Article(id=1241446431224026011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241446328396476740, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698681600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-31, revisedDate=1706544000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773913494163, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773913494163, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773913494163, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773913494163, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241446328396476740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773913469647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773916972123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241461018921062969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241446328396476740, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241461018921062970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241446328396476740, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=124, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241446431509238687, articleId=1241446431224026011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Interlaminar stress analysis of incompatible generalized mixed element model for composite laminates with a hole, columnId=1241446430376776595, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=·Design·Calculation·, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the stress concentration phenomenon and analyze the distribution characteristics of the interlaminar stress in the hole edge region of composite laminates. Based on the generalized mixed variational principle, the generalized mixed finite element model for laminated plates with various stacking modes were established. The stress field variables were divided into the interlaminar stress and the in-plane stress, with the introduction of stress boundary conditions to ensure the physical continuity of interlaminar stresses between layers and the discontinuity of in-plane stresses between layers.The interlaminar stresses at the edge of the laminated plate hole were respectively analyzed through the thickness direction and the circumferential direction. Numerical examples demonstrated that the incompatible generalized mixed element could obtain more accurate stress singularity results than the 8-node three-dimensional solid incompatible displacement element results solved by the finite element software Abaqus. Stresses on both upper and lower surfaces of the laminated plate consistently reflected actual situations. The research indicates that compared with the displacement element, the incompatible generalized mixed element can more effectively capture the high stress gradient of the interlaminar stresses at the edge of the laminated plate hole, which provides a new idea for the optimal design of the laminate.

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WANG Yonggang, E-mail:
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为了研究含孔复合材料层合板的孔边应力集中现象,分析孔边区域层间应力的分布特点。以广义混合变分原理为基础,建立不同铺层方式的含孔层合板广义混合有限元模型。将应力场变量分为层间应力和平面内应力,引入应力边界条件,保证层间应力在层间连续、平面内应力在层间不连续的物理事实,分别从厚度方向和环向对层合板孔边的层间应力进行分析。数值表明,与有限元软件Abaqus的8节点三维实体非协调位移元结果做对照发现,利用非协调广义混合元得到的应力奇异性结果更加准确,层合板上、下表面的应力始终与实际情况保持一致。研究认为,相较于位移元,非协调广义混合元可以更有效地捕捉层间应力在层合板孔边的高应力梯度特性,为层合板的优化设计提供新思路。

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王永钢,男,1996年生,山东淄博人,硕士;主要研究方向为广义混合有限元理论与方法;E-mail:
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卿光辉,男,1968年生,湖南新化人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为复合材料结构设计与维修;E-mail:

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卿光辉,男,1968年生,湖南新化人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为复合材料结构设计与维修;E-mail:

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卿光辉,男,1968年生,湖南新化人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为复合材料结构设计与维修;E-mail:

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Computers & Structures199972(6):763-777., articleTitle=A high precision coupled bending-extension triangular finite element for laminated plates, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241446453286064545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446431224026011, awardId=11502286, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(11502286), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241446453399310756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446431224026011, awardId=11502286, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(11502286), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241446444591272125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446431224026011, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241446444595466430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446431224026011, companyId=1241446444591272125, language=EN, country=null, 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含孔层合板非协调广义混合元模型的层间应力分析
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卿光辉 1 , 王永钢 1 , 王燮 2
机械强度 | ·设计·计算· 2025,47(7): 124-134
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机械强度 | ·设计·计算· 2025, 47(7): 124-134
含孔层合板非协调广义混合元模型的层间应力分析
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卿光辉1 , 王永钢1 , 王燮2
作者信息
  • 1.中国民航大学 航空工程学院,天津 300300
  • 2.上海飞机设计研究院,上海 201210
  • 卿光辉,男,1968年生,湖南新化人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为复合材料结构设计与维修;E-mail:

通讯作者:

王永钢,男,1996年生,山东淄博人,硕士;主要研究方向为广义混合有限元理论与方法;E-mail:
Interlaminar stress analysis of incompatible generalized mixed element model for composite laminates with a hole
Guanghui QING1 , Yonggang WANG1 , Xie WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2.Shanghai Aircraft Design & Research Institute, Shanghai 201210, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.016
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为了研究含孔复合材料层合板的孔边应力集中现象,分析孔边区域层间应力的分布特点。以广义混合变分原理为基础,建立不同铺层方式的含孔层合板广义混合有限元模型。将应力场变量分为层间应力和平面内应力,引入应力边界条件,保证层间应力在层间连续、平面内应力在层间不连续的物理事实,分别从厚度方向和环向对层合板孔边的层间应力进行分析。数值表明,与有限元软件Abaqus的8节点三维实体非协调位移元结果做对照发现,利用非协调广义混合元得到的应力奇异性结果更加准确,层合板上、下表面的应力始终与实际情况保持一致。研究认为,相较于位移元,非协调广义混合元可以更有效地捕捉层间应力在层合板孔边的高应力梯度特性,为层合板的优化设计提供新思路。

