Article(id=1241446333471576125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241446328396476740, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701100800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-28, revisedDate=1703174400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773913470857, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773913470857, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773913470857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773913470857, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241446328396476740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773913469647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773916972123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241461018921062969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241446328396476740, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241461018921062970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241446328396476740, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241446334700507208, articleId=1241446333471576125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Comparative study on damage of power battery box under different vibration spectrums, columnId=1241446330749481285, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=·Fatigue·Damage·Fracture·Failure Analysis·, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the vibration fatigue problem of the battery box of electric vehicles, based on the test loads in the real vehicle test field, the fatigue performance of the battery box was compared and analyzed based on single-axis and multi-axis (sequential loading, coupled loading) vibration loads. Firstly, the three-directional acceleration loads were collected at the sensitive points on the battery box in the test field. The power spectral densities were fitted and compared in the same direction of the loads at different measurement points respectively, and the power spectral densities were accelerated through the frequency-domain damage equivalence method to obtain the distribution characteristics of the random vibration three-directional acceleration power spectral densities under the test field specification. Secondly, based on the theory of random vibration fatigue analysis, the multi-axis sequential excitation and multi-axis coupled excitation of the battery box were constructed. Based on fatigue damage equivalence, a uniaxial strengthening spectrum excitation was constructed. Finally, the fatigue damage of the battery box under three kinds of excitation was compared and analyzed by the numerical simulation.The results show that the damage locations of the battery box are consistent under the three excitations. The damage under multi-axis coupled excitation is greater than that under multi-axis sequential excitation, and the single-axis enhancement spectrum has a better reproduction effect on the multi-axis coupled damage. This can provide guidance for conducting rapid vibration fatigue tests of battery boxes based on uniaxial enhanced load spectra.

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ZHANG Dongdong, E-mail:
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针对电动汽车电池箱的振动疲劳问题,以实车试验场测试载荷为基础,基于单轴和多轴(顺序加载、耦合加载)振动载荷,对比分析电池箱疲劳性能。首先,在试验场采集电池箱上敏感点处的三向加速度载荷,对不同测点载荷同一方向的功率谱密度分别进行拟合与对比分析,并通过频域损伤等效方法对功率谱密度进行加速处理,获得试验场规范下的随机振动三向加速度功率谱密度分布特征。其次,基于随机振动疲劳分析理论,构建了电池箱的多轴顺序激励、多轴耦合激励;基于疲劳损伤等效,构建了单轴强化谱激励。最后,数值仿真对比分析了三种激励下电池箱的疲劳损伤。结果表明,三种激励下电池箱的损伤位置一致,多轴耦合激励损伤大于多轴顺序激励,单轴强化谱对多轴耦合损伤的复现效果较好。这可为基于单轴强化载荷谱开展电池箱的振动疲劳快速试验提供指导。

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张东东,男,1986年生,山西晋城人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为汽车结构振动与噪声控制、电驱动系统等;E-mail:
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赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆强度可靠性设计与评价、车辆载荷特征建模与快速试验;E-mail:

, authorsList=赵礼辉, 潘羽, 冯金芝, 郑松林, 张东东)}, authors=[Author(id=1241446348973724155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=Pheigoe@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241446349103747585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, authorId=1241446348973724155, language=EN, stringName=Lihui ZHAO, firstName=Lihui, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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2.机械工业汽车机械零部件强度与可靠性评价重点实验室,上海 200093
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赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆强度可靠性设计与评价、车辆载荷特征建模与快速试验;E-mail:

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赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆强度可靠性设计与评价、车辆载荷特征建模与快速试验;E-mail:

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2.CMIF Key Laboratory for Strength and Reliability Evaluation of Automotive Structures, Shanghai 200093, China
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2.机械工业汽车机械零部件强度与可靠性评价重点实验室,上海 200093
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2.CMIF Key Laboratory for Strength and Reliability Evaluation of Automotive Structures, Shanghai 200093, China
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label=Fig. 14, caption=PSD of the 12 h equivalent acceleration of the battery box, figureFileSmall=SNTx9ru1x7GWxjcGRNKp2A==, figureFileBig=2XLsxLsc+C4uCP2FrUwKsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446359161688775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, language=CN, label=图14, caption=电池箱12 h等效加速度功率谱密度, figureFileSmall=SNTx9ru1x7GWxjcGRNKp2A==, figureFileBig=2XLsxLsc+C4uCP2FrUwKsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446359245574858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Comparison of PSD spectrums before and after z-axis acceleration, figureFileSmall=q1mURLTO65tfe4woUcBz5Q==, figureFileBig=+3j3AXIRA25s6SYmw6T3wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446359337849549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, language=CN, label=图15, caption=z轴加速前、后功率谱密度谱对比, 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Mechanical property parameters of the 5052 aluminum alloy

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材料
Material
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity/MPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio
拉伸强度
Tensile strength/MPa
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
伸长率
Percentage elongation/%
5052铝合金
5052 aluminum alloy
69 0000.322819312
), ArticleFig(id=1241446362550686455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

5052铝合金力学性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity/MPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio
拉伸强度
Tensile strength/MPa
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
伸长率
Percentage elongation/%
5052铝合金
5052 aluminum alloy
69 0000.322819312
), ArticleFig(id=1241446362626183929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Cycle times of partial pavements in the test endurance

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典型路面Typical pavement循环次数Cycle time
比利时路 Belgium road1 600
扭曲路 Twisting road320
卵石路 Cobbled road800
振动路 Vibration road1 200
坑洼路 Hollow road360
冲击路 Shock road80
), ArticleFig(id=1241446362718458619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

耐久试验部分路面循环次数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
典型路面Typical pavement循环次数Cycle time
比利时路 Belgium road1 600
扭曲路 Twisting road320
卵石路 Cobbled road800
振动路 Vibration road1 200
坑洼路 Hollow road360
冲击路 Shock road80
), ArticleFig(id=1241446362789761789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Damage results under different excitation modes

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激励方式
Incentive mode
三轴耦合
Triaxial coupling
三轴顺次
Triaxial sequence
z
z-direction
y
y-direction
x
x-direction
损伤值
Damage value
0.1820.0470.0334.9×10-95×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241446362882036480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同激励方式下损伤结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激励方式
Incentive mode
三轴耦合
Triaxial coupling
三轴顺次
Triaxial sequence
z
z-direction
y
y-direction
x
x-direction
损伤值
Damage value
0.1820.0470.0334.9×10-95×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241446362999476994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Validation of accelerated spectrum damage effect

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节点编号Node number870 3131 122 7481 124 234831 2861 167 211
z向单轴激励Uniaxial excitation of z‑direction0.0330.0230.0150.007 10.006 2
三轴顺序激励损伤Triaxial sequential excitation damage0.0470.0320.0210.0100.008 6
三轴耦合激励损伤Triaxial coupling excitation damage0.1820.1020.0580.0270.035
z轴强化谱激励损伤Intensification spectrum excitation damage of z‑axis0.1880.1160.0640.0310.028
), ArticleFig(id=1241446363070780164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446333471576125, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

加速谱损伤效果验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点编号Node number870 3131 122 7481 124 234831 2861 167 211
z向单轴激励Uniaxial excitation of z‑direction0.0330.0230.0150.007 10.006 2
三轴顺序激励损伤Triaxial sequential excitation damage0.0470.0320.0210.0100.008 6
三轴耦合激励损伤Triaxial coupling excitation damage0.1820.1020.0580.0270.035
z轴强化谱激励损伤Intensification spectrum excitation damage of z‑axis0.1880.1160.0640.0310.028
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不同振动谱下动力电池箱损伤对比研究
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赵礼辉 1, 2, 3 , 潘羽 1 , 冯金芝 1, 2, 3 , 郑松林 1, 2, 3 , 张东东 1, 2, 3
机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025,47(7): 14-23
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机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025, 47(7): 14-23
不同振动谱下动力电池箱损伤对比研究
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赵礼辉1, 2, 3 , 潘羽1, 冯金芝1, 2, 3, 郑松林1, 2, 3, 张东东1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.上海理工大学 机械工程学院,上海 200093
  • 2.机械工业汽车机械零部件强度与可靠性评价重点实验室,上海 200093
  • 3.上海市新能源汽车可靠性评价专业技术服务平台,上海 200093
  • 赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆强度可靠性设计与评价、车辆载荷特征建模与快速试验;E-mail:

通讯作者:

张东东,男,1986年生,山西晋城人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为汽车结构振动与噪声控制、电驱动系统等;E-mail:
Comparative study on damage of power battery box under different vibration spectrums
Lihui ZHAO1, 2, 3 , Yu PAN1, Jinzhi FENG1, 2, 3, Songlin ZHENG1, 2, 3, Dongdong ZHANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
  • 2.CMIF Key Laboratory for Strength and Reliability Evaluation of Automotive Structures, Shanghai 200093, China
  • 3.Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Reliability Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles, Shanghai 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.002
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针对电动汽车电池箱的振动疲劳问题,以实车试验场测试载荷为基础,基于单轴和多轴(顺序加载、耦合加载)振动载荷,对比分析电池箱疲劳性能。首先,在试验场采集电池箱上敏感点处的三向加速度载荷,对不同测点载荷同一方向的功率谱密度分别进行拟合与对比分析,并通过频域损伤等效方法对功率谱密度进行加速处理,获得试验场规范下的随机振动三向加速度功率谱密度分布特征。其次,基于随机振动疲劳分析理论,构建了电池箱的多轴顺序激励、多轴耦合激励;基于疲劳损伤等效,构建了单轴强化谱激励。最后,数值仿真对比分析了三种激励下电池箱的疲劳损伤。结果表明,三种激励下电池箱的损伤位置一致,多轴耦合激励损伤大于多轴顺序激励,单轴强化谱对多轴耦合损伤的复现效果较好。这可为基于单轴强化载荷谱开展电池箱的振动疲劳快速试验提供指导。

强化载荷谱  /  多轴耦合  /  加速试验  /  疲劳损伤  /  电池箱

Aiming at the vibration fatigue problem of the battery box of electric vehicles, based on the test loads in the real vehicle test field, the fatigue performance of the battery box was compared and analyzed based on single-axis and multi-axis (sequential loading, coupled loading) vibration loads. Firstly, the three-directional acceleration loads were collected at the sensitive points on the battery box in the test field. The power spectral densities were fitted and compared in the same direction of the loads at different measurement points respectively, and the power spectral densities were accelerated through the frequency-domain damage equivalence method to obtain the distribution characteristics of the random vibration three-directional acceleration power spectral densities under the test field specification. Secondly, based on the theory of random vibration fatigue analysis, the multi-axis sequential excitation and multi-axis coupled excitation of the battery box were constructed. Based on fatigue damage equivalence, a uniaxial strengthening spectrum excitation was constructed. Finally, the fatigue damage of the battery box under three kinds of excitation was compared and analyzed by the numerical simulation.The results show that the damage locations of the battery box are consistent under the three excitations. The damage under multi-axis coupled excitation is greater than that under multi-axis sequential excitation, and the single-axis enhancement spectrum has a better reproduction effect on the multi-axis coupled damage. This can provide guidance for conducting rapid vibration fatigue tests of battery boxes based on uniaxial enhanced load spectra.

