唐山人,在读博士研究生;主要研究方向为焊缝金属强韧化;E-mail:

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Welding process parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
焊接电压
Welding voltage/V
焊接电流
Welding current/A
焊接速度
Welding speed/(mm/s)
层间温度
Layer temperature/℃
23~271632.75140~150
), ArticleFig(id=1241810808921985797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760321765452, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

焊接工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
焊接电压
Welding voltage/V
焊接电流
Welding current/A
焊接速度
Welding speed/(mm/s)
层间温度
Layer temperature/℃
23~271632.75140~150
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809060397838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760321765452, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Alloying element content of the weld metal

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CSiMnCrNiMoVTiFe
Ti0.010.070.231.740.092.790.660.0060.010余量Bal.
Ti0.030.080.301.780.122.780.730.0090.028余量Bal.
Ti0.060.080.351.400.102.830.690.0090.059余量Bal.
Ti0.080.080.571.440.112.670.650.0110.078余量Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809152672528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760321765452, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

焊缝金属的合金元素含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CSiMnCrNiMoVTiFe
Ti0.010.070.231.740.092.790.660.0060.010余量Bal.
Ti0.030.080.301.780.122.780.730.0090.028余量Bal.
Ti0.060.080.351.400.102.830.690.0090.059余量Bal.
Ti0.080.080.571.440.112.670.650.0110.078余量Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809249141526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760321765452, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Changes of hardness in different regions of weld metal with different Ti content

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样品
Specimen
再热晶区
Reheated crystal zone/HV
柱状晶区
Columnar crystal zone/HV
中心粗晶区
Central coarse crystal zone/HV
Ti0.01274316
Ti0.03303318
Ti0.06286292
Ti0.08303305350
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809333027612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760321765452, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同Ti含量下焊缝金属不同区域的硬度变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Specimen
再热晶区
Reheated crystal zone/HV
柱状晶区
Columnar crystal zone/HV
中心粗晶区
Central coarse crystal zone/HV
Ti0.01274316
Ti0.03303318
Ti0.06286292
Ti0.08303305350
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809408525087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760321765452, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Strength and elongation of weld metal with different Ti content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Specimen
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
抗拉强度
Tensile strength/MPa
延伸率
Elongation/%
Ti0.0182186618.5
Ti0.0389495820.0
Ti0.0686893923.5
Ti0.0893899818.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809509188387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760321765452, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同Ti含量下焊缝金属的强度与延伸率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Specimen
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
抗拉强度
Tensile strength/MPa
延伸率
Elongation/%
Ti0.0182186618.5
Ti0.0389495820.0
Ti0.0686893923.5
Ti0.0893899818.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809614045996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760321765452, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Impact energy of weld metal at-40 °C and-60 °C under different Ti content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Specimen冲击功Impact energy/J
-40 ℃-60 ℃
Ti0.019480
Ti0.039677
Ti0.0610482
Ti0.082519
), ArticleFig(id=1241810809735680818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760321765452, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同Ti含量焊缝金属在-40 ℃与-60 ℃下冲击功

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Specimen冲击功Impact energy/J
-40 ℃-60 ℃
Ti0.019480
Ti0.039677
Ti0.0610482
Ti0.082519
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Ti含量对960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属微观结构及力学性能的影响
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刘梓申 1 , 曹睿 1 , 焦世舜 1 , 杨飞 2 , 朱宇霆 2 , 张克静 2 , 刘春桃 2
机械强度 | 2025,47(9): 182-189
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机械强度 | 2025, 47(9): 182-189
Ti含量对960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属微观结构及力学性能的影响
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刘梓申1 , 曹睿1 , 焦世舜1, 杨飞2, 朱宇霆2, 张克静2, 刘春桃2
作者信息
  • 1.兰州理工大学 材料科学与工程学院 省部共建有色金属先进加工与再利用国家重点实验室,兰州 730050
  • 2.四川大西洋焊接材料股份有限公司,自贡 643000
  • 刘梓申,男,2001年生,河北唐山人,在读博士研究生;主要研究方向为焊缝金属强韧化;E-mail:

通讯作者:

