Article(id=1241446333278638140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241446328396476740, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702051200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-09, revisedDate=1704816000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773913470811, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773913470811, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773913470811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773913470811, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241446328396476740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773913469647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773916972123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241461018921062969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241446328396476740, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241461018921062970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241446328396476740, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241446335551950940, articleId=1241446333278638140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Research progress in the creep resistance of porous metal materials, columnId=1241446330749481285, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=·Fatigue·Damage·Fracture·Failure Analysis·, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Porous metals are widely used in filtration, catalysis, adsorption and heat transfer because of their excellent mechanical properties. However, creep failure is a primary failure mode for porous metal parts experiencing the high temperature and constant stress. The research progress of the creep resistance of porous metal materials was summarized from four aspects, pore structure,edge structure, micro-defect and creep life prediction. The effects of pore structure, such as porosity, pore shape and pore diameter, on the stress index, creep resistance and deformation mechanism of porous metals were expounded. The creep resistance of the hollow and solid edge under different stress conditions was analyzed, and the effect law of edge size on the creep rate of porous metals was revealed. The effect of micro-defects on the creep mechanism of porous metals was clarified, and the constitutive model for predicting the creep life of porous metals was introduced. These studies provide scientific guidance for the long-life service and reliable operation of porous metal structures.

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CHEN Jian, E-mail:
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多孔金属因其优异的力学性能,在过滤、催化、吸附和传热等领域得到广泛应用。然而,蠕变失效是多孔金属零部件在高温和恒应力条件下失效的主要方式之一。从孔结构、棱结构、微观缺陷以及蠕变寿命预测4个方面总结了多孔金属材料抗蠕变性能研究进展,阐述了孔隙率、孔形、孔径等孔结构对多孔金属应力指数、抗蠕变性能和变形机制的影响;分析了空心棱、实心棱两种结构在不同应力条件下的抗蠕变性能,揭示了棱宽变化对多孔金属蠕变速率的影响规律;揭示了多孔金属中常见的微观缺陷对其蠕变机制的影响;介绍了目前常用的多孔金属蠕变寿命预测本构模型。以期为多孔金属结构的长寿命服役和稳定可靠运行提供较为科学的指导。

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陈荐,男,1967年生,湖南衡东人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为材料与结构强度;E-mail:
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李聪,男,1985年生,湖南长沙人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为材料的疲劳与蠕变;E-mail:

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多孔金属材料的抗蠕变性能研究进展
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李聪 , 肖欣悦 , 陈荐
机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025,47(7): 1-13
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机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025, 47(7): 1-13
多孔金属材料的抗蠕变性能研究进展
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李聪 , 肖欣悦, 陈荐
作者信息
  • 长沙理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,长沙 410114
  • 李聪,男,1985年生,湖南长沙人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为材料的疲劳与蠕变;E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈荐,男,1967年生,湖南衡东人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为材料与结构强度;E-mail:
Research progress in the creep resistance of porous metal materials
Cong LI , Xinyue XIAO, Jian CHEN
Affiliations
  • College of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.001
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多孔金属因其优异的力学性能,在过滤、催化、吸附和传热等领域得到广泛应用。然而,蠕变失效是多孔金属零部件在高温和恒应力条件下失效的主要方式之一。从孔结构、棱结构、微观缺陷以及蠕变寿命预测4个方面总结了多孔金属材料抗蠕变性能研究进展,阐述了孔隙率、孔形、孔径等孔结构对多孔金属应力指数、抗蠕变性能和变形机制的影响;分析了空心棱、实心棱两种结构在不同应力条件下的抗蠕变性能,揭示了棱宽变化对多孔金属蠕变速率的影响规律;揭示了多孔金属中常见的微观缺陷对其蠕变机制的影响;介绍了目前常用的多孔金属蠕变寿命预测本构模型。以期为多孔金属结构的长寿命服役和稳定可靠运行提供较为科学的指导。

多孔金属  /  蠕变强度  /  孔隙率  /  棱结构  /  微观缺陷

Porous metals are widely used in filtration, catalysis, adsorption and heat transfer because of their excellent mechanical properties. However, creep failure is a primary failure mode for porous metal parts experiencing the high temperature and constant stress. The research progress of the creep resistance of porous metal materials was summarized from four aspects, pore structure,edge structure, micro-defect and creep life prediction. The effects of pore structure, such as porosity, pore shape and pore diameter, on the stress index, creep resistance and deformation mechanism of porous metals were expounded. The creep resistance of the hollow and solid edge under different stress conditions was analyzed, and the effect law of edge size on the creep rate of porous metals was revealed. The effect of micro-defects on the creep mechanism of porous metals was clarified, and the constitutive model for predicting the creep life of porous metals was introduced. These studies provide scientific guidance for the long-life service and reliable operation of porous metal structures.

