Article(id=1241686760028172374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748534400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970793014, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970793014, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970793014, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970793014, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241686759470329942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='249', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970792882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970911747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687258093375902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241686759470329942, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=80, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241686760212721752, articleId=1241686760028172374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Influence of working condition fluctuation on resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy and steel, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the background of automotive lightweighting, the use of resistance spot welding to achieve effective connection of aluminum to steel structures is an unremitting pursuit. However, in actual welding production, fluctuation of working conditions occur frequently, seriously affecting the quality of weld points. Firstly, the resistance spot welding process was adopted to connect aluminum alloy and low-carbon steel plates. The influences of different inclination angles, plate gaps,and fluctuations in cooling water flow conditions on the resistance spot welding of aluminum-steel were investigated. Then,the quality of the weld points was evaluated by comparing the diameter and thickness of the nugget, the thickness of the intermetallic compound, the coach peel performance, as well as the fracture mode. The research results show that an increase in the inclination angle and the gap between the plates within a certain range, as well as a decrease in the cooling water flow within a certain range, will both reduce the quality of the weld points. Therefore, they should be avoided as much as possible in actual production. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing the resistance spot welding process of aluminum to steel.

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HU Shanqing, E-mail:
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在汽车轻量化背景下,使用电阻点焊实现铝钢混合结构的有效连接是不懈的追求,但在实际焊接生产中,工况波动情况频发,严重影响焊点质量。首先,采用电阻点焊工艺连接铝合金与低碳钢板,研究不同倾斜角、板材间隙、冷却水流量等工况波动对铝钢电阻点焊的影响。然后,通过对比熔核直径和厚度、金属间化合物厚度、剥离性能以及断裂模式以评估焊点质量。研究结果表明,倾斜角和板材间隙在一定范围内增加,冷却水流量在一定范围内降低均会降低焊点质量,因此在实际生产中应尽量避免。研究结果为优化铝钢电阻点焊工艺提供了理论依据和实践指导。

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胡珊青,女,1993年生,河南许昌人,博士,特聘高级工程师;主要研究方向为特异种材料精密焊接;E-mail:
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陈家暄,男,2002年生,辽宁大连人,博士研究生;主要研究方向为铝/钢异质材料的电阻点焊;E-mail:

李永兵,男,1975年生,陕西宝鸡人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为高性能点连接工艺与智能装备;E-mail:

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陈家暄,男,2002年生,辽宁大连人,博士研究生;主要研究方向为铝/钢异质材料的电阻点焊;E-mail:

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陈家暄,男,2002年生,辽宁大连人,博士研究生;主要研究方向为铝/钢异质材料的电阻点焊;E-mail:

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李永兵,男,1975年生,陕西宝鸡人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为高性能点连接工艺与智能装备;E-mail:

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李永兵,男,1975年生,陕西宝鸡人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为高性能点连接工艺与智能装备;E-mail:

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Main chemical compositions of 5052-H32 and SAE1008

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材料
Material
CSiMn CrMgCuFeAl
5052-H32≤0.25≤0.100.15-0.352.2-2.8≤0.10≤0.40余量
Bal.
SAE1008≤0.10≤0.15≤0.50余量
Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1241810805386183655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760028172374, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

5052-H32和SAE1008的主要化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
CSiMn CrMgCuFeAl
5052-H32≤0.25≤0.100.15-0.352.2-2.8≤0.10≤0.40余量
Bal.
SAE1008≤0.10≤0.15≤0.50余量
Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1241810805465875436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760028172374, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Main mechanical properties of 5052-H32 and SAE1008

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材料
Material
抗拉强度
Tensile strength/MPa
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
延伸率
Elongation rate/%
5052-H32290.8188.816.5
SAE1008493.5352.534.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241810805583315955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760028172374, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

5052-H32和SAE1008的主要力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
抗拉强度
Tensile strength/MPa
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
延伸率
Elongation rate/%
5052-H32290.8188.816.5
SAE1008493.5352.534.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241810805704950781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760028172374, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Multiple solidification weld schedules

