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The calculation of bending strength for spiral bevel gears is complex, making accurate evaluation extremely challenging. Focusing on the two distinct calculation methods, B1 and B2, as outlined in the ISO 10300 standard, this study begins with the computational principles of both approaches. It compares the selection methods and numerical application principles for parameters involved in calculating root bending stress and allowable bending stress under both methods. The influence of parameter values on root bending stress calculations is analyzed for each method. Through computations on multiple design samples, the root bending stress values derived from both methods are compared. Finite element analysis is employed to validate the computational results. The findings indicate that due to differences in the types and values of correction coefficients used, there are certain discrepancies in the bending strength evaluation results obtained by the two methods. Method B1 yields a more conservative evaluation of root bending strength, with root bending stress approximately 5% lower than that calculated by Method B2. Although the ISO calculation standard accounts for load sharing among multiple teeth, it overlooks the combined effects on root bending stress, leading to deviations from finite element analysis results.Method B1 shows closer agreement with finite element results, with an error margin of about 6%.

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FENG Shaokun, E-mail:
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弧齿锥齿轮弯曲强度计算复杂,准确评价难度极大。针对ISO 10300标准B1和B2这2种不同计算方法,从2种方法的计算原理出发,对比了2种方法关于齿根弯曲应力及许用弯曲应力计算涉及各参数的选取方法以及数值的选用原则,分析了2种计算方法中各参数取值对齿根弯曲应力计算的影响规律。通过若干组设计样本计算,对比了2种方法计算出的齿根弯曲应力数值。利用有限元分析对计算结果进行了验证。结果表明,由于所用修正系数种类及取值不同,2种方法计算得到的弯曲强度评价结果存在一定的差异,B1方法对齿根弯曲强度评价更保守,齿根弯曲应力比B2方法约小5%;ISO计算标准尽管考虑了多齿载荷分担,但忽略了其综合作用对齿根弯曲应力的影响,导致与有限元计算结果有差异,B1方法与有限元计算结果更接近,误差约为6%。

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冯少坤,男,1998年生,河南洛阳人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为弧齿锥齿轮强度评价;E-mail:

魏冰阳,男,1966年生,河南嵩县人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为齿轮啮合理论与锥齿轮设计制造技术;E-mail:

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冯少坤,男,1998年生,河南洛阳人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为弧齿锥齿轮强度评价;E-mail:

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冯少坤,男,1998年生,河南洛阳人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为弧齿锥齿轮强度评价;E-mail:

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魏冰阳,男,1966年生,河南嵩县人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为齿轮啮合理论与锥齿轮设计制造技术;E-mail:

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魏冰阳,男,1966年生,河南嵩县人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为齿轮啮合理论与锥齿轮设计制造技术;E-mail:

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Mining Machinery201947(11):65-69.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Influence of contact area location of spiral bevel gear on working stress, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241446446822649871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, awardId=51875174, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51875174), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241446446910730259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, awardId=51875174, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51875174), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241446447036559383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, awardId=YJS2022JD12, language=EN, fundingSource=Henan Provincial Graduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project(YJS2022JD12), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241446447133028377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446443228132290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=图1, caption=弧齿锥齿轮副模拟滚检结果, figureFileSmall=rsK+MX5OXV0B0LNPqwnNhA==, figureFileBig=l+22plOPuqhwtTeqSK4nSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446443504956361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Cutting and meshing results, figureFileSmall=0c5DLMHuMLMxgvXVE5uNzQ==, figureFileBig=4J/xn/uFQmIRaRS+XaT60A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446443593036749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=图2, caption=切齿及网格划分结果, figureFileSmall=0c5DLMHuMLMxgvXVE5uNzQ==, figureFileBig=4J/xn/uFQmIRaRS+XaT60A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446443660145616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Stress bending curves of tooth root of wheel under three loads, figureFileSmall=TEhqZP8FkaSSCyu6iniycA==, figureFileBig=VQTrZh0LDUX48GMNRFEdNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446443735643092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3种负载下大轮齿根弯曲应力曲线, figureFileSmall=TEhqZP8FkaSSCyu6iniycA==, figureFileBig=VQTrZh0LDUX48GMNRFEdNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446443806946263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Curves of roots bending bending stress of pinions under three types of loads, figureFileSmall=7Cqq6/9a2Fdl0DRwvhH7ig==, figureFileBig=CmZziKKx+0TqYvTkv5Zn6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446443907609563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=图4, caption=3种负载下小轮齿根弯曲应力曲线, figureFileSmall=7Cqq6/9a2Fdl0DRwvhH7ig==, figureFileBig=CmZziKKx+0TqYvTkv5Zn6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446444054410206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of correction factors of ISO standard bending strength