Porous metal  /  Creep strength  /  Porosity  /  Edge structure  /  Micro-defect
李聪, 肖欣悦, 陈荐. 多孔金属材料的抗蠕变性能研究进展. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (7) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.001
Cong LI, Xinyue XIAO, Jian CHEN. Research progress in the creep resistance of porous metal materials[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (7) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.001
多孔材料是一种由相互连通或独立封闭孔隙组成网络结构的材料,其内部由支柱或平板分隔,可分为开孔和闭孔[1]2-3。多孔结构在自然界中广泛存在,如木材、骨骼和蜂窝等,具有优异的力学性能并被广泛利用。人工多孔金属材料的成功制备始于20世纪40年代。早期学者对多孔铝金属的准静态力学特性进行了广泛研究。THORNTON等[2]研究了多孔铝的压缩变形机制,推测弯曲应力在多孔材料破坏中的重要性。ANDREWS等[3]2855-2856采用规则的正立方体胞元模型描述泡沫材料,并探讨了孔结构对蠕变性能的影响。不断发展的模型,包括四面体[4]、八面体[5]和十四面体[6],逐渐涵盖各种多孔材料力学性能的研究。为更贴合真实多孔材料,研究学者们引入各种缺陷[7],探究其对多孔材料力学性能的影响。国内研究方面,许多学者对金属泡沫材料的压缩力学性能进行了深入研究。郑明军等[8]关注孔隙率、孔径等结构参数与多孔铝的力学性能关系。卢子兴等[9]研究了孔结构对多孔金属拉/压力学性能的影响。张伟蒙等[10]探讨了多孔金属的孔形对集中应力、压缩强度和弹性模量的影响。多孔材料力学行为的研究在几十年内得到了快速发展。考虑到其作为锅炉吸附剂、燃料电池电极和热交换器等[11]部件工作在高温环境中,研究多孔金属材料的抗蠕变性能、深入了解多孔金属蠕变的机制和影响因素,对多孔材料的设计和制备至关重要,对提高多孔结构的可靠性和服役寿命具有重要意义。多孔金属材料的抗蠕变性能与其结构和微观缺陷等因素密切相关。结构参数可分为孔隙和棱结构参数,孔隙结构参数包括孔隙率、最大孔径、孔隙分布和孔隙形状等,棱结构参数包括棱的类型、棱截面形状和棱宽等。微观缺陷包括棱弯曲、棱褶皱、孔形不规则、棱缺失、棱厚度不均匀等[12-13]。尽管多孔金属材料的抗蠕变性能引起了众多学者的关注[14],但对其研究的系统总结和归纳仍然相对有限。因此,本文旨在全面分析和综述影响多孔金属蠕变性能的主要因素,为多孔结构的长寿命服役提供指导。
在恒定载荷下,当温度超过多孔金属熔点的1/3时,多孔金属材料易发生蠕变变形,其过程包括初级蠕变阶段、稳态蠕变阶段和加速蠕变阶段。
拉伸蠕变试验[图1(a)]中,多孔金属的蠕变曲线与致密金属的蠕变曲线的趋势基本一致,但多孔金属的稳态蠕变阶段较短。在压缩蠕变试验[图1(b)]中,多孔金属试验曲线在初期增长缓慢,斜率较小;在中期,应变增长速度变快;在末期,斜率减小,表示应变增长的速度减慢。蠕变速率最初缓慢增长是因为多孔材料的结构没有发生明显的变形和破坏。多孔金属的独特孔隙结构导致内部的应力分布不均匀,引发幂律击穿现象。当局部应力超过一定阈值时,材料会瞬间发生击穿。随后,局部击穿导致材料失稳,蠕变速率快速增长(图1[3]2862[15]。当全部棱失效后,材料致密化,蠕变速率降低,接近最初的蠕变速率。致密金属由于内部结构相对均匀,没有明显的孔隙和棱,在压缩试验的稳态蠕变阶段其蠕变速率相对稳定。