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电极压力
Electrode force
预热
Preheat
阶段1
Period 1
阶段2
Period 2
5 340 N40 ms @ 8 kA, 10 ms cool250 ms @ 9.33 kA, 500 ms cool1 420 ms @ 12.31 kA, 250 ms hold
), ArticleFig(id=1241810805814001669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760028172374, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多阶段凝固焊接规范

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电极压力
Electrode force
预热
Preheat
阶段1
Period 1
阶段2
Period 2
5 340 N40 ms @ 8 kA, 10 ms cool250 ms @ 9.33 kA, 500 ms cool1 420 ms @ 12.31 kA, 250 ms hold
), ArticleFig(id=1241810805897887756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760028172374, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Welding test design

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试验序号
Test number
倾斜角
Angle of inclination/(°)
板材间隙
Plate gap/mm
冷却水流量
Cooling water flow rate/(L/min)
10012.5
24012.5
38012.5
40112.5
50212.5
6009.5
7006.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241810806078242837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241686760028172374, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

焊接试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号
Test number
倾斜角
Angle of inclination/(°)
板材间隙
Plate gap/mm
冷却水流量
Cooling water flow rate/(L/min)
10012.5
24012.5
38012.5
40112.5
50212.5
6009.5
7006.5
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工况波动对铝钢电阻点焊的影响
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陈家暄 1, 2 , 胡珊青 3 , 李卓然 1, 2 , 胡庆邦 4 , 马运五 1, 2 , 夏裕俊 1, 2 , 李永兵 1, 2
机械强度 | 2025,47(9): 80-89
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机械强度 | 2025, 47(9): 80-89
工况波动对铝钢电阻点焊的影响
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陈家暄1, 2 , 胡珊青3 , 李卓然1, 2, 胡庆邦4, 马运五1, 2, 夏裕俊1, 2, 李永兵1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学 机械系统与振动全国重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 2.上海交通大学 上海市复杂薄板结构数字化制造重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 3.中国工程物理研究院 材料研究所,绵阳 621900
  • 4.吉利汽车集团有限公司 制造工程(ME)中心,宁波 315300
  • 陈家暄,男,2002年生,辽宁大连人,博士研究生;主要研究方向为铝/钢异质材料的电阻点焊;E-mail:

    李永兵,男,1975年生,陕西宝鸡人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为高性能点连接工艺与智能装备;E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡珊青,女,1993年生,河南许昌人,博士,特聘高级工程师;主要研究方向为特异种材料精密焊接;E-mail:
Influence of working condition fluctuation on resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy and steel
Jiaxuan CHEN1, 2 , Shanqing HU3 , Zhuoran LI1, 2, Qingbang HU4, Yunwu MA1, 2, Yujun XIA1, 2, Yongbing LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.Shanghai Key Laboratory for Digital Manufacturing of Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240, China
  • 3.Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
  • 4.Manufacturing Engineering (ME) Center, Geely Automobile Group Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315300, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.007
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在汽车轻量化背景下,使用电阻点焊实现铝钢混合结构的有效连接是不懈的追求,但在实际焊接生产中,工况波动情况频发,严重影响焊点质量。首先,采用电阻点焊工艺连接铝合金与低碳钢板,研究不同倾斜角、板材间隙、冷却水流量等工况波动对铝钢电阻点焊的影响。然后,通过对比熔核直径和厚度、金属间化合物厚度、剥离性能以及断裂模式以评估焊点质量。研究结果表明,倾斜角和板材间隙在一定范围内增加,冷却水流量在一定范围内降低均会降低焊点质量,因此在实际生产中应尽量避免。研究结果为优化铝钢电阻点焊工艺提供了理论依据和实践指导。