复合材料层合板  /  层间应力  /  非协调广义混合元  /  应力边界条件  /  应力奇异性

In order to investigate the stress concentration phenomenon and analyze the distribution characteristics of the interlaminar stress in the hole edge region of composite laminates. Based on the generalized mixed variational principle, the generalized mixed finite element model for laminated plates with various stacking modes were established. The stress field variables were divided into the interlaminar stress and the in-plane stress, with the introduction of stress boundary conditions to ensure the physical continuity of interlaminar stresses between layers and the discontinuity of in-plane stresses between layers.The interlaminar stresses at the edge of the laminated plate hole were respectively analyzed through the thickness direction and the circumferential direction. Numerical examples demonstrated that the incompatible generalized mixed element could obtain more accurate stress singularity results than the 8-node three-dimensional solid incompatible displacement element results solved by the finite element software Abaqus. Stresses on both upper and lower surfaces of the laminated plate consistently reflected actual situations. The research indicates that compared with the displacement element, the incompatible generalized mixed element can more effectively capture the high stress gradient of the interlaminar stresses at the edge of the laminated plate hole, which provides a new idea for the optimal design of the laminate.

Laminated composites  /  Interlaminar stress  /  Incompatible generalized mixed element  /  Stress boundary condition  /  Stress singularity
卿光辉, 王永钢, 王燮. 含孔层合板非协调广义混合元模型的层间应力分析. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (7) : 124 -134 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.016
Guanghui QING, Yonggang WANG, Xie WANG. Interlaminar stress analysis of incompatible generalized mixed element model for composite laminates with a hole[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (7) : 124 -134 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.016
复合材料在机械制造、航空航天等许多领域中应用广泛,为了满足工程结构中的各种需要,复合材料结构上通常会加工一个或多个孔洞,如螺栓孔、装配孔等。在制孔过程中,孔边容易发生应力集中而引起疲劳问题。这是由于复合材料层合板各个单层之间的拉剪耦合系数和泊松比不匹配,其沿厚度方向的力学性能不连续。为了保证层合板整体变形的协调性,孔边会产生严重的层间应力,导致复合材料提前失效。因此,通过建立有限元模型来分析含孔复合材料板的最终失效强度具有重要价值,吸引了国内外学者的广泛关注[1-5]