曹睿,女,1977年生,甘肃兰州人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为新材料、异种材料的焊接性、强韧性、腐蚀、变形、损伤及断裂行为;E-mail:
Effect of Ti content on microstructure and mechanical properties of 960 MPa high strength steel weld metal
Zishen LIU1 , Rui CAO1 , Shishun JIAO1, Fei YANG2, Yuting ZHU2, Kejing ZHANG2, Chuntao LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering,Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2.Atlantic China Welding Consumables Co., Ltd., Zigong 643000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.017
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为提高960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属综合力学性能,揭示了960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属中Ti元素的最佳含量。首先,设计并焊接了4种不同Ti含量(0.01%~0.08%)的焊缝金属,通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、拉伸与冲击试验,系统研究了Ti含量对焊缝微观结构与力学性能的影响。结合断口观察与断口显微形貌,评估了Ti含量对起裂能和扩展能的影响。结果表明,当Ti含量小于0.06%时,焊缝金属显微组织由粒状贝氏体转变为粒状贝氏体+针状铁素体;随着Ti含量提升,针状铁素体含量显著增加。当Ti含量达到0.06%时,抗拉强度为939 MPa,延伸率为23.5%,相较于Ti0.01延伸率提升27%,-40 ℃冲击功为104 J;Ti含量增至0.08%时,粗大板条贝氏体的形成与TiN的析出导致塑韧性急剧下降,延伸率降至18.2%,-40 ℃冲击功仅为25 J。Ti通过形成TiO2夹杂物促进针状铁素体形核,改善了焊缝的综合力学性能,但过量的Ti会诱发脆性相析出与粗大的板条贝氏体的形成,显著恶化塑韧性。

960 MPa高强钢  /  冲击韧性  /  Ti含量  /  针状铁素体  /  焊缝金属

In order to improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of 960 MPa high strength steel weld metal, the optimum content of Ti element in 960 MPa high strength steel weld metal was revealed. Firstly, four kinds of weld metals with different Ti contents (0.01%-0.08%) were designed and welded. The effects of Ti content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welds were systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, tensile and impact tests. The effect of Ti content on the initiation energy and propagation energy was evaluated by fracture observation and fracture morphology. The results show that when the Ti content is less than 0.06%, the microstructure of the weld metal changes from granular bainite to granular bainite + acicular ferrite. With the increase of Ti content, the content of acicular ferrite increases significantly. When the Ti content reaches 0.06%, the tensile strength reaches 939 MPa, the elongation reaches 23.5%, the elongation increases by 27% compared with Ti0.01, and the impact absorption energy at -40 ℃ reaches 104 J;when the Ti content increases to 0.08%, the formation of coarse lath bainite and the precipitation of TiN lead to a sharp decrease in plasticity and toughness, the elongation decreases to 18.2%, and the impact energy at -40 ℃ is only 25 J. Ti promotes the nucleation of acicular ferrite and improves the comprehensive mechanical properties by forming TiO2 inclusions.However, excessive Ti will induce the precipitation of brittle phase and the formation of coarse lath bainite, which significantly deteriorates the plasticity and toughness.