电阻点焊  /  工况波动  /  金属间化合物  /  剥离性能  /  断裂模式

Under the background of automotive lightweighting, the use of resistance spot welding to achieve effective connection of aluminum to steel structures is an unremitting pursuit. However, in actual welding production, fluctuation of working conditions occur frequently, seriously affecting the quality of weld points. Firstly, the resistance spot welding process was adopted to connect aluminum alloy and low-carbon steel plates. The influences of different inclination angles, plate gaps,and fluctuations in cooling water flow conditions on the resistance spot welding of aluminum-steel were investigated. Then,the quality of the weld points was evaluated by comparing the diameter and thickness of the nugget, the thickness of the intermetallic compound, the coach peel performance, as well as the fracture mode. The research results show that an increase in the inclination angle and the gap between the plates within a certain range, as well as a decrease in the cooling water flow within a certain range, will both reduce the quality of the weld points. Therefore, they should be avoided as much as possible in actual production. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing the resistance spot welding process of aluminum to steel.

Resistance spot welding  /  Working condition fluctuation  /  Intermetallic compound  /  Coach peel performance  /  Fracture mode
陈家暄, 胡珊青, 李卓然, 胡庆邦, 马运五, 夏裕俊, 李永兵. 工况波动对铝钢电阻点焊的影响. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (9) : 80 -89 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.007
Jiaxuan CHEN, Shanqing HU, Zhuoran LI, Qingbang HU, Yunwu MA, Yujun XIA, Yongbing LI. Influence of working condition fluctuation on resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy and steel[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (9) : 80 -89 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.007