Enhanced load spectrum  /  Multi-axis coupling  /  Accelerated test  /  Fatigue damage  /  Battery box
赵礼辉, 潘羽, 冯金芝, 郑松林, 张东东. 不同振动谱下动力电池箱损伤对比研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (7) : 14 -23 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.002
Lihui ZHAO, Yu PAN, Jinzhi FENG, Songlin ZHENG, Dongdong ZHANG. Comparative study on damage of power battery box under different vibration spectrums[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (7) : 14 -23 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.002
近年来,随着国家政策的大力扶持,新能源电动汽车成为我国汽车行业发展的大趋势,众多汽车厂家投身电动汽车的竞争中。电池箱作为电动汽车的核心部件之一,其安全性能是衡量电动汽车产品竞争力的重要标准,也是消费者最关注的因素之一。由于汽车在行驶过程中受到地面不平度产生的多轴随机振动载荷的影响,电池箱容易产生振动疲劳。振动会对电池箱的结构和性能等多个方面产生影响,甚至导致电池模组性能下降、失效、起火、爆炸等安全问题。因此,对电池箱的振动疲劳性能进行预测和评估是非常必要的[1-2]
结构的振动疲劳分析方法分为时域法和频域法。时域法[3]先通过雨流计数法对振动载荷下的随机应力过程进行时域模拟,再根据材料的应力-寿命曲线和疲劳累积损伤理论进行疲劳寿命估算。时域输入法的求解过程没有丢失应力分量相位的相互信息,较功率谱输入法更完备。但当载荷时间历程较长时或者在计算多轴疲劳情况下,其所耗费的时间往往让人难以接受。频域法通过功率谱密度(Power Spectral Density, PSD)来描述应力响应的参数信息,无须进行时域抽样或者雨流循环计数,大大减少了计算量,在结构振动疲劳分析中得到了广泛的应用[4-5]
随着新能源汽车的发展,动力电池箱的振动疲劳问题受到了高校和企业的广泛关注。近年来,国内高校和企业围绕电池箱随机振动的问题已开展了一些研究,但国外相关研究甚少。戴江梁等[6]结合有限元分析预测了车载电池包和托盘结构的疲劳寿命及失效位置;并结合试验级载荷谱,通过三轴依次加载的试验方法确定出实际失效位置;最后,给出了提升电池包和托盘结构寿命的优化设计方案。乔红娇等[7]采用有限元软件对电池包箱体进行了随机振动分析及试验验证,发现箱体在挂耳连接附件位置出现开裂现象,随后通过局部优化设计,满足了电池箱的安全性要求。黄培鑫等[8]通过电池包模态试验验证了模型的有效性,分别从应力值和加速度两个方面分析了电池包在稳态随机振动和瞬态冲击下的结构损伤和电接触可靠性。王文伟等[9]利用频域分析法分析了在随机振动情况下电池箱的整体响应,并结合材料疲劳特性曲线和线性累积损伤准则进行疲劳计算。上述研究大多直接依据国家标准进行多轴顺序激励来检验动力电池箱结构的疲劳强度。随着动力电池技术的迅猛发展,动力电池箱在使用过程中不断出现一些新的问题,统一的随机振动标准未必适用于所有车型电池箱。因此,有必要针对耐久试验规范开发出适合测试车型的载荷工况,从而对电池箱进行耐久考核。