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素
Influencing factor
B1方法
Method B1
B2方法
Method B2
载荷系数
Load factor
使用系数 KA = 1.0
Application factor KA = 1.0
动载系数 KV = 1.097 5
Dynamic factor KV = 1.097 5
齿面载荷分配系数 K = 1.50
Face load factor K = 1.50
端面载荷分配系数 K = 1.10
Transverse load factor K = 1.10
几何参数
Geometry parameter
齿形系数 Y
Tooth form factor Y
几何系数 YJ
Geometry factor YJ
齿根弯曲应力调整
系数YA
Root stress adjustment factor YA
应力修正系数 Y
Stress correction factor Y
重合度系数 Yε
Contact ratio factor Yε
斜面螺旋角系数 YBS
Bevel spiral angle factor YBS
载荷分配系数 YLS
Load sharing factor YLS
标准试验齿轮的应力修正系数 YST
Stress correction factor for the dimensions of the standard test gear YST
齿根强度尺寸系数 YX
Size factor for tooth root strength YX
寿命系数
Life factor
寿命系数 YNT
Life factor YNT
材料参数特性
Material parameter characteristics
相对圆角敏感系数 Yδ,relt
Relative notch sensitivity factor Yδ,relt
相对表面状况系数 YR,relt
Relative surface condition factor YR,relt
安全系数
Safety factor
安全系数 SF Safety factor SF
锥齿轮最小安全系数 SF,min
Minimum safety factor for bevel gears SF,min
), ArticleFig(id=1241446444142490594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ISO标准弯曲强度修正系数比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素
Influencing factor
B1方法
Method B1
B2方法
Method B2
载荷系数
Load factor
使用系数 KA = 1.0
Application factor KA = 1.0
动载系数 KV = 1.097 5
Dynamic factor KV = 1.097 5
齿面载荷分配系数 K = 1.50
Face load factor K = 1.50
端面载荷分配系数 K = 1.10
Transverse load factor K = 1.10
几何参数
Geometry parameter
齿形系数 Y
Tooth form factor Y
几何系数 YJ
Geometry factor YJ
齿根弯曲应力调整
系数YA
Root stress adjustment factor YA
应力修正系数 Y
Stress correction factor Y
重合度系数 Yε
Contact ratio factor Yε
斜面螺旋角系数 YBS
Bevel spiral angle factor YBS
载荷分配系数 YLS
Load sharing factor YLS
标准试验齿轮的应力修正系数 YST
Stress correction factor for the dimensions of the standard test gear YST
齿根强度尺寸系数 YX
Size factor for tooth root strength YX
寿命系数
Life factor
寿命系数 YNT
Life factor YNT
材料参数特性
Material parameter characteristics
相对圆角敏感系数 Yδ,relt
Relative notch sensitivity factor Yδ,relt
相对表面状况系数 YR,relt
Relative surface condition factor YR,relt
安全系数
Safety factor
安全系数 SF Safety factor SF
锥齿轮最小安全系数 SF,min
Minimum safety factor for bevel gears SF,min
), ArticleFig(id=1241446444226376677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of correction coefficient formulas for method B1 and method B2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
B1方法Method B1B2方法Method B2
相对表面状况系数
YR,relt Relative surface condition factor YR,relt
当齿根粗糙度RZ < 1 μm时,对调质钢和渗碳钢,YR,relt=1.12;对结构钢,YR,relt=1.07;对灰铸铁、渗氮钢、碳氮共渗钢,YR,relt=1.025。
When the roughness of the root of the gear RZ < 1 μm, for quenched and tempered steel and carburized steel, YR,relt=1.12; for structural steel, YR,relt=1.07; for gray cast iron, nitriding steel, carbonitriding steel, YR,relt=1.025.
若齿根粗糙度RZ≤16 μm,YR,relt=1.025。
If the roughness of the root of the gear RZ≤16 μm, YR,relt=1.025.
当1 μm≤RZ≤40 μm时,对调质钢和渗碳钢,YR,relt = 1.674 - 0.529(RZ + 1)110;对结构钢,YR,relt = 5.306 - 4.203(RZ + 1)1100;对灰铸铁、渗氮钢、碳氮共渗钢,YR,relt = 4.299 - 3.259(RZ + 1)1200
When 1 μm≤RZ≤40 μm, for quenched and tempered steel and carburized steel, YR,relt = 1.674 - 0.529(RZ + 1)110; for structural steel, YR,relt = 5.306 - 4.203(RZ + 1)1100; for gray cast iron, nitriding steel, carbonitriding steel, YR,relt = 4.299 - 3.259(RZ + 1)1200.
相对圆角敏感系数Yδ,relt
Relative notch sensitivity factor Yδ,relt

