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The fatigue limit of 7085 aluminum alloy was tested by four-point bending fatigue test for samples of different sizes and roughness. The results show that the greater the thickness of the specimen, the greater the ultimate fatigue strength of the material. The higher the surface roughness of the sample, the lower the ultimate fatigue strength of the material. The stress analysis and calculation of the specimen show that the dangerous cross section occurs at the position where the indenter contacts the specimen, where the specimen is subjected to the combined action of bending normal stress and shear force. With the increase of the thickness of the specimen, the shear force on the specimen decreases, and the bending normal stress on the specimen increases under the same fatigue limit. And vice versa. The relation between the surface roughness and the radius of curvature of the sample is shown by establishing a simplified model, and then the relationship between the surface roughness and the fatigue ultimate strength of the material is obtained.

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YUAN Ke, E-mail:
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对不同尺寸和粗糙度的试样进行四点弯曲疲劳试验测试7085铝合金疲劳极限。试验表明,试样厚度越大,材料疲劳极限强度越大;试样表面粗糙度越大,材料疲劳极限强度越小。对试样进行受力分析计算发现,危险截面发生在压头与试样接触的位置,此处试样受到了弯曲正应力及剪切力的共同作用,随着试样厚度的增加,试样所受剪切力减小,相同疲劳极限下试样对应的弯曲正应力增大;反之亦然。通过建立简化模型表明试样表面粗糙度与曲率半径之间的关系,进而得出表面粗糙度与材料疲劳极限强度的关系。

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袁珂,男,1994年生,湖南邵阳人,硕士,工程师;主要研究方向为航空发动机材料与工艺;E-mail:

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袁珂,男,1994年生,湖南邵阳人,硕士,工程师;主要研究方向为航空发动机材料与工艺;E-mail:

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袁珂,男,1994年生,湖南邵阳人,硕士,工程师;主要研究方向为航空发动机材料与工艺;E-mail:

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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241446330531377476, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Test matrix

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试样厚度
Sample thickness t /mm
试样表面粗糙度
Surface roughness of the sample Ra/μm
33.2
43.2
53.2
40.8
41.6
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试验矩阵

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试样厚度
Sample thickness t /mm
试样表面粗糙度
Surface roughness of the sample Ra/μm
33.2
43.2
53.2
40.8
41.6
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尺寸和粗糙度对7085铝合金疲劳性能影响研究
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袁珂 1 , 高栋 2 , 尹美 1 , 鲁婷婷 1 , 郑丽玲 2 , 吕洋 2 , 崔岳 2 , 周峰峦 2
机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025,47(7): 80-85
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机械强度 | ·疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析· 2025, 47(7): 80-85
尺寸和粗糙度对7085铝合金疲劳性能影响研究
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袁珂1 , 高栋2, 尹美1, 鲁婷婷1, 郑丽玲2, 吕洋2, 崔岳2, 周峰峦2
作者信息
  • 1.中国航发湖南动力机械研究所,株洲 412002
  • 2.中航试金石检测科技(大厂)有限公司,廊坊 065300
  • 袁珂,男,1994年生,湖南邵阳人,硕士,工程师;主要研究方向为航空发动机材料与工艺;E-mail:

Study on the influence of sample size and roughness on fatigue performance of 7085 aluminum alloy
Ke YUAN1 , Dong GAO2, Mei YIN1, Tingting LU1, Liling ZHENG2, Yang LÜ2, Yue CUI2, Fengluan ZHOU2
Affiliations
  • 1.AECC Hunan Aviation Powerplant Research Institute, Zhuzhou 412002, China
  • 2.AVIC Touchstone Testing Innovation (Dachang) Co., Ltd., Langfang 065300, China]
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.010
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对不同尺寸和粗糙度的试样进行四点弯曲疲劳试验测试7085铝合金疲劳极限。试验表明,试样厚度越大,材料疲劳极限强度越大;试样表面粗糙度越大,材料疲劳极限强度越小。对试样进行受力分析计算发现,危险截面发生在压头与试样接触的位置,此处试样受到了弯曲正应力及剪切力的共同作用,随着试样厚度的增加,试样所受剪切力减小,相同疲劳极限下试样对应的弯曲正应力增大;反之亦然。通过建立简化模型表明试样表面粗糙度与曲率半径之间的关系,进而得出表面粗糙度与材料疲劳极限强度的关系。