本文结合实车试验场采集的载荷并充分考虑多轴激励耦合效应,基于损伤等效方法构造出电池箱主导载荷的强化谱,对电池箱的疲劳损伤问题进行了探索。首先,进行试验场路面实车采集,获取电池箱多个测点三向加速度载荷。其次,通过自相关函数的傅里叶变换计算得到加速度载荷的功率谱密度,对x、y、z 3个方向(国际汽车工程师协会车辆坐标系)的PSD分别选取一定百分位累积概率拟合出一组期望PSD;再通过频域疲劳损伤等效进行载荷加速,编制试验场三向加速度PSD激励。最后,运用单轴激励、多轴顺序激励和多轴耦合激励3种方法分别对电池箱进行疲劳损伤计算,以损伤结果为考核依据,对电池箱造成主要损伤的z向激励进行编辑构造强化载荷谱,对电池箱进行准确的疲劳损伤预测,为缩短电池箱振动试验时间、提高研发效率提供了依据。
动力电池箱体作为一个独立的零部件安装在电动汽车底盘下方,是新能源汽车的核心部件,为整车提供动力来源。某电池箱体结构主要包括电池箱体、箱盖、电池模组、动力电池管理系统(Battery Manage‑ment System, BMS)、吊耳、内支撑架等,外形尺寸为1 700 mm×950 mm×260 mm,如图1所示。
使用Hypermesh软件对电池箱结构模型进行前处理,如图2所示。电池箱上、下箱体网格类型主要采用四边形壳单元,单元尺寸为4 mm,共406 335个单元、406 177个节点。电池箱壳体周围吊耳采用rbe2连接方式进行集中,方便对其施加spc约束和激励载荷。为了方便计算,对于电池箱内部的电池模组等部件,采用质量点的方式进行模拟。
依据整车坐标系对动力电池箱仿真分析的方向进行定义,当车辆在水平路面上处于静止状态时,x轴平行于地面指向车辆前方,z轴垂直于地面指向上方,y轴与xOz平面垂直指向驾驶员左方。
电池箱箱体所采用的材料为5052铝合金[10],其基本力学性能参数如表1所示。
在nCode软件中,根据弹性模量、拉伸强度、屈服强度等材料参数绘制出相应的S-N曲线,以便后续疲劳分析计算,如图3所示。
在试验场强化路面进行整车道路载荷的采集,可以为后续电池箱疲劳仿真分析提供可靠的数据。本文结合整车全寿命周期耐久性试验规范,在盐城试验场进行载荷采集。载荷采集所用的试验车辆如图4所示。
电动汽车电池箱的体积较大,几乎占据了前、后轴之间的全部空间,导致电池箱在电动汽车行驶过程中不同安装点位受到的激励并不一致。为了覆盖到所有的振动敏感点载荷,在电池箱的左前、右前、左后、右后位置分别布置一个三向加速度传感器。传感器布置在靠近电池箱固定点的车身上,根据国际汽车工程师协会车辆坐标系定义传感器的x、y、z 3个方向,安装时确保传感器的3个方向与整车坐标系方向完全一致。为避免车身电信号对传感器的干扰,采用带有专门隔离垫的振动传感器,并与车身相黏合[11]。电池箱左后方的加速度传感器的布置如图5所示。
试验车辆电池箱在道路耐久性试验规范下未发生疲劳破坏,具有足够的可靠性。试验场各典型路面及对应循环次数如表2所示。试验采样频率为1 024 Hz,对采集的实车道路载荷进行预处理,包括载荷路况划分、去毛刺、去温漂、过滤以及删除过渡路况等,最终获得各路况的载荷片段。其中,采集到的电池箱左前位置的三向加速度载荷如图6所示。
对试验场4个采集测点的三向加速度载荷按照各路况规定的循环次数叠加得到完整的时域历程,再通过傅里叶变换转化为加速度PSD,初步得到试验场4个采集测点的三向加速度PSD载荷,分别如图7~图9所示。
图7~图9可以看出,电池箱同一方向加速度PSD的幅值虽然略有差别,但整体的分布趋势和峰值频率相似,具有相似的分布特征。因此,将采集的4个测点载荷按照x、y、z方向分类,分别构造出表征电池箱3个方向的随机振动激励。首先要确定电池箱4个测点同一方向加速度PSD在相同频率下的最优分布函数。以z轴为例,图9z方向振动能量主要集中在0~20 Hz频带上,PSD峰值主要集中在3、10 Hz处。以10 Hz处的PSD为例进行分布拟合,假设PSD分别服从正态、对数正态、Weibull、Gamma等常用分布形态,选择最小二乘法进行参数估计,通过安德森-达令(Anderson-Darling, AD)检验确定最优分布函数[12],如图10所示。