式中,ρ'为滑移层厚度,是与材料有关的函数;xXT与齿轮尺寸系数YX有关。
Therein, ρ' is the slip layer thickness, which is a material dependent function; xXT is related to the size factor of gears YX.
当齿根圆角系数qs≥1.5时,Yδ,relt=1.0;当齿根圆角系数qs < 1.5时,Yδ,relt = 1.5。
When the root fillet coefficient qs≥1.5, Yδ,relt=1.0; when the root fillet coefficient qs < 1.5, Yδ,relt = 1.5.
), ArticleFig(id=1241446444339622887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

B1方法和B2方法修正系数公式对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
B1方法Method B1B2方法Method B2
相对表面状况系数
YR,relt Relative surface condition factor YR,relt
当齿根粗糙度RZ < 1 μm时,对调质钢和渗碳钢,YR,relt=1.12;对结构钢,YR,relt=1.07;对灰铸铁、渗氮钢、碳氮共渗钢,YR,relt=1.025。
When the roughness of the root of the gear RZ < 1 μm, for quenched and tempered steel and carburized steel, YR,relt=1.12; for structural steel, YR,relt=1.07; for gray cast iron, nitriding steel, carbonitriding steel, YR,relt=1.025.
若齿根粗糙度RZ≤16 μm,YR,relt=1.025。
If the roughness of the root of the gear RZ≤16 μm, YR,relt=1.025.
当1 μm≤RZ≤40 μm时,对调质钢和渗碳钢,YR,relt = 1.674 - 0.529(RZ + 1)110;对结构钢,YR,relt = 5.306 - 4.203(RZ + 1)1100;对灰铸铁、渗氮钢、碳氮共渗钢,YR,relt = 4.299 - 3.259(RZ + 1)1200
When 1 μm≤RZ≤40 μm, for quenched and tempered steel and carburized steel, YR,relt = 1.674 - 0.529(RZ + 1)110; for structural steel, YR,relt = 5.306 - 4.203(RZ + 1)1100; for gray cast iron, nitriding steel, carbonitriding steel, YR,relt = 4.299 - 3.259(RZ + 1)1200.
相对圆角敏感系数Yδ,relt
Relative notch sensitivity factor Yδ,relt