孔隙率是多孔材料中空相体积与总体积之比,是多孔金属力学性能变化的主要因素之一,也是关键的孔结构参数[16-17]。多孔金属的孔隙率通常在30%~98%。由于孔隙结构的复杂性和不规则性,为了准确计算孔隙率,常采用显微分析法、漂浮法和压汞法等方法[18]。此外,可用相对密度计算孔隙率,计算式为
式中,P为孔隙率;ρ*为多孔材料的密度;ρs为相应致密材料的密度。孔隙率越低,相对密度越大。
在对3种不同孔隙率的多孔铜进行压缩试验后发现,孔隙率的增加使屈服强度递减。具体而言,孔隙率从24.5%增加到32. 3%时,屈服强度下降并不显著;然而,当孔隙率增加到41. 5%时,屈服强度急剧下降。这一观察结果与Gibson-Ashby定律[19]所预测的多孔金属的屈服强度-孔隙率变化一致[20]。 HAAG等[21]2809-2817研究了相对密度分别为0.092、0.112和0.163的3种多孔铝蠕变行为。由图2(a)~图2(c)可以看出,相对密度越大,平均孔径越小,平均棱宽越厚,棱长越短。图2(d)展示了稳态蠕变速率-应力曲线。研究表明,在蠕变过程中,高相对密度多孔材料的紧密孔隙结构有助于应力分布更加均匀,表现出更小的蠕变速率和应力指数n。低相对密度多孔材料结构更松散,导致在蠕变过程中局部应力集中,周围的塑性变形加剧,最终导致材料出现局部幂律击穿现象[22]。多次局部幂律击穿会降低多孔材料的强度和刚度,增加蠕变变形和破坏的风险。 ANDREWS等[3]2861对不同孔隙率的多孔铝进行了蠕变试验,结果与HAAG等[21]2809-2817的研究结果一致。
根据文献[23],多孔金属的蠕变速率受蠕变变形机制的影响,包括棱弯曲、棱剪切和棱压缩变形。多孔金属的蠕变变形过程存在多种变形机制,其中存在主导变形机制,相对密度变化影响主导变形机制。低相对密度多孔金属主要受到棱弯曲的影响,随着相对密度的增加,棱的纵横比减小,与应力方向垂直的水平棱发生剪切变形的可能性增加[24]。卢子兴等[25]的研究证实,随着相对密度的增加,正四面体多孔模型的变形机制从弯曲变形向剪切变形转变。在计算不同相对密度多孔材料的稳态蠕变速率时,需要选择适用于主导变形机制的蠕变速率计算式。
GIBSON等[1]175-234假设多孔金属的蠕变变形由棱弯曲变形控制,推导出稳态蠕变速率计算式,将其称为Gibson-Ashby bending(GA-b)公式:
式中,为蠕变速率;C4C5均为与多孔材料孔隙形状相关的常数;ρ为相对密度;σ为应力;K为蠕变参数,K=Aexp(-Q/RT),其中,A为常数,Q为激活能,R为气体常数,T为热力学温度。
BOONYONGMANEERAT等[26]1374-1377基于Gibson和Ashby的模型引入剪切变形,推导出0.04<ρ<0.20的多孔金属稳态蠕变速率计算式Gibson-Ashby shear(GA-s)公式:
式中,a为棱的长宽比。
HODGE等[27]2360基于棱压缩变形机制推导出了多孔金属稳态蠕变速率计算式,称为Hodge-Dunand compression(HD-c)公式,其表达式如下:
GA-b公式和HD-c公式表明,随着多孔材料相对密度的增加,蠕变速率呈上升趋势;GA-s公式表明,当棱长宽比越大,蠕变速率也越快。图3(a)展示了采用GA-b公式和GA-s公式计算得到的多孔铝密度-蠕变速率曲线及相应的试验数据。图3(b)呈现了采用HD-c公式计算得到的多孔材料相对密度-蠕变速率曲线及试验数据。在相对密度较低的区间(ρ<0.05),GA-b公式计算得到的蠕变速率更接近于低相对密度多孔铝试验数据;而当多孔材料的相对密度在0.05~0.20范围时,GA-s公式拟合曲线则更接近于多孔铝试验数据。这说明当多孔材料的相对密度增加时,棱剪切变形逐渐取代棱弯曲变形。而HD-c公式则适用于计算相对密度大于0.2的多孔金属蠕变速率,但计算得到的蠕变速率高于实际的多孔铝蠕变速率(图3[3]2862[26]1379
DIOLOGENT等[28-29]对低相对密度(0.05~0.20)的多孔铝镁和多孔铝镍进行了蠕变试验,并绘制出多孔金属相对密度与蠕变速率的曲线[图4(a)]。结果显示,在两种多孔金属中,相对密度对蠕变速率影响显著,随着相对密度的增大,蠕变速率呈现下降趋势,二者呈现明显的线性关系。MICHAILIDIS等[30]使用Ansys软件模拟了不同孔隙率的多孔铝模型在压缩载荷下的应力分布[图4(b)]。由图4可知,应力集中带更容易在与加载方向平行且孔隙较为集中的区域形成。随着孔隙率P从45%降低到36%,应力集中带宽度增加。密集的孔隙分布导致严重的局部塑性变形,降低了整体刚度;反之,孔隙分布越均匀,多孔材料整体刚度越强。
综上所述,多孔金属的相对密度对其蠕变性能和变形机制有显著影响。随着相对密度的增加,多孔金属越规整,刚度越大,应力指数越小,蠕变速率下降,同时棱剪切和棱压缩变形逐渐占主导。
多孔金属的孔径大小是影响其力学性能的另一重要参数[31]图5展示了不同孔径多孔铝的宏观孔结构。结果显示,随着多孔铝平均孔径的逐渐减小,孔隙连通个数也减少,不同孔隙的孔径差异逐渐减小(箭头标注为同一图中孔径差异较大的孔)[32]。对不同孔径多孔铜的压缩试验数据进行分析,观察到随着孔径的减小,抗压强度、弹性模量和屈服强度呈增大趋势[33]。这种现象可以解释为,随着孔径增大,多孔金属固相的连通性变差,导致局部应力集中,降低了多孔结构的整体刚度和屈服强度,同时提高了多孔结构崩塌的可能性[34]。研究还发现,随着孔径的增加,多孔铜材料的抗蠕变性能逐渐降低[35]
图6(a)所示为不同孔径多孔镁的应力-应变曲线,曲线呈现出典型的多孔金属压缩曲线特性。在弹性阶段结束后,出现一个相当长的平台区,此阶段应力保持不变,直到应变高达65%~75%时结束,之后进入应力迅速增加的致密阶段[36]2170-2172
随着孔径的增大,多孔金属的屈服强度及平台应力显著减小,导致在蠕变过程中更容易发生局部变形和破坏[36]2173-2174[37]。KIM等[38]对两种不同孔径的镍基多孔金属(孔径分别为580、800 μm)进行了蠕变试验,图6(b)所示为其蠕变曲线。结果表明,不同应力条件下,孔径580 μm的多孔金属的应变始终小于孔径800 μm的多孔金属。因此,580 μm孔径的多孔金属具有更好的抗蠕变性能。
根据HU等[39]的研究,小孔径结构的多孔材料在承载过程中表现出更好的性能。图7显示,2.64 mm孔径[图7(a)]的多孔金属应力分布更均匀,而3. 34 mm孔径[图7(b)]的多孔材料存在严重的局部应力集中现象(圆圈标注的大孔隙连接区域)。
综上所述,多孔金属的孔径越大,孔棱应力集中越明显,在蠕变过程中更容易发生局部变形和破坏,进而蠕变速率增加,抗蠕变性能降低。同时,在孔隙分布越密集的区域,应力集中越严重,局部塑性变形也越显著,蠕变速率也越大。
图8展示了不同孔形的多孔金属微观形貌[40-42],其中包括不规则形状、椭圆形、矩形、圆形。根据式(2)中与孔形相关的常数C4C5可知,孔形能够影响多孔金属的蠕变速率。