车身减重是实现汽车节能减排的重要手段之一。综合考虑轻量化效果和成本,钢和铝合金等高比强度材料的混合应用已经成为车身轻量化的主要措施[1-4]。电阻点焊因其生产成本低、工艺简单、适用性广等特点,广泛运用于传统钢制车身连接。因此,汽车制造商希望在不改变现有生产线的基础上,通过电阻点焊实现铝钢的有效连接,以替代目前大规模使用的、相对较为昂贵的铆接工艺。围绕铝钢电阻点焊,近年来研究主要集中在铝钢金属间化合物(Intermetallic Compound, IMC)的特征、形成机制,以及接头质量等方面。
BOUCHE'[5]发现,铝钢焊点主要依靠含有2层结构的IMC实现连接,与铝板相邻的薄针状层为FeAl3,与钢板相邻的厚舌状层为Fe2Al5。NAOI等[6]通过Fe和Al之间的固相反应扩散试验研究了IMC的生长动力学系数,发现IMC层的主要成分Fe2Al5的生长速率比FeAl3大。YIN等[7]研究了固态铁与熔融铝反应中Si元素对IMC生长的影响。结果表明,当Si含量从0%增加到3%时,Si原子会占据Fe2Al5相结构中C轴方向的空位,阻碍Al原子向Fe中的进一步扩散,抑制Fe2Al5的生长。SHI等[8]研究了ZnNi涂层对六系铝合金-钢电阻点焊中IMC生长的影响,认为半径较大的Ni原子会延缓Al原子向钢侧的扩散,导致形成较薄的IMC层。张伟华[9]在铝和钢板之间添加了Cu过渡层,发现在焊接过程中,Cu原子在IMC层上的堆积会阻碍Al原子向钢的扩散,导致IMC厚度显著降低。
SIGLER等[10]观察到铝钢界面附近存在微缺陷。通过电子探针显微分析(Electron Probe Microscopic Analysis, EPMA)确定该微缺陷富含氧、镁元素,认为这些微缺陷是由焊接前存在于铝板表面的原始氧化膜形成。HU等[11]发现,界面氧化膜缺陷会在烤漆加热过程中开裂,导致烤漆后铝钢焊点的剥离强度显著降低。CHEN等[12]研究发现,铝钢焊点的剥离性能和断裂模式取决于铝合金的减薄、铝熔核直径、IMC厚度。通过优化焊接参数可提高焊点的剥离性能。
现有铝钢电阻点焊研究大多基于实验室条件下的理想工况,但在实际的焊接生产线上,难免会出现板材与电极不垂直、板材之间存在空隙等非理想工况[13]。闫德俊等[14]研究了电极偏斜对高强钢电阻点焊的影响机制,发现电极偏斜导致沿长度方向的接触面积变大,产生的热量变多,最终导致偏斜方向的熔核尺寸和压痕尺寸变大。
本文通过改变板材倾斜角度、板材间隙和冷却水流量,探究工况波动对铝钢焊点的形貌、IMC厚度、缺陷分布和剥离性能的影响。
试验材料分别为1.2 mm的5052-H32铝合金和2.0 mm的SAE1008低碳钢板。2种板材的主要组成元素(质量分数)和力学性能分别如表1表2所示。所有板材在焊接前都使用无水乙醇清洗,以清除材料表面残留的有机污染物。
焊接系统集成了中频直流(Medium-Frequency Direct Current, MFDC)焊枪、FANUC R-2000i工业机器人和6043 WTC控制器。焊接过程中铝板与可动电极接触,即正电极接触。使用的电极帽直径为19.05 mm的多环圆顶(Multi-Ring Dome, MRD)电极[15]。电极端面上设计了5个凸起的同心环,从内环到外环的平均环高分别为75、92、84、56、52 µm。试验所采用的焊接参数如表3[16]所示。
本研究对3种生产工况进行了评价,如图1所示。3种工况分别为:板材与电极之间存在倾斜角度、铝板和钢板之间存在间隙、电极杆中的冷却水流量发生变化。各工况试验设计方案如表4所示,其中试验1为基准工况,即无板材倾斜和间隙,且上、下电极杆冷却水总流量为12.5 L/min。试验2、3分别在试验1的基础上改变板材倾斜角度至4°、8°,其他条件保持不变;试验4、5为通过增加垫片模拟存在1 mm和2 mm板材间隙的工况;试验6、7为冷却水的总流量分别降低至9.5 L/min、6.5 L/min。所有试验均采用相同的焊接参数。