式中,ρ'为滑移层厚度,是与材料有关的函数;xXT与齿轮尺寸系数YX有关。
Therein, ρ' is the slip layer thickness, which is a material dependent function; xXT is related to the size factor of gears YX.
当齿根圆角系数qs≥1.5时,Yδ,relt=1.0;当齿根圆角系数qs < 1.5时,Yδ,relt = 1.5。
When the root fillet coefficient qs≥1.5, Yδ,relt=1.0; when the root fillet coefficient qs < 1.5, Yδ,relt = 1.5.
), ArticleFig(id=1241446444444480490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Test gear parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
格里森制圆弧收缩齿
Gleason circular shrink tooth
小轮
Pinion
大轮
Wheel
齿数
Number of teeth
1627
大端端面模数
Outer transverse module
4.25
齿宽中点螺旋角
Mean spiral angle βm/(°)
35
法向压力角
Generated pressure angle αn/(°)
20
切向变位系数
Thickness modification coefficient
0.005-0.005
径向变位系数
Profile shift coefficient
0.252-0.252
齿宽Tooth width/mm17
材料Material20CrNiMo
齿轮精度Gear accuracy7级7 class
), ArticleFig(id=1241446444507395054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验齿轮参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
格里森制圆弧收缩齿
Gleason circular shrink tooth
小轮
Pinion
大轮
Wheel
齿数
Number of teeth
1627
大端端面模数
Outer transverse module
4.25
齿宽中点螺旋角
Mean spiral angle βm/(°)
35
法向压力角
Generated pressure angle αn/(°)
20
切向变位系数
Thickness modification coefficient
0.005-0.005
径向变位系数
Profile shift coefficient
0.252-0.252
齿宽Tooth width/mm17
材料Material20CrNiMo
齿轮精度Gear accuracy7级7 class
), ArticleFig(id=1241446444595475440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Calculated values of bending stress of gear tooth roots in each group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负载
Load/(N·m)
B1方法
Method B1/MPa
B2方法
Method B2/MPa
大轮Wheel小轮Pinion大轮Wheel小轮Pinion
200280.46289.13292.61302.61
300420.69433.70438.92453.92
400560.92578.26585.22605.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241446444704527348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各组齿轮齿根弯曲应力计算值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负载
Load/(N·m)
B1方法
Method B1/MPa
B2方法
Method B2/MPa
大轮Wheel小轮Pinion大轮Wheel小轮Pinion
200280.46289.13292.61302.61
300420.69433.70438.92453.92
400560.92578.26585.22605.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241446444821967865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Safety factors of each group of gears

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负载
Load/(N·m)
B1方法Method B1B2方法Method B2
大轮Wheel小轮Pinion大轮Wheel小轮Pinion
2004.474.344.013.88
3002.982.892.672.58
4002.242.172.001.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241446444922631166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各组齿轮安全系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负载
Load/(N·m)
B1方法Method B1B2方法Method B2
大轮Wheel小轮Pinion大轮Wheel小轮Pinion
2004.474.344.013.88
3002.982.892.672.58
4002.242.172.001.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241446445019099138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Comparison of root bending stress of the wheel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Number
齿根弯曲应力Root bending stress/MPa
200 N∙m300 N∙m400 N∙m
1293.55392.57496.14
3296.43396.45495.25
4298.43396.75499.43
), ArticleFig(id=1241446445123956741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

大轮齿根弯曲应力对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Number
齿根弯曲应力Root bending stress/MPa
200 N∙m300 N∙m400 N∙m
1293.55392.57496.14
3296.43396.45495.25
4298.43396.75499.43
), ArticleFig(id=1241446445228814345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Comparison of the root bending stress of the pinion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Number
齿根弯曲应力Root bending stress/MPa
200 N∙m300 N∙m400 N∙m
1296.52409.00512.16
3310.08413.85505.12
4301.32408.59509.31
), ArticleFig(id=1241446445312700429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446432557822739, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

小轮齿根弯曲应力对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Number
齿根弯曲应力Root bending stress/MPa
200 N∙m300 N∙m400 N∙m
1296.52409.00512.16
3310.08413.85505.12
4301.32408.59509.31
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弧齿锥齿轮弯曲强度ISO计算标准与有限元分析
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冯少坤 1 , 魏冰阳 1 , 信稳 2, 3 , 程波 2, 3
机械强度 | ·设计·计算· 2025,47(7): 117-123
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机械强度 | ·设计·计算· 2025, 47(7): 117-123
弧齿锥齿轮弯曲强度ISO计算标准与有限元分析
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冯少坤1 , 魏冰阳1 , 信稳2, 3, 程波2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.河南科技大学 机电工程学院,洛阳 471000
  • 2.中信重工机械股份有限公司,洛阳 471039
  • 3.智能矿山重型装备全国重点实验室,洛阳 471000
  • 冯少坤,男,1998年生,河南洛阳人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为弧齿锥齿轮强度评价;E-mail:

    魏冰阳,男,1966年生,河南嵩县人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为齿轮啮合理论与锥齿轮设计制造技术;E-mail:

Finite element ansysis and ISO calculation standard of tooth root bending strengthern of spiral beval gears
Shaokun FENG1 , Bingyang WEI1 , Wen XIN2, 3, Bo CHENG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
  • 2.Citic Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471039, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mining Heavy Equipment, Luoyang 471000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.015
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弧齿锥齿轮弯曲强度计算复杂,准确评价难度极大。针对ISO 10300标准B1和B2这2种不同计算方法,从2种方法的计算原理出发,对比了2种方法关于齿根弯曲应力及许用弯曲应力计算涉及各参数的选取方法以及数值的选用原则,分析了2种计算方法中各参数取值对齿根弯曲应力计算的影响规律。通过若干组设计样本计算,对比了2种方法计算出的齿根弯曲应力数值。利用有限元分析对计算结果进行了验证。结果表明,由于所用修正系数种类及取值不同,2种方法计算得到的弯曲强度评价结果存在一定的差异,B1方法对齿根弯曲强度评价更保守,齿根弯曲应力比B2方法约小5%;ISO计算标准尽管考虑了多齿载荷分担,但忽略了其综合作用对齿根弯曲应力的影响,导致与有限元计算结果有差异,B1方法与有限元计算结果更接近,误差约为6%。

弧齿锥齿轮  /  ISO计算标准  /  齿根弯曲应力  /  有限元分析

The calculation of bending strength for spiral bevel gears is complex, making accurate evaluation extremely challenging. Focusing on the two distinct calculation methods, B1 and B2, as outlined in the ISO 10300 standard, this study begins with the computational principles of both approaches. It compares the selection methods and numerical application principles for parameters involved in calculating root bending stress and allowable bending stress under both methods. The influence of parameter values on root bending stress calculations is analyzed for each method. Through computations on multiple design samples, the root bending stress values derived from both methods are compared. Finite element analysis is employed to validate the computational results. The findings indicate that due to differences in the types and values of correction coefficients used, there are certain discrepancies in the bending strength evaluation results obtained by the two methods. Method B1 yields a more conservative evaluation of root bending strength, with root bending stress approximately 5% lower than that calculated by Method B2. Although the ISO calculation standard accounts for load sharing among multiple teeth, it overlooks the combined effects on root bending stress, leading to deviations from finite element analysis results.Method B1 shows closer agreement with finite element results, with an error margin of about 6%.