ORUGANTI等[43]基于幂律蠕变定律,采用有限元分析方法对比了两种不同孔形(圆形、六边形)多孔镍的蠕变速率。图9(a)展示了不同孔形多孔镍的蠕变速率与应力的关系。结果表明,六边形孔的多孔镍蠕变速率小于圆形多孔镍,具有更好的抗蠕变性能。
李微等[44]利用Ansys软件模拟研究了高温条件下孔隙形状(三角形、四边形、五边形、六边形、圆形)对多孔铜蠕变变形的影响,数值模拟结果如图9(b)所示。研究发现,三角形孔形多孔铜在压缩模拟中表现出最小变形,圆形孔形多孔铜变形最大。通过不同孔形多孔铜压缩试验进行位移云图和应力分布云图的分析,研究发现随着孔形边数的增加,相同应力条件下,多孔铜变形程度加深,抗蠕变性能变差。
由此可见,多孔材料中的孔顶数对蠕变性能有重要影响,孔顶数量越多则抗蠕变性能越差。在相同孔隙分布条件下,三角形孔结构展现出最佳的抗蠕变性能,而圆形多孔结构则表现最差。
已有研究为支持多孔金属棱结构对力学性能的影响提供了有力证据。研究结果表明,与节点相比,多孔金属棱结构处的应力集中程度更大[45];并且发现棱越厚,棱及其连接处的抗压性能越强[46]。多孔金属的蠕变变形主要由棱弯曲、棱剪切和棱压缩变形引起,因此棱结构对蠕变变形有显著影响[47]。金属棱分为实心棱和空心棱,棱截面形状和棱壁厚度是重要的棱结构参数[48]。与实心棱多孔金属相比,在相同相对密度下,空心棱结构具有更大的体积和惯性矩,因此更能抵抗弯曲和扭转应力,提高了材料的强度和刚度,从而提高了宏观力学性能[49]
HODGE等[27]2356-2359采用有限元方法模拟了900 ℃下空心棱和实心棱两种多孔镍蠕变速率。图10显示了应力分别为0.1、0.6 MPa时的蠕变曲线。在0.1 MPa应力条件下,空心棱结构的蠕变应变始终高于实心棱结构,因为空心棱结构内部空洞导致应力集中。相比之下,实心棱多孔金属具有更均匀的结构和更好的稳定性,因此具有更好的抗蠕变性能。在0.6 MPa应力条件下,空心棱前期应变高于实心棱,后期应变低于实心棱。因为空心棱多孔整体面积更大,可以分散应力,减少应力集中的可能性,提高材料的强度和韧性,从而减缓整体蠕变速率。
GA-b公式[1]175-234用于计算实心棱多孔金属材料在单轴应力下的稳态蠕变速率。为了进一步研究空心棱多孔金属的蠕变,ANDREWS[50]提出了系数f3,其计算式为
式中,n'为幂律指数;(ti/to)为空心棱截面内外径之比。式(2)用于计算实心棱多孔金属材料的蠕变速率,通过乘系数f3,可以计算空心棱多孔金属材料的蠕变速率。其中,f3表示空心棱多孔材料蠕变性能的变化,涵盖了对应力和内外径的响应。f3=1说明棱截面内外径之比ti/to=0,此时空心棱多孔材料的蠕变速率等于实心棱多孔材料的蠕变速率。通过调整空心棱截面的内外径比,可以降低f3的值,从而减缓蠕变速率,提高材料的抗蠕变性能。理论上,调整内外径之比,可以使材料的蠕变速率降低超过一个数量级[51]。ANDREWS等[52]研究发现,随着内外径比的增大,空心棱多孔材料的力学性能会下降,棱会发生瞬时破坏,同时多孔材料的强度会有先增强后减弱的趋势。值得注意的是,当空心棱的内外径比与相对密度不变时,蠕变变形机制也不会改变。
在毫米级尺度下,多孔金属的力学性能主要由孔隙率和孔径大小等因素决定,棱宽变化对其影响相对较小。当棱宽、厚度在微米级别时,棱厚度变化对多孔金属的力学性能影响较大。当棱壁厚度减小到纳米级时,自由表面和长度尺度效应对多孔金属的整体力学性能产生显著影响[53]
DAI等[54]研究了空心棱宽变化对多孔镍力学性能的影响。图11(a)展示了不同壁厚多孔镍结构在应变为0.2%时的应力分布。研究发现,壁厚为50 μm的多孔镍结构所受应力最大。随着壁厚的增加,空心棱的抗弯刚度呈一次指数增长的趋势[式(6)],而抗剪刚度则呈三次指数增长的趋势[式(7)]。