点焊得到的接头沿中心线切开后,采用环氧树脂进行冷镶嵌,并通过二氧化硅悬浊液抛光至0.03 μm。抛光后的接头采用凯乐溶液进行腐蚀处理。焊点断面的形貌和微观组织观察均在LEICA DM4M型数字光学显微镜上进行。形貌评价指标包括铝侧熔核直径与熔核厚度[17],如图2(a)所示。微观评价选取铝钢界面等距分布的11个位置,测量IMC层的平均厚度,如图2(b)所示。焊点界面缺陷借助能量色散谱(Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, EDS)扫描确认元素分布,试验中采用的加速电压为15 kV。
本研究对铝钢焊点进行准静态剥离试验,每个剥离试样包含分流点和测试点[18]534-545,靠近剥离试样弯曲处为测试焊点,在后续的剥离试验中被拉断。剥离试验在三丝拉伸机上以5.0 mm/min的速度进行,每种工况做5个重复性验证。
图3(a)显示了基准工况,即试验1条件下焊点的形貌。在铝钢电阻点焊过程中,铝和钢的热物理属性差异较大,钢板具有较大的电阻率,产生较多热量向铝板传递,由于钢板具有较大的熔点,因此最终钢板不熔化,接头中铝侧形成独立的熔核。试验1中,熔核平均直径为6.76 mm,大于(4.38 mm,其中t为铝合金板厚),焊点直径达到汽车焊接质量规范中铝合金点焊熔核直径要求[19]3-9。熔核厚度为0.46 mm。同时因为钢的硬度大于铝,可以看出,下层钢板向上层铝板的“凸起”现象。图3(b)统计了11个观察位置中的铝钢界面IMC厚度,由于熔核中心的温度最高,铁铝元素之间扩散速率最大,IMC最大厚度出现在熔核中心位置,为11 μm;熔核边缘处IMC厚度降至2~3 μm。熔核界面出现大量线状缺陷,如图3(c)所示。
通过对界面缺陷的EDS成分分析发现,缺陷处有大量氧元素的聚集,如图4所示。由此可以确定该缺陷由铝合金表面固有氧化膜引起,即为氧化膜缺陷[20]。氧化膜熔点远高于铝合金,焊接加热过程中铝钢界面处的氧化膜不会熔化。在焊接结束后熔核内产生氧化膜夹杂,其作为低能量裂纹扩展路径,严重影响焊点力学性能。
试验采用剥离测试方法评价接头力学性能,结果如图5所示。基准工况条件下,5个焊点表现出良好的一致性,焊点的剥离峰值力平均值397 N,平均吸能3.36 J。焊点的断裂模式为部分纽扣断裂,纽扣直径大小平均为3.4 mm,且焊接中未产生飞溅。一般来说,铝钢电阻点焊接头的断裂模式为纽扣或部分纽扣断裂时,焊点的力-位移曲线中会出现两个峰值。第1个峰值对应裂纹从沿界面扩展开始转变为沿铝合金厚度扩展。当裂纹贯穿铝合金板厚时,裂纹将会沿着焊点圆周扩展,同时载荷缓慢上升。第2个峰值出现在焊点最终完全断裂时,此后载荷急剧下降。
以试验1为基准,改变电极杆与板材的夹角至4°和8°。电极杆和板材的相对位置如图1(a)所示,铝合金板材右侧和钢板左侧与电极帽接触良好,而铝合金板材的左侧和钢板右侧与电极帽接触不良。在2个倾斜角度下金相结果分别如图6(a)、图6(b)所示,熔核直径和熔核厚度均减小,且倾斜角8°的减少量比倾斜角4°的减少量更大,这表明板材倾斜会降低热输入,并且倾斜角越大热输入降低效果越明显。结合面IMC的生长结果如图6(c)、图6(d)所示,当倾斜角度为4°时,最大IMC厚度约为13 μm,且位置偏向右侧;当倾斜角度为8°时,IMC最大厚度下降明显(10 μm),且偏移效果更明显,这表明在板材倾斜的工况下,电流密度分布不均匀且在铝合金板材与电极帽接触良好的方向上分布更多。从图7中可以看出,在板材存在倾斜角度的工况下,IMC的生长不对称且会发生偏移,并且存在较为明显的氧化膜缺陷。
为了探究板材倾斜工况条件对焊点力学性能的影响,对焊点做了剥离试验,结果如图8所示。从图8中可以看出,焊点力学性能显著下降,当板材倾斜角度为4°时,焊点平均峰值力下降至308 N,吸能下降至1.87 J。5个焊点中2个断裂模式为部分纽扣断裂,3个断裂模式为界面断裂。当板斜倾角增加到8°时,焊点剥离平均峰值力继续下降至271 N,吸能下降至1.27 J。5个焊点的断裂模式均为界面断裂,同时伴有飞溅的产生。结果表明,板材倾斜工况条件会降低焊点的力学性能,甚至将断裂模式从部分纽扣转变为界面,因此在实际生产中应该尽量避免。