AD检验的值越小,表明样本数据越服从该分布函数。由图10可以看出,正态分布的AD检验统计量最小。因此,4个测点z轴加速度PSD在同一频率下的最优分布函数呈正态分布。
选择一定百分位的PSD作为期望PSD来涵盖4个测点载荷的PSD,结果如图11所示。由图11可以看出,4个载荷测点z向PSD在相同频率的累积概率接近90%。因此,选择正态分布下90百分位的PSD作为期望PSD来拟合试验场z轴振动激励。
其余x、y轴PSD均按照相同的方法进行拟合,最终得到电池箱试验场采集载荷拟合的三向振动测试载荷谱,如图12所示。
试验场规范下测试载荷总时间过长,需要在频域内对载荷进行加速处理。在频域内对载荷谱进行加速,基于频域疲劳损伤等效原则[13],一般采用冲击响应谱(Shock Response Spectrum, SRS)、极限响应谱(Extreme Response Spectrum, ERS)和疲劳损伤谱(Fatigue Damage Spectrum, FDS)的概念进行损伤等效计算。将各种工况下的疲劳损伤谱进行叠加形成总疲劳损伤谱,再以总疲劳损伤谱为目标,设定所需的试验时长,生成损伤等效的加速度PSD。将等效PSD与原始PSD计算出的SRS、ERS进行对比以验证合理性,具体流程如图13所示。等效试验时间Teq内的PSD计算式为
式中,∑FFDS ( fn )为各工况下的总疲劳损伤;k为安全因子;Teq为等效试验时间;K为结构刚度;Cb为材料的疲劳参数;Q为幅值比。
通过计算,取电池箱等效试验时间为12 h,合成电池箱3个方向等效加速度PSD谱,如图14所示。其中,PSD能量集中分布在0~20 Hz的低频带,z方向的整体幅值明显要高于xy方向,真实反映了电池箱的实际振动特性。
z轴为例,对加速后的功率谱与原始功率谱的加速结果进行检验,如图15所示。由图15可以看出,加速谱和原始谱的频带都在0~200 Hz,两种载荷谱的PSD分布趋势非常一致,具有相同形状的分布曲线。
图16所示为加速谱的极限响应谱与原始谱的极限响应谱对比,图17所示为加速谱的极限响应谱和原始谱的冲击响应谱对比。
图16图17可以看出,加速谱的极限响应谱幅值介于原始谱的冲击响应谱和极限响应谱之间。该频域加速方法未改变原始谱的频域特征,在损伤等效的基础上,实现了加速前、后频域特征的等效。可见,该加速方法比较合理。
在频域内对结构进行随机振动疲劳分析需要计算出应力功率谱密度,对采集的加速度载荷求其对应的加速度PSD。根据维纳辛钦定理可知,随机信号的自功率谱密度是信号自相关函数的傅里叶变换,即
式中,Sx (ω)为随机信号的自功率谱密度;Rx (τ)为信号的自相关函数。
由随机振动理论,结构的应力响应可以由激励和结构的频响函数获得,即
式中,GR ( f )为应力响应的PSD;H ( f )为加速度激励下应力的频响函数;Ga ( f )为加速度激励的PSD。
在频域疲劳损伤分析中普遍采用Dirlik模型[14]统计PSD下应力范围概率密度函数,这在频域振动疲劳分析中具有较高的准确度。Dirlik幅值概率密度表达式为
式中,Z是正则化的应力幅值,方程中的其他参数分别为
因此,Dirlik疲劳损伤计算模型为
通常在模拟多轴随机振动载荷应用于台架试验时,每次施加1个方向的激励,各方向激励载荷依次施加一定时间。国家标准GB 38031—2020[15]规定:动力电池箱随机振动测试采用3个方向依次加载12 h激励。根据试验场载荷谱仿真模拟这种试验环境,在nCode软件中采用载荷谱类型Duty Cycle来定义相应的载荷谱,规定x、y、z轴分别按照相应的方向依次施加12 h的载荷,如图18所示。