式中,EA为抗拉刚度;EI为抗弯刚度;E为弹性模量;A为截面面积;I为截面惯性矩;t'为壁厚;ν为泊松比。EAEI分别代表了多孔金属在拉伸和弯曲加载下的刚度和抵抗变形能力。它们的增加可以减少应变和应力,减少应力集中现象的发生,从而降低蠕变的发生和发展,提高多孔金属的蠕变寿命。
KANG等[55]研究了微米级实心棱宽变化对多孔金属力学性能的影响。研究表明,随着棱壁厚度的增加,多孔金属的抗压强度增大。对于纳米级棱宽多孔结构,棱宽对多孔金属的力学性能影响更加显著,较小的棱宽可导致多孔金属晶界面积增大,从而增强其强度和韧性,并提高多孔金属的蠕变性能。
JEON等[56]探究了纳米多孔金属材料的蠕变性能,并对不同棱宽dL(30、103、417、986 nm)的多孔金属进行了球形纳米压痕仪测试,蠕变试验后的不同棱宽纳米多孔金属微观形貌如图11(b)、图11(c)所示。测试发现,当棱宽在103~986 nm时,随着棱宽增加,总位错长度增加,初始位错来源增多,导致稳态蠕变速率的增加;棱宽在30 nm以内时,蠕变速率最大,棱截面面积小,棱内位错密度达到一定程度,位错之间的相互作用会导致位错的运动受到阻碍,从而降低材料的蠕变速率[图11(b)~图11(d)]。
图12是实心棱和空心棱3种不同截面(正方形、圆形、三角形)的示意图。改变棱的截面形状,将棱的截面形状由正方形改变为圆形,可使支柱的转动惯量减小,导致棱的刚度减小。研究表明,在3种不同几何形状(矩形、圆形、正三角形)实心棱截面中,正三角形实心棱截面具有更高的面积惯性矩和弹性模量,能够更好地抵抗外部形变和破坏,同时正三角形截面的几何形状具有更小的曲率半径,可以更好地防止局部塑性变形和应力集中。相比矩形和圆形截面,正三角形截面的抗压强度和弹性模量更高[57-59]。在3种不同几何形状(矩形、圆形、正三角形)的空心棱截面中,等截面面积条件下,空心正三角形截面的棱具有最小的蠕变速率。
综上所述,多孔金属的蠕变性能受到棱种类和棱宽等因素的影响。在低应力条件下,实心棱多孔材料的抗蠕变性能更好;而在高应力条件下,两者的抗蠕变性能差距缩小。棱宽对多孔金属抗蠕变性能的影响随着尺度的变化而有所不同;在微米和纳米级别尺度下,优化棱壁厚度可以有效提高多孔金属的抗蠕变性能。当棱截面几何形状为三角形时,多孔金属的抗蠕变性能最好。
多孔材料中的微观缺陷对材料的力学性能有着显著影响。图13展示了常见的5种缺陷,即棱弯曲、棱褶皱、孔形不规则、棱缺失和棱厚不均匀[60]
棱弯曲缺陷指棱存在1个曲面,而棱褶皱缺陷则指棱存在3个以上棱弯曲曲面。通过数值分析发现,具有弯曲棱和波纹褶皱缺陷的多孔铝材料的弹性模量和屈服强度都降低[61-62]。无量纲参数α可以描述多孔材料的孔形不规则程度[63-64]
式中,Δ为不规则孔形多孔材料任意两个相邻孔隙之间的最小距离;d0为规则多孔材料任意两个相邻孔隙之间的距离。图14描述了α对多孔材料形态、蠕变速率的影响。随着α的增大,多孔材料孔形越来越不规则[图14(a)],在变形过程中应力集中现象越明显[65-66]图14(b)],蠕变速率也不断增大[图14(c)]。SHI等[67]研究发现,随着Voronoi多孔模型不规则程度加深,弹性模量会下降。当材料的弹性模量较低时,其刚度会减小,抵抗应力变形的能力也会降低,因而更容易发生蠕变变形。这与图14(c)中的曲线变化趋势相一致。