以试验1为基准,在铝板和钢板之间添加垫片,以研究板材间隙对焊点质量的影响。金相结果如图9(a)、图9(b)所示。当板材间存在1 mm的间隙时,焊点直径从6.76 mm减小为6.73 mm,熔核厚度从0.46 mm减小到0.31 mm,熔核IMC最大厚度无明显变化。当板材间隙增大到2 mm时,熔核的直径减小到6.42 mm,熔核厚度减小到0.23 mm,分别减小了5.0%和50.0%,熔核厚度的减小程度远大于熔核直径,随着间隙的增大,裂纹长度增大。界面IMC最大厚度随着板材间隙由1 mm增大到2 mm而显著下降,从11 μm下降到8 μm,如图9(c)、图9(d)所示。2种不同的板材间隙下,焊点界面上均有如图4所示的氧化膜缺陷。图10为存在板材间隙工况条件下的IMC形貌,由图10可知,IMC的厚度相对较小。
当板材之间存在间隙时,焊点边缘的IMC中萌生裂纹,如图11所示。由图11可知,当板材间存在间隙,焊接时在电极压力的作用下两板材接触并发生冶金行为,可以观察到裂纹贯穿于IMC中间,这是由于当焊接结束时电极压力消失,在支反力的作用下,硬脆的IMC处发生脆性断裂。并且图11中大面积黑色区域是裂纹而不是未焊合,这是因为在裂纹的上方和下方都存在IMC,这是在焊接时铁铝元素互相扩散形成的,如果未焊合不会产生IMC。
板材间隙工况条件下的焊点力学性能如图12所示。由图12可知,当板材间距为1 mm时,力学性能一致性较好,但是焊点韧性显著下降,断裂吸能显著降低。焊点的平均峰值力下降至377 N,吸能下降至2.02 J;5个焊点中的3个断裂模式为纽扣断裂,2个断裂模式为界面断裂,同时所有焊点均伴有飞溅。当增加板材间距到2 mm时,力学性能的一致性较差,焊点平均峰值力下降至250 N,吸能下降至0.69 J;焊点均为界面断裂,同时伴有飞溅的产生。
以试验1为基准,通过减小冷却水流量研究冷却水流量对焊点质量的影响,如图13(a)和图13(b)所示,当冷却水流量减小至9.5 L/min时,焊点熔核直径和熔核厚度均没有明显变化;继续减小冷却水流量至6.5 L/min,熔核直径减小到6.65 mm。如图13(c)所示,冷却水流量为9.5 L/min时,界面IMC厚度无明显变化。如图13(d)所示,冷却水流量为6.5 L/min时,IMC厚度显著增加,最大厚度约为16 μm。冷却水流量的减少改变了冷却条件,增加了热输入,有助于焊核和IMC的生长。然而IMC厚度的增大,也增加了裂纹沿IMC扩展和焊点脆性断裂的风险。2种不同的冷却水流量下,焊点界面上均有如图14所示的氧化膜缺陷。
图14中可以观察到IMC的厚度较大,靠近钢侧的Fe2Al5生长较为密集,这是因为冷却水流量减少导致热输入增加进而导致铁和铝元素之间的扩散更多,从而促进了IMC的生长。
改变冷却条件情况下的焊点力学性能如图15所示,焊点力学性能的一致性没有改变。当冷却水流量降低为9.5 L/min时,焊点的平均峰值力为401 N,吸能略微下降至3.08 J;焊点的断裂模式均为部分纽扣断裂。当冷却水流量继续降低为6.5 L/min时,焊点平均峰值力下降至372 N,吸能下降至2.39 J。5个焊点中的2个焊点变为界面断裂,其余仍为部分纽扣断裂。
7组试验的焊点形貌对比如图16(a)所示,每种工况下的金相试验做2个重复性验证。通过比较熔核直径和厚度的变化可以发现,板材倾斜角度和板材间隙对焊点形貌的影响大于冷却水流量。而改变板材倾斜角度或板材间隙对熔核厚度的减小作用远大于对熔核直径的减小作用。虽然存在板材倾斜或板材间隙时,焊点熔核直径有所减小能达到(4.38 mm)[19]3-9,但焊点的力学性能却显著下降,如图16(b)所示。由图16(b)可知,焊点的峰值力与吸能都有所下降,吸能的减小更为显著,这是因为板材倾斜或板材间隙的引入减小了接头断裂韧性。相比之下,减小冷却水流量虽然没有显著减小铝熔核的直径和厚度,但降低了接头散热,促进IMC生长,增加焊点脆性断裂风险。
板材倾斜主要影响了电流的分布。对于正常工况下,焊接电流沿电极杆对称分布,如图17(a)所示;当板材倾斜时[图17(b)],铝板右侧与电极帽接触良好,形成更好的导电通路,导致铝板右侧优先产热,在熔核形成过程中,铝板右侧更大的热输入导致熔核偏移生长[18]534-545,增加飞溅的风险[21]。同时,右侧的热输入大于左侧的热输入导致右侧铁铝元素之间的扩散更多,因此右侧IMC的厚度明显大于左侧,在剥离时会导致受力不对称易产生应力集中导致脆性断裂。