7085铝合金  /  四点弯曲试验  /  疲劳极限  /  试样厚度  /  粗糙度

The fatigue limit of 7085 aluminum alloy was tested by four-point bending fatigue test for samples of different sizes and roughness. The results show that the greater the thickness of the specimen, the greater the ultimate fatigue strength of the material. The higher the surface roughness of the sample, the lower the ultimate fatigue strength of the material. The stress analysis and calculation of the specimen show that the dangerous cross section occurs at the position where the indenter contacts the specimen, where the specimen is subjected to the combined action of bending normal stress and shear force. With the increase of the thickness of the specimen, the shear force on the specimen decreases, and the bending normal stress on the specimen increases under the same fatigue limit. And vice versa. The relation between the surface roughness and the radius of curvature of the sample is shown by establishing a simplified model, and then the relationship between the surface roughness and the fatigue ultimate strength of the material is obtained.

7085 aluminium alloy  /  Four-point bending test  /  Fatigue limit  /  Sample thickness  /  Roughness
袁珂, 高栋, 尹美, 鲁婷婷, 郑丽玲, 吕洋, 崔岳, 周峰峦. 尺寸和粗糙度对7085铝合金疲劳性能影响研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (7) : 80 -85 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.010
Ke YUAN, Dong GAO, Mei YIN, Tingting LU, Liling ZHENG, Yang LÜ, Yue CUI, Fengluan ZHOU. Study on the influence of sample size and roughness on fatigue performance of 7085 aluminum alloy[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (7) : 80 -85 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.010
机匣是航空发动机中重要的零部件之一,是航空发动机的基座,对发动机起到十分重要的作用。铝合金材料储备丰富、价格低廉,并且具有良好的弯曲性能,在航空发动机中常用于机匣部分[1]。弯曲性能是材料十分重要的性能,研究材料的弯曲性能对于主要承受弯曲载荷的试样来说具有十分重要的意义。一般来说,测试材料的弯曲性能主要使用标准试样,测试在某应力下的弯曲疲劳寿命,或者通过给定的弯曲疲劳寿命求其应力水平[2]。但对于同一种材料来说,在对其进行弯曲疲劳性能测试时,由于所选试样的尺寸差别,以及同一种材料、同一种尺寸的情况下,材料加工的表面质量有差别,因此研究材料的弯曲疲劳性能是否有差别、有多大的差别,对于设计研究者设计关键核心部件来说很有必要。本文研究了材料尺寸及试样加工质量对弯曲强度的影响,为相关设计工作打好试验与理论基础。