LU等[68]在保持相对密度恒定的条件下,对比了棱缺失和棱弯曲缺陷对十四面体多孔模型力学性能的影响。结果表明,棱缺失对等效弹性模量和屈服强度的影响最为显著。在多孔材料中,棱缺失是影响蠕变速率最大的微观缺陷[69]。研究表明,只需要去除少量支柱,蠕变速率就会增加1~2个数量级[70]。压缩变形过程中,缺失棱的多孔结构和无缺陷多孔结构变形机制相同,但缺失棱多孔结构的棱总数降低,棱弯曲变形相互作用的比率下降,因此其表现出更低的屈服强度和更明显的应变硬化行为[71]。此外,棱作为分隔孔隙的载体,缺失棱将导致孔隙连通率上升,孔隙尺寸增大,进一步降低了多孔材料的承载能力。迄今为止的研究表明,除了缺失棱数量外,不同的缺失梁类型也会对多孔材料的蠕变速率造成影响[72-73]图15(a)展示了1个三维十四面体(由6个正方形和8个正六边形组成)多孔材料模型。在该模型中,垂直于加载应力方向的棱标记为A类棱,其他棱标记为B类棱。同时,引入了变量f,用来表示B类棱数量占总缺失棱数量的百分比。图15(b)描绘了十四面体模型中孔棱缺失比率对蠕变速率的影响及B类棱数量占比对蠕变速率的影响。研究发现,缺失棱比率越大,多孔材料抗蠕变性能越差,当缺失棱都是A类棱时(f = 0),随着缺失棱比率增大,蠕变速率变化不大;而当缺失棱都是B类棱时(f = 1),随着缺失棱比率增大,蠕变速率增加,多孔材料的抗蠕变性能变差。图15(c)也给出了两类棱在相同应变下棱内应力分布状况,A类棱承受应力远小于B类棱。这一结果有力证明了,B类棱在多孔材料蠕变行为中具有更为重要的地位。A类棱与施加应力方向垂直,主要为多孔材料提供抵抗节点侧向挠曲作用,是多孔材料中的非承重构件;而B类棱在单轴应力状态下发生弯曲和压缩变形,为多孔材料提供主要的支撑作用。
准确预测多孔结构的蠕变寿命是提高其性能的关键。传统的蠕变寿命预测方法主要分为外推法和蠕变本构模型两种。外推法通过拟合短/中期蠕变试验数据,假设蠕变变化趋势不变,然后在现有数据点之外进行长期结果模拟,建立起应变、应力、蠕变断裂时间之间的关系式[74]。但是,外推法未能充分考虑实际蠕变过程中的显微组织演化信息,缺乏严谨的理论基础,因此推导结果不够可靠[75]。相比之下,蠕变本构模型则基于蠕变过程中的组织演化信息,从微观角度出发建模预测合金的蠕变行为。国内外学者提出了多种多孔材料蠕变寿命测试分析方法。
随着相对密度的增大,多孔材料的蠕变变形机制由弯曲逐渐转变为剪切,最终转变为压缩屈曲变形[26]1381-1382。在高温下,蜂窝多孔结构(图16)在x2轴方向受到压缩载荷时,倾斜棱会发生蠕变弯曲,而垂直棱则会发生蠕变屈曲。COCKS等[76]基于幂律蠕变和Euler-Bernoulli梁理论推导了临界应力与蠕变屈曲时间之间的理论关系式:
式中,WBE棱在力P'作用下所做的功;δE相对于AC的总位移速率。对式(9)进行积分,当t=0时,a'=a0;当a'=h/2时蠕变速率最大,材料发生断裂,得到垂直棱蠕变屈曲极限tf
式中,为时间为tf时的蠕变屈曲的应力;为弹性屈曲应力;σ0n均为材料蠕变的常数;Cn=[n /(2n+1)]·[2(h/l)+3];htθ均为多孔结构参数;a0E相对于节点B的初始水平位移。CHEN等[77]采用该模型对正十二面体多孔结构进行蠕变分析,并将理论屈曲蠕变破坏时间与试验结果进行了比较,拟合优度R2=0.88,理论模型较好地解释了试验结果。
KACHANOV[78]描述了微观损伤对材料整体力学行为的影响。STEWART等[79]将损伤与幂律蠕变结合起来,从而建立了Kachanov-Rabotnov(K-R)损伤方程:
式中,为蠕变速率;σ为应力;An均为诺顿幂律常数,与温度相关;ω为损伤变量,取值为[0,1]。ω=0表示材料没有损伤,ω=1意味着材料发生破坏,其变化率为
式中,Bχϕ均为材料相关常数。对蠕变损伤参数ω从0到1进行积分,可以得到材料的蠕变失效时间tf,即