Spiral bevel gear  /  ISO calculation standard  /  Root bending stress  /  Finite element analysis
冯少坤, 魏冰阳, 信稳, 程波. 弧齿锥齿轮弯曲强度ISO计算标准与有限元分析. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (7) : 117 -123 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.015
Shaokun FENG, Bingyang WEI, Wen XIN, Bo CHENG. Finite element ansysis and ISO calculation standard of tooth root bending strengthern of spiral beval gears[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (7) : 117 -123 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.015
弧齿锥齿轮因其承载能力强、传动平稳等优点,广泛应用于航空航天、车辆和各种工业传动系统中。轮齿折断是其最主要的失效形式之一。为提高齿轮强度设计的可靠性,针对齿轮齿根弯曲疲劳强度评估,多个国家都制定了相关评价标准,如我国当前使用的GB/T 10062系列标准锥齿轮承载能力计算方法[1-3],国际上普遍采用的ISO 10300系列标准[4-6]和ANSI/AGMA 2003-D19标准[7]等。GB/T 10062系列标准是在ISO 10300系列标准基础上修订而成的。由于在推行标准上投入不足且缺少基础数据的支持,当前的标准已很难适用于日益复杂多样的齿轮产品开发要求。因此,对ISO现行标准进行研究,实时对接国际标准化工作,修订GB/T标准,对我国齿轮行业健康发展至关重要。
一直以来,国内学者与相关企业都十分关注ISO齿轮标准及计算结果的适应性,并投入了相应的研究工作。徐跃进[8]将Ansys软件计算结果与Hertz公式计算结果进行比较,验证了有限元分析法的精确性、有效性和可靠性;陶振荣等[9]提出一种新的齿轮强度计算判据,并列出相应的判据计算式,得出了一种更加合理精确的齿轮强度计算方法;魏冰阳等[10-11]利用Monte Carlo法数值模拟了弧齿锥齿轮的接触强度及弯曲强度几何系数的分布规律,探讨了锥齿轮疲劳强度的可靠性分析和计算方法;吴昌林等[12]采用分类比较和实例对比的方法对比了ISO标准与AGMA标准关于渐开线圆柱齿轮强度计算方法的差异,认为产生差异的主要原因是参数和修正系数的取值差异,并且AGMA标准对齿轮参数的改变更敏感;邓效忠等[13]采用加载齿面接触分析与有限元应力影响矩阵法计算出齿根弯曲应力,并通过试验验证了结论的正确性。滕文爽等[14]比较了行业标准(HB)与ISO标准的差异,认为两者引入系数不同,导致ISO标准计算齿根弯曲应力基本值更小;但不同修正系数的选用,导致计算齿根弯曲应力和许用齿根弯曲应力更大。周长江等[15]设置多组样本,通过有限元接触分析对ISO和AGMA这2种标准计算结果进行了对比验证,认为结合接触和弯曲强度的安全系数来评估锥齿轮承载能力更加合理;黎向宇等[16]通过对HB和AGMA这2种标准的原理、修正系数等方面进行比较,得出前者强度评估更为保守的结论。上述研究对锥齿轮几何设计及承载能力计算具有重要的指导意义。目前,国内对ISO齿轮标准的研究工作投入不足,导致行业标准化工作明显滞后,尚未涉及对锥齿轮ISO标准2种评价方法计算结果的比较与适用性研究。鉴于此,本文拟从ISO标准2种计算方法的原理出发,对比分析2种方法关于齿根弯曲应力及许用弯曲应力计算涉及的各参数选取方法以及数值的选用原则,总结2种计算方法中各参数取值对齿根弯曲应力计算的影响规律;设计计算样本,对2种计算方法得到的结果进行比较;最后,通过有限元分析对计算结果进行验证,探讨2种计算方法的数值裕量与适应性。
B1方法以弧齿锥齿轮齿宽中点处对应的当量圆柱齿轮参数作为基准参数,B2方法则以弧齿锥齿轮大端对应的当量圆柱齿轮相关参数作为基准参数。在进行弯曲应力计算时,B1方法以当量圆柱齿轮齿根危险截面(与齿根圆角相切30°)受到的弯曲应力作为齿根弯曲应力基本值,引入相应修正系数后计算得到齿根弯曲应力;而B2方法则在当量齿轮上应用Lewis公式,假设齿轮为板型梁,利用悬臂梁模型以及“30°切线法”确定的齿根危险截面来推导出无误差齿轮齿根受到的最大拉伸应力,并引入相关修正系数计算得到齿根的弯曲应力。