960 MPa high strength steel  /  Impact toughness  /  Ti content  /  Acicular ferrite  /  Weld metal
刘梓申, 曹睿, 焦世舜, 杨飞, 朱宇霆, 张克静, 刘春桃. Ti含量对960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属微观结构及力学性能的影响. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (9) : 182 -189 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.017
Zishen LIU, Rui CAO, Shishun JIAO, Fei YANG, Yuting ZHU, Kejing ZHANG, Chuntao LIU. Effect of Ti content on microstructure and mechanical properties of 960 MPa high strength steel weld metal[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (9) : 182 -189 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.017
高强钢凭借其高强度、良好的塑韧性与加工成形性能,广泛应用于车辆制造、压力容器、桥梁建造等领域[1-7]。其中960 MPa低碳贝氏体高强钢由于综合力学性能优异及焊接性能良好,受到了广泛的关注。在实际使用过程中,960 MPa高强钢虽然本身塑韧性良好,但其焊接接头容易出现接头组织粗化、强度韧性不足、疲劳性能恶化等问题,严重危害工程构件的服役安全[8-13]。现有研究中大多采用不同焊接工艺改善960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属力学性能,陶庭芳等[14]通过在搅拌摩擦焊中添加底部辅热装置制备了高韧性的无缺陷接头,发现150 ℃预热可以降低原奥氏体晶粒尺寸且使马氏体发生回火,韧性显著提高。然而在广泛应用的熔化焊中,直接对焊缝金属组织进行宏观调控较难精确地改善其性能,通过向焊接材料中添加不同种类的合金元素,间接调控焊缝金属组织与力学性能不仅更为灵活可控,工艺上也相对简单。因此,研究并确定合金元素对960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属组织与力学性能的影响十分有必要。
众多研究表明,Ti含量显著影响低合金高强钢焊缝金属的力学性能、显微组织与夹杂物等[15-17]。现有研究主要针对Ti与氧元素结合形成夹杂物,进而为针状铁素体提供形核驱动力,促进针状铁素体形成[18]。同样有研究指出,Ti元素作为强碳化物形成元素,会促进焊缝金属中晶界处碳化物的形成,起到钉扎晶粒、限制晶粒长大的作用[19]。从相变的角度来说,Ti元素可以降低焊缝金属的相变起始温度并形成以针状铁素体为主的焊缝金属[20]。然而当焊缝金属调整为960 MPa级高强钢时,焊缝金属将以贝氏体组织为主,而非传统研究中的铁素体。现有研究大多集中于Ti元素对中低强度焊缝的影响,目前尚缺乏关于Ti元素对于960 MPa焊缝金属组织与力学性能影响的有关报道。
本文设计了4种不同Ti含量的焊缝金属并对其组织与力学性能进行了表征,通过对比不同Ti含量的显微组织、力学性能、冲击与拉伸断口形貌,探究Ti含量对960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属组织与力学性能的影响,为实际应用提供指导。
采用CHE107RH焊条为焊材,焊条直径为4 mm,焊前对焊条进行烘焙处理,加热温度为380~400 ℃,保温1~2 h。图1为焊接过程与焊缝截面示意图,焊前开V形坡口,坡口角度为10°,根部装配间隙为15 mm并采用垫板,焊接方式为多层多道焊,焊接工艺参数如表1所示。试板完成焊接后进行250 ℃、2 h的焊后热处理。为取得不同Ti元素含量,在原焊条配方基础上调整Ti含量并制备新焊条,设计Ti元素含量分别为0.010%、0.028%、0.059%、0.078%,分别命名为Ti0.01、Ti0.03、Ti0.06、Ti0.08。
为确保焊缝金属中Ti元素含量符合设计值,采用光谱分析法测定焊缝金属中各合金元素的质量分数,测定结果如表2所示。