经过计算求解,电池箱损伤最大点为870 313,位于图18中左侧中间吊耳位置,损伤值为0.047,小于目标疲劳寿命1,与电池箱实际道路载荷采集中未发生疲劳破坏情况相吻合。因此,该电池箱在试验场耐久测试下满足疲劳寿命要求。
在实际工况振动环境中,往往是多个方向的激励同时作用,使用von Mises等效应力的方法实现多轴应力向单轴应力的转换。在频域内重新定义von Mises应力的方法是研究频域内多轴耦合振动疲劳寿命问题的有效措施和途径[16-17]
在结构为平面应力状态下,von Mises等效应力在三向应力状态下的定义为
式中,Req为von Mises等效应力;RxRyRz均为正应力分量;RxyRxzRyz均为剪应力分量。平面状态下,应力张量R=(RxRyRzRxyRxzRyz )T,根据矩阵计算准则,可以转化为以下形式
式中,Tr表示矩阵的迹,等于矩阵主对角元素之和;Q为平面状态下根据Huber-Mises-Henchy假设的系数矩阵,即
对式(7)两边取数学期望可得应力均方值,即
式中,ERRT]为应力向量的协方差矩阵,可由应力PSD函数矩阵得到,即
等效von Mises应力过程的均方根值与其PSD函数GReqf)存在关系式:
因此,von Mises等效应力PSD函数可由各应力分量的PSD函数获得。该等效过程在频域内的表现形式为
在分别对电池箱进行x、y、z 3个方向的频域多轴耦合振动疲劳计算时,其载荷谱形式为加速度功率谱矩阵[18]
式中,矩阵对角线上的元素为振动方向加速度载荷的自PSD,非对角线上元素为各激励方向之间的互PSD,且满足
式中,上标*表示复共轭;γ为各轴向载荷谱之间的相干性;real为大于0的实数。
当各个方向载荷谱不相干时,各振动轴向载荷谱间的互PSD为0,施加的振动谱产生的应力响应可以简化为
式中,GRx ( f )、GRy ( f )、GRz ( f )分别为结构在x、y、z轴向做单轴向振动时,在该点引起的应力PSD响应。
由式(10)所示应力的均方根值与自PSD的关系,对式(16)两边进行积分并取均方根,得到结构在三轴向振动和单轴向顺次振动环境下等效应力均方根值存在以下关系:
由式(17)可知,在3个互不相干的随机振动载荷依次作用下,结构上各点的等效应力为x、y、z 3个方向单独振动时引起的等效应力的叠加,叠加振动的结果受单向振动权重影响。
使用电池箱试验场载荷谱进行频域多轴耦合振动损伤计算,需要计算出x、y、z 3个方向的自功率谱及互功率谱。其中,互功率谱包含幅值和相位两个部分。将拟合的电池箱3个方向自PSD经过傅里叶逆变换后转换成对应x、y、z 3个方向的时域载荷,再使用编程软件求解功率谱密度矩阵,并在nCode程序模块中封装实现此过程,如图19所示。
将计算出的自功率谱和互功率谱导入nCode振动疲劳模块中的三维功率谱载荷矩阵,即可计算多轴耦合频域振动损伤,计算结果如图20所示。
频域多轴耦合振动疲劳计算方法中,电池箱在试验场载荷规范下的最大损伤值为0.182,位于节点870 313处,同样位于左侧中间吊耳位置。而相同时长下多轴载荷顺序激励电池箱的最大疲劳损伤为0.047,相较于多轴载荷耦合激励偏小。多轴耦合激励相较于多轴顺序激励所造成的损伤更加明显。
多轴顺序激励无法考虑到各轴向之间的耦合效应,且多轴耦合激励对试验设备要求较高,通常不易实现。考虑对三轴载荷进行降维处理,分别计算x、y、z 3个方向单轴载荷激励下的振动疲劳寿命,确定对电池箱损伤贡献的主导载荷方向,作为后续强化载荷加速谱编制的有效依据。图21~图23所示分别为x、y、z轴随机振动疲劳。
图21~图23可以看出,不同轴向激励对电池箱体损伤的贡献有差异,z轴损伤最为明显、x轴次之、y轴最小,且产生损伤的区域也有一定差别。
电池箱体的单轴随机振动、多轴顺序振动、多轴耦合振动的损伤结果如表3所示。