由于2种计算方法在进行强度分析时定义的基准不同,计算式中相关修正系数取值也存在差异,即使针对相同的齿轮产品设计,2种计算方法得到的强度计算结果也会存在一定的差异。
锥齿轮齿根弯曲应力的计算,B1方法的计算式为
由式(1)~式(3)可知
B2方法的计算式为
由式(4)、式(5)可得
式中,Fvmt为当量圆柱齿轮名义切向力;bv为当量圆柱齿轮齿宽;mmn为中点法向模数;Fmt为齿宽中点分锥上的名义切向力;βv为当量螺旋角;βm1为锥齿轮1中点螺旋角;T为锥齿轮名义转矩;dm为中点节圆直径;mmt为中点端面模数;met为锥齿轮大端端面模数;b为锥齿轮齿宽。
齿根弯曲应力计算中的参数含义及取值如表1所示,其中数值为一般工况参考数据。
2种计算式相同点:①均采用使用系数KA、动载系数KV来描述具体使用环境对齿根弯曲应力的影响;②采用齿向载荷分配系数K和端面载荷分配系数K来评价载荷在齿向和齿间分配不均的问题。
其不同点是采用的计算基准参数不同:B1方法弯曲应力计算式[式(4)]中,使用的bvmmndm等参数均为锥齿轮齿宽中点对应的当量圆柱齿轮参数;而在B2方法弯曲应力计算式[式(6)]中bmet等为弧齿锥齿轮大端相关参数。
B1方法许用应力的计算式为
安全系数为
B2方法的计算式为
安全系数为
式中,σFP-B1为B1法锥齿轮许用弯曲应力值;σF,lim为测试齿轮的名义弯曲应力值;σF-B1为B1法锥齿轮计算弯曲应力值;SF,min为锥齿轮最小安全系数;σFP-B2为B2法锥齿轮许用弯曲应力值;σF-B2为B2法锥齿轮计算弯曲应力值。
B1方法、B2方法许用弯曲应力计算虽然采用了相同类型的修正系数,如相对圆角敏感系数Yδ,relt;标准试验齿轮应力修正系数YST;相对表面状况系数YR,relt等,但其中相对表面状况系数YR,relt、相对圆角敏感系数Yδ,relt的取值不同,具体如表2所示。显然,B1方法取值更全面地考虑了材料的类型。
B1和B2方法对齿轮强度评价上,两者均通过比较计算安全系数与最小安全系数来评价锥齿轮的弯曲强度。计算安全系数由计算许用应力值和计算弯曲应力值的比值确定。ISO标准关于弯曲强度的最小安全系数,对于弧齿锥齿轮包括准双曲面齿轮,SF,min≥1.3;对于直锥齿轮或螺旋角βm≤5°的弧齿锥齿轮,SF,min≥1. 5。
在B1和B2方法中,关于载荷系数,均采用相同的修正系数,如使用系数KA、动载系数KV、弯曲应力的齿面载荷分配系数K、弯曲应力的端面载荷分配系数K
通过对比2种方法使用的几何参数可知,B1方法在几何系数方面考虑得更加全面,采用了更多的几何系数来计算齿轮的几何形状对齿根弯曲应力的影响,如载荷分配系数YLS、齿形系数Y、重合度系数Yε、斜面螺旋角系数YBS、应力修正系数Y等,且均为齿根弯曲应力线性因子;而B2方法仅采用了几何系数YJ,作为除数因子,同时利用齿根弯曲应力调整系数YA来计算齿轮几何形状对齿根弯曲应力的影响。
几何系数YJ综合考虑了齿形、最大破坏载荷作用的位置、在齿长方向修形之后的有效齿宽以及相邻齿之间的载荷分配等因素对齿根弯曲应力的影响。
表3所示的弧齿锥齿轮为例,选取200、300、400 N·m 3种负载进行计算。
各组齿轮在3种负载下的齿根弯曲应力计算值如表4所示,对应负载下的安全系数如表5所示(以试验齿轮材料为例)。计算结果统一保留两位小数。
表4表5可知:
1)B1方法中使用了齿形系数Y、应力修正系数Y等系数,而B2方法计算结果仅受齿形系数YJ影响较大,且二者成负相关;导致由B1方法计算得到的齿根弯曲应力略小于B2方法,约为B2方法计算结果的95.5%。
2)ISO标准齿根弯曲应力忽略了载荷作用的非线性因素,导致计算结果与转矩成线性关系,因此对非额定工况评价合理性存在疑问。
3)小轮齿根弯曲应力大于大轮。一方面是由于弧齿锥齿轮副大轮和小轮工作面不同,大轮工作面为轮齿凸面,而小轮工作面为轮齿凹面,小轮工作面齿根圆角相对于大轮要小一些,小轮齿根更易出现应力集中;另一方面随着齿数减少,齿根危险截面厚度减小,齿根弯曲应力趋于增大。这在强度平衡设计中必须注意。
4)在相同工况下,由B1方法计算得到的安全系数大于B2方法;2种方法计算得到的小轮安全系数均小于对应的大轮安全系数。
由样本弧齿锥齿轮副的几何与加工参数计算得到的齿面数据生成全齿三维模型[17],并进行装配,如图1所示。通过模拟滚检,观察齿面瞬时接触区是否规范。
将三维模型导入Ansys WorkBench软件中,并按照实际齿轮材料20CrNiMo相关属性[18]为齿轮副定义材料;将两齿轮间的接触设置为有摩擦,将小轮全部齿面设置为接触面,大轮全部齿面设置为目标面,摩擦因数设置为0.03;并为两齿轮分别添加旋转副。