K-R损伤方程可应用于多孔结构损伤分析。当多孔结构受到单轴应力时,孔周围会产生多轴应力状态。因为孔会引起应力集中,导致周围应力状态复杂化。“骨点”是在对缺口圆棒试样有限元模拟中发现的1个特殊点,即在孔最小横截面内存在一点,该点的应力状态不随着应力指数的改变而改变[80]。通过检测“骨点”的应力状态,可以预测多孔结构的寿命[81]。WANG等[82]对骨点应用K-R损伤模型预测镍合金多孔结构的蠕变寿命,最大预测误差为9%,预测效果良好。
Monkman-Grant(M-G)模型[式(14)]已在大量单轴拉伸蠕变试验中被证明。ANDREWS等[83]在确定蠕变速率和蠕变常数的条件下,采用M-G公式来计算多孔材料的蠕变-破裂寿命。研究结果表明,M-G公式能够准确地预测低应力条件下多孔材料的蠕变断裂寿命。
式中,msBs均为M-G公式常数,由多孔结构和材料决定。CHEN等[84]对M-G模型进行了修正[式(15)],并成功描述了正十二面体多孔结构的蠕变。LI等[85]利用改进的M-G方程成功预测了X形多孔结构的蠕变寿命。
综上所述,C-B模型适用于高相对密度的多孔材料寿命预测;要使K-R损伤方程准确拟合多孔材料断裂应变曲线需要大量的材料数据,蠕变寿命预测的准确性取决于“骨点”的选择;M-G模型对低应力条件下多孔材料蠕变寿命预测更准确。
综述了多孔金属蠕变强度的研究现状与进展,聚焦于孔结构、棱结构、微观缺陷以及蠕变寿命计算模型4个方面。多孔金属的高温蠕变性能研究是强度领域的重要研究方向,未来可以在以下几个方面寻求突破:
1)多孔金属的蠕变机制受材料塑性、结构以及微观损伤等因素的影响。明确蠕变机制有助于进一步研究多孔金属的抗蠕变性能。
2)多孔金属的微观缺陷往往不是单独存在的,而是相互关联的。因此,考虑不同微观损伤之间的联动作用对多孔金属蠕变速率的影响具有重要意义。
3)多孔材料的材料力学分析复杂,经验解无法描述高维变量之间的非线性交互,而机器学习可以克服两者的局限性,是实现多孔材料寿命预测的发展趋势。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52175129)
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2025年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.001
  • 接收时间:2023-12-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-09
  • 修回日期:2024-01-10
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(52175129)
国家自然科学基金项目(52175129)
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    长沙理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,长沙 410114

通讯作者:

陈荐,男,1967年生,湖南衡东人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为材料与结构强度;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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