表3可知,z向单轴激励的损伤远大于其余方向单轴载荷激励的损伤,并且与三轴耦合激励时的损伤值及危险区域比较接近。显然,三向载荷中z向载荷对结构失效的影响极大,因此将z向作为电池箱失效的主导载荷方向。
采用多轴耦合激励进行疲劳分析,可以较好地模拟出电池箱在实际工况下的载荷激励,但耗时较长、成本高,不利于产品快速验证。考虑对电池箱损伤主导的z轴载荷进行量级强化,实现振动疲劳的快速试验。
基于原始三轴耦合激励计算的整个试验场循环下的总损伤值∑FFDS,作为损伤目标;再对z向PSD包络平滑处理并调整量级,计算电池箱z向单轴振动下的疲劳损伤Dz;最后对比损伤目标∑FFDS和调整PSD量级后的z轴振动疲劳损伤Dz,直到两者误差在5%以内,最终构造出强化后的z向加速度PSD[19],如图24所示。
对比多轴顺序激励、多轴耦合激励和z轴向振动谱强化前后产生的电池箱不同区域的5个损伤危险点,检验z向单轴强化试验谱激励产生的损伤情况,如表4所示。
表4可知,z轴单轴强化谱激励与三轴耦合激励的最大损伤危险点位置一致,主要损伤区域危险点的损伤大小也基本吻合。在试验条件欠缺或时间紧迫的情况下,可以强化z轴向加速度功率谱以构造主导载荷谱,以便为电池箱疲劳耐久性能的快速开发提供数据支撑。
针对电池箱存在的振动疲劳问题,对试验场采集的加速度载荷进行分析处理;基于随机振动疲劳分析理论,构建了电池箱的多轴顺序激励、多轴耦合激励;基于疲劳损伤等效,构建了单轴强化谱激励。仿真结果表明,多轴耦合激励损伤大于多轴顺序激励,单轴强化谱对多轴耦合损伤的复现效果较好。得到的主要结论如下:
1)基于试验场实车采集的电池箱加速度载荷谱,通过累积概率拟合和频域损伤等效加速等方法对载荷进行处理,用多个测点的载荷构造出一组振动试验三向加速度功率谱密度。
2)采用多轴顺序激励和多轴耦合激励的方法分别计算电池箱损伤。对比发现,多轴耦合激励下多数位置的损伤较多轴顺序激励明显,更容易产生疲劳破坏。
3)通过对比电池箱不同激励方式下的损伤发现,z轴单独激励的损伤情况与三轴耦合激励更接近,基于损伤等效的原理构造z向强化的主导载荷谱。仿真计算表明,z向强化的主导载荷谱与三向耦合激励对电池箱产生的损伤分布特征基本一致。
4)提出的单向强化主导载荷谱的构造方法为缩短电池箱振动试验时间、提高研发效率提供了依据,可以推广应用于底盘其他承载部件疲劳耐久性能的快速开发。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51705322)
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2025年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.002
  • 接收时间:2023-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-28
  • 修回日期:2023-12-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705322)
国家自然科学基金项目(51705322)
作者信息
    1.上海理工大学 机械工程学院,上海 200093
    2.机械工业汽车机械零部件强度与可靠性评价重点实验室,上海 200093
    3.上海市新能源汽车可靠性评价专业技术服务平台,上海 200093

通讯作者:

张东东,男,1986年生,山西晋城人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为汽车结构振动与噪声控制、电驱动系统等;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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