金相试样、拉伸试样与夏比冲击试样的取样位置及尺寸如图2所示。拉伸试验参考国家标准GB/T 25774.1—2010执行,试样为圆棒状,轴心沿焊接方向于焊缝中心取样。采用INSTRON-8801型万能拉伸机进行拉伸试验,加载速率为0.1 mm/s。夏比冲击试验参照国家标准GB/T 2650—2022执行,在板厚1/2处取夏比冲击试样,冲击试样的尺寸为55 mm×10 mm×10 mm,开V形缺口,缺口深度为2 mm,缺口夹角为45°,采用PTMS-4450型摆锤冲击试验机在-40 ℃与-60 ℃下进行夏比冲击试验,采用Quanta FEG 450型扫描电镜对断口形貌进行观察并统计塑性裂纹扩展区的延性裂纹扩展长度(简写为“SCL”)、延伸区的宽度(简写为“SZW”)、裂纹失稳扩展区的裂纹断裂距离(简写为“Xf”)。为分析元素变化对焊缝金属不同区域硬度的影响,对焊缝金属截面进行显微硬度分析。试验采用HV-1000A型数显显微维氏硬度仪,试验时载荷为50 g,保载20 s,每个硬度点间隔为1.0 mm。
为研究焊缝金属组织与夹杂物的变化,将金相试样垂直于焊接方向的截面进行打磨抛光,然后用腐蚀液(4%硝酸酒精)腐蚀后,使用Axio Scope A1型光学显微镜、Quanta FEG 450型扫描电镜和能谱分析仪对焊缝金属的微观组织进行分析,并分析夹杂物种类。
对不同Ti含量的焊缝金属显微组织进行观察,其中Ti0.01~Ti0.06的观察结果如图3所示,Ti0.08的观察结果如图4所示。由于多层多道焊中后一道次的焊接对前一道次焊缝有再热作用,因此焊缝金属内部组织一般可以分为柱状晶区和再热晶区[21-22]。如图3(a)、图3(b)所示,Ti含量在0.01%时柱状晶区仅含有粒状贝氏体(Granular Bainite, GB)组织,同时有明显的沿柱状晶择优生长取向,马氏体/奥氏体组元(Martensite/Austenite, M/A)呈细条状;再热晶区中除了粒状贝氏体外有铁素体(Ferrite, F)生成,晶粒取向混乱,未表现出明显的择优生长取向,M/A组元呈粒状分布。Ti含量提高到0.03%时,显微组织如图3(c)、图3(d)所示,柱状晶区由粒状贝氏体、多边形铁素体及针状铁素体(Acicular Ferrite, AF)共同构成,粒状贝氏体占70%以上。再热晶区显微组织同样为粒状贝氏体、多边形铁素体及针状铁素体;同时,针状铁素体和多边形铁素体均匀地分布在粒状贝氏体基体中,且相比于柱状晶区,再热晶区中针状铁素体含量明显增多,M/A组元也更细小均匀。进一步提高Ti元素含量到0.06%时,焊缝金属显微组织如图3(e)、图3(f)所示,柱状晶区有大量针状铁素体形成,粒状贝氏体较少,M/A组元发生粗化,呈粒状或条状分布于铁素体基体上。再热晶区同样为大量针状铁素体,含有少量多边形铁素体,粒状贝氏体含量明显下降。
当Ti含量达到0.08%时,宏观上焊缝金属组织呈现出明显变化。如图4(a)所示,焊缝金属在柱状晶区(A0)与再热晶区(C0)中出现了明显的中心粗晶区(B0)。扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)观察结果如图4(b)~图4(d)所示,焊缝柱状晶区仅含有针状铁素体与粒状贝氏体组织,大多数M/A组元呈细小颗粒状分布在铁素体基体中;中心粗晶区可以观察到晶粒内部有明显的晶粒生长取向,中心粗晶区内贝氏体组织呈一定规律、沿一定方向生长,形成等轴的板条贝氏体(Lath Bainite, LB)组织,基本不存在针状铁素体组织,同时伴有第二相析出。原因在于Ti含量过高时会形成氧化物夹杂,为板条贝氏体提供形核位点,促进板条贝氏体的形核与生长[23]。再热晶区组织相比于柱状晶区粒状贝氏体含量有所下降,同样也可以观察到第二相的析出。
不同Ti含量下焊缝金属内夹杂物构成能量色散谱仪(Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, EDS)结果如图5所示。当Ti含量为0.01%时,焊缝中心夹杂物成分主要有O、Si、Mn、Al、Ti五种元素。从含量上看,夹杂物为SiO2、MnO2为主,Al2O3、TiO2为辅的复合型夹杂物。Ti含量增大至0.03%和0.06%时,夹杂物种类没有发生明显变化,但Si、Mn元素含量均出现明显下降,Ti元素含量分别提升至5.21%和9.46%,复合型氧化物逐渐转换为以TiO2为主。当Ti含量增大至0.08%时,夹杂物和析出相出现了明显变化,夹杂物中Ti含量提升到20.36%,Si、Mn元素含量降低到0.68%和0.58%,Al元素消失,夹杂物完全为TiO2。同时在Ti0.08中可以观察到出现富N、Ti的析出相,为析出的TiN第二相。