板材间隙主要影响了板材间和板材与电极帽的接触。当两板材中间放入垫片时[图17(c)],铝板的弯曲变形增大了其与上电极杆的接触面积,同时减小了两板材之间的接触面积。铝板与上电极杆接触面积的增加,增强了冷却水对焊点的冷却效果,温度降低导致铁铝元素之间的扩散速率降低,降低IMC的厚度,抑制铝合金熔核在厚度方向的生长。而铝板和钢板接触条件的恶化会提高焊点飞溅的风险,影响焊核沿直径方向的生长。此外,垫片的引入使熔核两侧存在较大的拉应力,造成IMC层中裂纹的产生,从而导致焊点沿IMC层的脆性断裂,严重恶化焊点在剥离测试中的断裂吸能。
冷却水流量主要影响了焊接过程中的热输入。冷却水流量的减小,降低了焊点的散热,增大了焊点的热输入从而增大了飞溅的风险。通过金相结果对熔核形貌的对比,虽然冷却水流量的减小没有产生由飞溅导致的熔核直径与厚度的减小,但是冷却水流量减少导致散热减少和热输入增加,在熔核中心处较高的温度增加了铁元素向铝熔核内部扩散速率,从而促进了IMC生长,增加了IMC层的厚度,形成了靠近铝侧有较厚的Fe4Al13和靠近钢侧Fe2Al5的IMC分布。剥离试验下,裂纹更容易沿硬脆的IMC断裂,导致焊点断裂韧性减小。
以5系铝合金和低碳钢为研究对象,通过对比金相结果、力学性能研究了3种常见的工况波动即板材倾斜、板材间隙、冷却水流量改变对铝钢电阻点焊焊点质量的影响。研究结果表明:
1)板材倾斜工况下,熔核生长偏向接触良好的一侧,同时增大飞溅的风险。当偏移角度为4°时,焊点的剥离峰值力和吸能分别下降22.4%和44.3%;当偏移角度达到8°时,焊点的剥离峰值力和吸能分别下降31.7%和62.2%,焊点断裂模式变为界面断裂,且伴有飞溅。
2)板材间隙工况下,铝板的弯曲变形增大了其与上电极杆的接触面积,同时减小了两板材之间的接触面积。焊点熔核直径和厚度均发生减小,且焊点边缘IMC层处出现裂纹;当间隙为1 mm时,剥离峰值力和吸能分别下降5%和39.9%,同时伴有飞溅;当间隙为2 mm时,剥离峰值力和吸能分别下降37.0%和79.5%,焊点断裂模式变为界面断裂,焊点也伴有飞溅。
3)冷却水流量降低工况下,焊点的散热减小,导致IMC层的厚度增加,焊点的断裂韧性减小。当冷却水流量减小到9.5 L/min时,剥离峰值力上升1.0%、吸能下降8.3%;当冷却水流量减小到6.5 L/min,剥离峰值力和吸能分别下降6.3%和28.9%,且焊点变为界面断裂。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFB4707100)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52305432)
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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.09.007
  • 接收时间:2025-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-30
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFB4707100)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFB4707100)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52305432)
国家自然科学基金项目(52305432)
作者信息
    1.上海交通大学 机械系统与振动全国重点实验室,上海 200240
    2.上海交通大学 上海市复杂薄板结构数字化制造重点实验室,上海 200240
    3.中国工程物理研究院 材料研究所,绵阳 621900
    4.吉利汽车集团有限公司 制造工程(ME)中心,宁波 315300

通讯作者:

胡珊青,女,1993年生,河南许昌人,博士,特聘高级工程师;主要研究方向为特异种材料精密焊接;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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