CAMANHO等[6]建立了一种基于有限断裂力学的含孔层合板拉伸强度预测模型,与传统的强度预测方法相比,该模型的预测精度有所提高。杨洁[7]使用Ansys软件对对称铺设的含孔层合板的层间应力进行了分析,得到了其在孔边的分布规律。曾红燕[8]研究了在低温环境下复合材料孔边的层间应力,并分析了体积分数和温度对层间应力分布特点的影响。SANTOS等[9]研究了碳纤维复合材料开孔层合板在承受面外冲击载荷时的损伤过程。JOSEPH等[10]建立了I2CBM有限元模型,对碳纤维复合材料开孔层合板在拉伸/压缩过程中的渐进损伤过程进行了研究,分析了层合板的应力分布,并与试验结果取得了良好的一致性,揭示了复合材料开孔层合板在拉伸过程中的渐进损伤机制。GLIESCHE等[11]对碳纤维复合材料含孔层合板的主应力分布进行了分析,进而设计了变角度牵引铺缝(Variable Angle Tow Placement, VAT)补强结构的纤维轨迹。ZHU等[12]开发了用椭圆形及圆形VAT补强结构对开孔碳纤维层合板进行粘接补强的方法,并根据孔周主应力方向对补强片纤维轨迹进行了设计。VIDAL等[13]提出了一种变量分离方法,将x-y平面内的变量和厚度z方向变量分开求解,在二维平面内采用8节点位移元进行离散,厚度方向采用4阶分层理论求解,对不同位置、大小的孔的层合板的层间应力分布进行了研究,由于变量分离使得问题的维度降低,有效降低了计算成本。
然而,以上提到的数值方法均不能同时求解得到连续的位移和应力结果,并且难以引入应力边界条件。这是由于基于最小势能原理的位移有限元法仅包含位移场变量,求解应力时,需要首先对最佳应力点处的位移求微分,经应力外推和应力磨平处理后得到的节点应力精度差。
近年来,广义混合元得到了进一步的发展。QING等[14-16]提出了非协调广义混合元,有效提高了应力结果的收敛速度。王聿航等[17]将非协调广义混合元应用于压电层合板的静力学分析中,并使用部分混合元来避免层间应力的“超连续”问题。王燮等[18]利用部分混合元建立了复合材料层合板的有限元模型,对自由边界附近的高应力梯度特性进行了有效分析。杨立洲等[19]将非协调广义部分混合元模型应用于变刚度层合板,分析了纤维铺设角度与变刚度层合板平面内位移场之间的关系。LEZGY-NAZARGAH等[20]提出了一种低自由度的4节点四边形部分混合元,用于Winker-Pasternak弹性地基上功能梯度材料板的静力学和自由振动分析,所得数值解的收敛速度快,且对网格畸变不敏感。
目前国内外利用广义混合元对复合材料层合板层间应力研究得较少。为了准确分析含孔复合材料层合板孔边处的层间应力,本文建立了含孔层合板广义混合元模型,利用广义混合元能够同时引入应力和位移边界条件的特点,分别从厚度方向和环向对孔边的层间应力进行了分析和讨论。
设有限元模型体积为V,表面积为S,广义混合变分原理[21]
式中,σ为应力,σ = [ σ13  σ23  σ33  σ11  σ22  σ12 ]TC为弹性材料的刚度系数矩阵;u为位移,u =[ u1 u2 u3 ]Tα为分裂因子;∇为微分算子;为[ ]上施加的已知载荷,
ΠGHR属于多变量变分原理,控制方程中同时包含了位移场变量u和应力场变量σ。一方面,ΠGHR可以方便地引入位移边界条件和应力边界条件;另一方面,应力可以从控制方程中直接求解,且自然连续。这样避免了位移元求解应力时需先对位移求偏微分,再进行应力磨平的问题,减少了计算量以及对位移求偏微分所引入的误差。
利用8节点六面体非协调单元[22]建立含孔复合材料层合板广义混合元模型。非协调项的引入使位移场函数增加了二次项,有利于消除剪切自锁现象。对位移场和应力场分别进行离散,位移u和应力σ可分别表示为
式中,NdNr分别为位移形函数的协调项和非协调项;Ns为应力形函数;qepe分别为节点位移和节点应力;re为单元内部节点的非协调位移。
将式(2)、式(3)代入式(1),可得
式中,n为单元个数;
对式(4)中的节点应力pe,节点位移qe,非协调位移re分别进行变分,可得
由式(5c)可得
将式(6)代入式(5a)和式(5b)可得
联立式(7)和式(8)可得
式中,
式(9)为全混合元列式,由于不同铺层材料参数的区别,因此,平面内应力在不同铺层之间并不连续。为了克服这一缺点,对式(9)进行处理。
将式(9)中的节点应力pe分为层间应力po和平面内应力pi,分别为po =[ σ13 σ23 σ33 ]Tpi =[ σ11 σ22 σ12 ]T,则式(9)中第1个方程可表达为
已知式(13)中A22可逆,则平面内应力pi可表示为
将式(14)代入式(9),则有限元控制方程中只包含位移场变量和层间应力场变量,即
式中,
FELIPPA[23-24]就广义混合元中分裂因子α的取值问题,提出了基于误差分析理论的中值法,即假设精确解位于位移有限元法和应力有限元法所求数值结果的正中间,推导出α值取0.75时,具有广泛的适用性。因此,在以下算例中,α均取值0.75。
考虑石墨/环氧树脂复合材料层合板,采用与文献[25763-777一致的含孔层合板模型,如图1所示。板的边长为a,宽为b,板厚为h,圆孔直径为ϕ。其中,a=20h=254 mm;b=16h=203.2 mm,h=ϕ=12. 7 mm。4层对称层合板,各层厚度相同。受单位单轴拉伸载荷为σ0 =1 MPa。0°层的材料属性分别为弹性模量E11=145 GPa;E22=10.7 GPa;E33=10.7 GPa;剪切模量G12=4. 5 GPa;G13=4. 5 GPa;G23=3. 6 GPa;泊松比ν12=0.31;ν13=0.31;ν23=0.49。
图2所示为含圆孔层合板x-y平面的网格模型,网格总数为576。另外,对于只有0°和90°铺层的层合板而言,可以采用1/4模型分析该问题,降低计算成本。
图3所示为受单轴拉伸载荷的含孔复合材料层合板模型。由于厚度方向的材料属性不连续,层间应力会在厚度方向出现剧烈变化,所以,分别对不同铺层状态、厚度方向网格数量不同的层间应力分布结果进行了分析。