通过维氏硬度仪测量不同Ti含量下焊缝再热晶区与柱状晶区平均硬度,结果如表3所示。对比柱状晶区和再热晶区的硬度可以发现,柱状晶区硬度普遍高于再热晶区。当Ti含量在0.01%时,再热晶区明显取得了低值,柱状晶区硬度较高;当Ti含量在0.03%时,其柱状晶区和再热晶区硬度略有提高;当Ti含量为0.06%时,焊缝再热晶区与柱状晶区平均硬度均出现较低值;当Ti含量为0.08%时,柱状晶区与再热晶区硬度变化不大,但新出现的等轴晶区由于形成了脆硬的板条贝氏体与TiN析出相,取得了非常高的硬度值。
合金元素Ti对于焊缝金属的拉伸性能存在较为明显的影响,表4为不同Ti含量下焊缝金属的拉伸数据。其中,Ti含量为0.01%时,焊缝金属中心屈服强度及抗拉强度明显较其他含量低,且其抗拉强度仅为866 MPa,无法满足焊缝等强匹配原则。逐步提高Ti含量的过程中,屈服强度与抗拉强度显著增加。延伸率呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,在Ti含量为0.06%时,延伸率达到最大值23.5%,原因在于大量的针状铁素体的形成为Ti0.06提供了足够的塑性,但由于M/A组元的粗化导致强度有所下降。在Ti含量达到0.08%时,由于中心粗晶区中大量脆硬的板条贝氏体的形成,屈服强度与抗拉强度达到最大值,延伸率达到最低值,相较Ti0.06下降了22.6%。
对拉伸断口进行SEM观察,结果如图6图7所示。当Ti含量为0.01%、0.03%、0.06%时,拉伸断口为纤维区(A)和剪切唇(C)构成的杯锥状断口,纤维区为大量韧窝结构,剪切唇显微形貌呈抛物线式拉长韧窝形貌。原因在于当Ti含量小于0.06%时,基体组织为粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体,且随着Ti含量的增加,粒状贝氏体含量逐渐降低、针状铁素体含量逐渐增加,更高含量的针状铁素体起到了分割晶粒、细化晶粒的效果,为基体提供了足够的塑性与强度[24]。因此屈服强度、抗拉强度与延伸率可以同时提高,且断口由于较高的塑性变形形成了大量的韧窝。当Ti含量进一步增大到0.08%时,试样拉伸断口与其余Ti含量试样不同,由纤维区(A)、放射区(B)和剪切唇(C)构成,其中纤维区与剪切唇形貌没有发生明显变化,放射区为完全脆性解理断裂,解理面上可以观察到第二相颗粒脱落导致的微孔洞。原因在于Ti含量达到0.08%时,粗大的板条贝氏体无法如针状铁素体一样为基体提供足够的塑性,且由夹杂物与析出相的能谱分析可知,脆硬的TiN在Ti0.08试样中发生大量析出,在承受拉伸载荷时造成应力集中,导致材料发生解理断裂[25]
合金元素Ti的加入对于焊缝低温冲击韧性有着较为明显的影响,不同Ti含量焊缝金属在-40 ℃与-60 ℃下冲击功如表5所示。由表5可知,Ti0.01、Ti0.03、Ti0.06试样在低温下均取得了较为良好的低温韧性,而Ti0.08低温冲击功急剧下降,仅为25 J、19 J。
为进一步探究Ti含量变化对于低温冲击韧性的影响,分别将Ti0.01、Ti0.03、Ti0.06、Ti0.08四组试样在-60 ℃下冲击断口进行扫描电镜观察,并对比起裂源区和放射区形貌,结果如图8所示。当Ti含量较少时,裂纹源区显微形貌显示网状韧窝包裹解理台阶。网状韧窝较为细小,分布密集。放射区显微形貌解理台阶与网状韧窝相间排布。当Ti含量增大至0.03%时,裂纹源区与Ti0.01相似,均为网状韧窝包裹解理平台;放射区基本以解理河流花样为主,部分区域有少量网状韧窝存在。当Ti含量为0.06%时,可以看到裂纹在红色线条汇聚处形核,并迅速向下扩展,形核处有明显球状夹杂物脱落后的形貌;放射区含有大量细密的网状韧窝包覆在解理台阶周围。当Ti含量达到0.08%后,断口以完全解理断裂为主,几乎不包含网状韧窝形貌,说明Ti0.08低温韧性骤降。
对不同Ti含量焊缝金属的冲击断口显微形貌进行观察,统计SCL、SZW、Xf长度并对(SCL+SZW)长度与冲击功进行拟合,其结果如图9所示。文献[26]指出,(SCL+SZW)的长度与冲击功成正比,其中起裂功与SZW的长度成正比,而裂纹扩展功与SCL的长度成正比,图9的结果也可以验证这一点。