为更好地划分网格,将齿轮模型进行切齿,网格类型设置为以六面体网格为主,整体网格尺寸设置为1 mm;并在相应齿根处进行加密,加密处网格尺寸设置为0.1 mm,切齿及网格划分结果如图2所示[19-20]
工况按照表4中的参数设置,分别在主动轮和从动轮上建立旋转副,将小轮旋转副位移情况设置为转角180°;在大轮上分别施加负载200、300、400 N∙m。
在“分析设置”中分别打开弱弹簧和大变形开关,并将“分析步”的定义依据设置为子步,初始子步数设置为1 000步,最大子步数设置为2 000步;分析时间为60 s。设置完成后进行静力学仿真。
将齿轮副有限元应力分析结果导出,并将应力数据导入Matlab软件中进行处理,分别得到大轮和小轮在3种工况下1、3、4号齿的齿根弯曲应力变化历程,如图3图4所示。3个齿的应力曲线呈现出类似的变化过程,但峰值略有差异。
提取大轮齿根弯曲应力,利用Matlab软件对数据进行处理,并绘制如图3所示3种负载下大轮齿根弯曲应力图。
图3可知,1、3、4号齿齿根弯曲应力呈现出双峰特征,主峰在前、小峰在后。其中,第1个峰值是轮齿进入啮合时齿根受到拉应力的作用,第2个峰值是由于后齿逐渐进入啮合,前齿齿根受到压应力所致,这两个应力峰值是“拉-压”应力综合作用的结果。由于Ansys WorkBench软件中导出的等效应力只考虑大小,不考虑方向,所以图像呈现双正应力峰值。由于大轮承载面为凸面,所以提取第1个峰值应力数值。
大轮的齿根弯曲应力具体数据如表6所示。大轮齿根弯曲应力随负载增大而增大,但两者之间不存在固定的数量关系。
对小轮所受应力进行提取,在Matlab软件中处理后得到3种负载下小轮齿根弯曲应力曲线,如图4所示。
图4可知,小轮齿根弯曲应力小峰在前、主峰在后,双峰特征与大轮相比更加明显。小轮应提取第2个峰值应力数值。
结合图4可得小轮齿根弯曲应力如表7所示。与大轮齿根弯曲应力的变化趋势类似,小轮的齿根弯曲应力随负载增大而增大,但与负载无明显的对应关系。且在相同负载情况下,小轮的齿根弯曲应力大于大轮的齿根弯曲应力。
解析了ISO弧齿锥齿轮弯曲强度评价标准,利用有限元分析进行了验证,得到主要结论如下:
1)B1方法和B2方法引入了不同的修正系数,各修正系数取值原则与数值不同,导致计算结果存在一些差异。B1方法相对表面状况系数,更全面地考虑了齿轮材料性能的影响。
2)B1方法计算得到的齿根工作弯曲应力数值略小于B2方法的计算结果,平均为B2方法的95.56%。B1方法计算结果与有限元计算结果更接近,几种负载情况下差值均在6%以内。
3)在计算原理上,有限元分析充分考虑了前后齿对当前齿载荷分担的综合作用,齿根弯曲应力计算结果与工作载荷成非线性关系;而ISO标准忽略前后齿对当前齿应力的综合作用,仅考虑了满载时的载荷分担,齿根弯曲应力与工作载荷成线性关系。因此,ISO标准仅适用于额定的满载工况。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51875174)
  • 河南省研究生教育改革与质量提升工程项目(YJS2022JD12)
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2025年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.015
  • 接收时间:2023-11-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-15
  • 修回日期:2023-12-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51875174)
国家自然科学基金项目(51875174)
Henan Provincial Graduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project(YJS2022JD12)
河南省研究生教育改革与质量提升工程项目(YJS2022JD12)
作者信息
    1.河南科技大学 机电工程学院,洛阳 471000
    2.中信重工机械股份有限公司,洛阳 471039
    3.智能矿山重型装备全国重点实验室,洛阳 471000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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