为了准确获得含孔层合板厚度方向的层间应力分布,对图1θ=0°、30°、45°、60°、90°这5个位置的层间应力结果进行讨论。利用非协调广义部分混合元分别对[0°/90°]s和[45°/-45°]s含圆孔层合板孔边的应力分布状态进行研究,分析沿厚度方向不同网格数量(图4中的n)下的层间应力结果,并与Abaqus软件的8节点三维实体非协调位移元(NCSE8)厚度方向划分32个网格(n=32)的结果进行对比。
图4~图8分别展示了[0°/90°]s层合板圆孔周向不同位置的层间应力沿厚度方向(即z方向,从0~12.7 mm变化,用hz表示)的分布。由图4~图8可知,由于材料属性的不连续,层间应力的方向和大小不断变化,与NCSE8计算结果的变化趋势有较好的一致性,其中层间正应力σzz的大小、方向关于材料对称面对称;层间剪应力σxzσyz的大小、方向关于材料对称面反对称。所有层间应力均先随着转角θ增加而逐渐增加,在θ=45°~60°时达到峰值,然后逐渐减小,至θ=90°时最小。随着厚度方向网格数n的增加,广义混合元对应力峰值的预测结果有效改善。n=8时应力结果仍存在小幅度的振荡情况,且应力峰值的预测并不准确,但在n=16时的结果已和Abaqus软件结果有较好的一致性,应力曲线的变化情况得到了良好的改善。另外,由非协调广义部分混合元分析含孔层合板的层间应力时,所得层合板上、下表面的层间应力值始终与实际情况一致。然而,传统位移元不具备这样的优点。
图9~图13所示分别为[45°/-45°]s层合板在θ=0°、30°、45°、60°、90°这5个位置的层间应力沿厚度方向分布情况。层间剪应力σxzσyz的大小、方向关于材料对称面反对称;层间正应力σzz大小、方向关于材料对称面对称。层间剪应力σxzσyz的值在厚度方向发生了剧烈变化,随着转角θ变化,σxz的值逐渐增大,大约在θ=90°位置达到峰值。在角度变化过程中,非协调广义部分混合元的层间剪应力σxzσyz的结果始终与非协调位移元有较好的一致性,在n=16时就保证了与n=32的非协调位移元结果有相当的精度。另外,在计算层间正应力σzz时,σzz的值不断减小直至反向,非协调广义部分混合元始终保证了边界应力值与实际值的一致性,有效预测了厚度方向层间正应力随转角θ的变化过程。然而,非协调位移元难以保证边界应力值的正确性。
选取如图14所示的层合板界面1、界面2、界面3这3个层间界面位置,对[0°/90°]s层合板在圆孔环向的应力分布情况进行分析。列出不同厚度方向网格数量n的非协调广义部分混合元的计算结果,以及厚度方向划分32个网格(n=32)时,非协调位移元的计算结果。
图15~图17所示为层间应力σxzσyzσzz在[0°/90°]s层合板界面1、界面2、界面3的应力分布结果。由于层合板形状和材料属性的对称性,在界面1和界面3层间应力值在相同角度的位置等大反向。另外,σxzσzz沿圆孔环向θ=180°位置对称分布,σyz沿θ=180°位置反对称分布。在层合板对称面(界面2)处,σxzσyz的值始终为0。非协调广义部分混合元的应力分布结果和非协调位移元一致性较好,层间正应力σzz在界面1和界面3的θ=90°和270°的位置达到峰值。层间剪应力σxzσyz在界面1和界面3的θ=60°、120°、240°和300°达到峰值。当n=8时,随着厚度方向网格数量n的提升,层间应力峰值的计算结果逐渐趋近于真实情况。在n=16时,应力变化情况已经与NCSE8相当一致。
本文建立了含孔复合材料层合板的非协调广义混合有限元模型,利用广义混合元控制方程包含位移场变量和应力场变量、无需应力恢复及额外的数值稳定技术、求解应力精度高的特点,分别从厚度方向和环向研究了[0°/90°]s和[45°/-45°]s含孔层合板的孔边应力分布状态,通过与有限元软件Abaqus的8节点三维实体非协调位移元结果做对比,验证了本文方法的有效性。得到主要结论如下:
1)本文方法符合层间应力在层间连续、平面内应力在层间不连续的客观事实,能够有效地捕捉孔边的高应力梯度特性,并且精度优于位移元。
2)非协调广义混合有限元能够引入应力边界条件,在稀网格和密网格下,层合板上、下表面的层间应力都始终与实际情况保持一致,更有利于分析层间应力的分布规律。
3)结合圆孔厚度方向和环向的应力分布,与非协调位移有限元相比,非协调广义混合元分析得到的层间应力分布更加集中于层合板材料属性的变化位置,能更加显著、准确地反映应力奇异性情况,为层合板的优化设计提供了新的思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11502286)
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2025年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.016
  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
  • 修回日期:2024-01-30
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(11502286)
国家自然科学基金项目(11502286)
作者信息
    1.中国民航大学 航空工程学院,天津 300300
    2.上海飞机设计研究院,上海 201210

通讯作者:

王永钢,男,1996年生,山东淄博人,硕士;主要研究方向为广义混合有限元理论与方法;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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