而由图10可知,不同Ti含量试样的SZW长度没有明显变化,而SCL长度在Ti含量达到0.08%时急剧下降,说明Ti含量的增大对于起裂功而言并没有使其产生明显恶化,过量Ti的添加,则使裂纹扩展功产生急剧下降,因此导致冲击功急剧下降。结合图3图4的观察结果,中心粗晶区中板条贝氏体的产生是Ti0.08在显微组织上区别于其他试样的显著特征。其中,粗大的板条贝氏体致使解理面尺寸增加[27-28],且板条贝氏体的韧性比粒状贝氏体与针状铁素体更差[29]。TiN第二相的析出同样会降低裂纹阻力,诱发微裂纹的萌生与扩展。TiN和板条贝氏体的共同作用导致了扩展能的降低,进而降低了低温冲击韧性。
以960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属为研究对象,设计了4种不同Ti含量的焊缝金属,研究了Ti含量对960 MPa高强钢焊缝金属组织与力学性能的影响,主要结论如下:
1)随着焊缝金属中Ti含量由0.01%增大至0.08%,焊缝金属组织由粒状贝氏体逐渐转变为粒状贝氏体+针状铁素体;针状铁素体含量随Ti含量增加逐渐增加;夹杂物由Si、Al、Mn、Ti的复合夹杂物逐渐转变为TiO2。焊缝金属Ti含量为0.08%时,焊缝组织在再热晶区与柱状晶区之间出现新的等轴晶区,等轴晶区组织为粗大的板条贝氏体,同时析出了TiN。
2)Ti含量由0.01%增至0.06%时,由于Ti的氧化物为针状铁素体提供了形核位点,焊缝金属中针状铁素体占比显著提高,抗拉强度由866 MPa提升至939 MPa,延伸率由18.5%增至23.5%,相较Ti0.01提升了27%,-40 ℃冲击功由94 J提升至104 J,显著提升了综合力学性能。
3)Ti含量增加到0.08%时,尽管抗拉强度持续升高至998 MPa,但塑韧性急剧恶化,延伸率降低至18.2%,-40 ℃冲击功降低至25 J,延伸率与冲击功分别下降22.6%和76.0%,原因在于粗大的板条贝氏体和TiN的形成显著降低了裂纹阻力。
  • 甘肃省重点研发计划(23YFGA0057)
  • 甘肃省拔尖领军人才项目
  • 中央引导地方科技发展专项(24ZYQA054)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52175325; 51961024; 52071170)
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项(23ZDGA010; 22ZD6GA008)
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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.017
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
基金
Gansu Province Key R&D Plan(23YFGA0057)
甘肃省重点研发计划(23YFGA0057)
Top Leading Talents Project of Gansu Province
甘肃省拔尖领军人才项目
Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Special Project(24ZYQA054)
中央引导地方科技发展专项(24ZYQA054)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52175325; 51961024; 52071170)
国家自然科学基金项目(52175325; 51961024; 52071170)
Major Scientific and Technological Project of Gansu(23ZDGA010; 22ZD6GA008)
甘肃省科技重大专项(23ZDGA010; 22ZD6GA008)
作者信息
    1.兰州理工大学 材料科学与工程学院 省部共建有色金属先进加工与再利用国家重点实验室,兰州 730050
    2.四川大西洋焊接材料股份有限公司,自贡 643000

通讯作者:

曹睿,女,1977年生,甘肃兰州人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为新材料、异种材料的焊接性、强韧性、腐蚀、变形、损伤及断裂行为;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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