本研究所用材料为7085铝合金,成分为Al-7.5Zn-1. 6Mg-1. 6Cu-0.1Zr(质量分数,%)。四点弯曲疲劳试验用QBG-25型高频疲劳试验机。金相试验采用蔡司Axio Observer 3m研究级倒置金相显微镜,目镜放大倍数10×,物镜放大倍数2. 5×、5×、10×、20×、50×、100×。
采用四点弯曲疲劳试验方法进行7085铝合金机匣小样室温光滑疲劳试验,获得不同试样厚度、粗糙度小样的高周疲劳极限。机匣小样长78 mm、宽20 mm,厚度、表面粗糙度如表1所示。
采用升降法测定小样试验件的疲劳极限,试验目标循环数为N=1×107次,不同试样厚度和粗糙度的试样疲劳极限升降图如图1~图5所示。要求计算得到每一试验条件下小样试验件的中值疲劳极限,并给出中值疲劳极限置信度;疲劳试验完成后,对每一失效试验件进行断口及缺陷分析,分析断口处是否存在冶金缺陷,研究不同试样厚度和表面粗糙度的源区特征、断裂模式与损伤机制,获得7085铝合金小样疲劳断裂行为。
四点弯曲疲劳试验在室温下进行,试验频率50 Hz,使用升降法进行疲劳极限测试,求出中值疲劳强度。试验原理如图6所示,具体试验工装与设备如图7所示。
考虑试样厚度对中值疲劳强度的影响,当粗糙度一定时,不同试样厚度对四点弯曲疲劳性能的影响如图8所示。由图8可以看出,在粗糙度为3.2 μm时,随着试样厚度的增加,中值疲劳强度逐渐增加。
材料的破坏与材料所受的最大应力有关,在四点弯曲试验中,材料主要受到弯曲应力的影响,在实际中四点弯曲试样两端还会受到剪切力的影响,在对剪切力敏感的材料中,试样所受的剪切力的作用是不可忽视的。
中值疲劳应力是由几组最大弯曲应力得出的,实际中材料在危险位置所受的最大力,要考虑剪切力和最大弯曲正应力的耦合作用。
最危险处试样所受的最大弯矩Mmax
最大弯曲正应力σmax
对于矩形试样,其中W的值为
试样实际所受的合应力σ'max为
在最危险处试样所受的切应力τ
由式(1)~式(5)得
由式(6)可知,在四点弯曲试验中,试样所受的实际合应力的大小受到载荷和试样厚度的共同作用。在弯曲应力相同的情况下,当试样厚度增加时试样所受的实际合应力减小;当试样厚度减小时,试样所受的实际合应力增大,如图9所示。考虑到合应力与尺寸的影响,试样的中值疲劳强度限制在了一个较小的范围内。
厚度一定时,不同表面粗糙度对四点弯曲疲劳性能的影响如图10所示。由图10可以看出,在厚度为4 mm时,随着粗糙度的增加,试样件的中值疲劳强度减小。
表面粗糙度是指由加工表面上的较小间距和峰谷所组成的微观几何形状特征,对疲劳寿命的影响非常显著。结果显示,疲劳性能随表面粗糙度的降低而延长[3-4]
许多科研工作者尝试建立粗糙度对试样疲劳寿命的影响,以求找到一个精确地指导设计研究工作的模型。AROLA等[5]基于粗糙度和底部缺口半径,提出了Arola-Ramulu模型,将复杂的表面特征简化为正弦状微缺口,并通过试验对Neuber公式和Arola-Ramulu模型进行对比,模型结果与试验的最大误差为2%。ANDREWS等[6]将表面粗糙度简化为半椭圆缺口,提出应力集中系数与微缺口参数的关系式。ÅS等[7]研究裂纹萌发部位与应力集中系数和应力场之间的关系,将表面形貌视为微小的缺口。章刚等[8]推导出应力集中系数与表面粗糙度Ra的经验公式,通过建立平板二维模型,将粗糙度简化为半椭圆微缺口。由此可见,要确定表面粗糙度对疲劳寿命的影响,首先要建立表面粗糙度与表面应力集中系数的定量关系,而这种定量关系建立的前提是建立半椭圆微缺口的表征模型,该表征模型的表面形状是平面表面的形状。刘军等[9]研究了表面粗糙度对三维应力集中系数的影响及孔壁粗糙度对疲劳寿命的影响。王启智等[10-11]利用三维缺口应力集中系数求解应力强度因子,研究椭圆孔板应力集中系数公式。上述研究均采用椭圆孔,对应力集中系数与疲劳寿命之间的关系进行了模拟表面微观形貌的研究。然而,在三维模型下,尚缺乏对表面粗糙度与应力集中系数关系的探讨,以及进一步推导其与疲劳寿命关系的研究,以半椭圆微缺口来模拟表面的形貌。本文旨在利用有限元方法探索表面粗糙度与表面应力集中系数Kt的经验公式,在三维层面下建立表面半椭圆微间隙的表面粗糙模型,用于预测疲劳寿命。
对于应力集中系数与粗糙度的关系,由图11[12]可知,当Ra≥1 μm时,随着b值的增加,Ra增加,应力集中系数Kt增加,试样的中值疲劳强度减小。
现有模型大部分都是粗糙度≥1 μm的情况,对于粗糙度<1 μm的情况,对其应力集中系数Kt与粗糙度Ra的关系研究得较少。
试样加工过程中,在保证加工工艺运行参数固定的前提下,影响表面粗糙度的因素主要与加工部件的粗糙度有关。为此建立了粗糙度与应力集中系数模型,如图12所示。在该模型中,粗糙度主要受深度方向的凹凸不平影响,假设由加工引起的不同粗糙度的试样表面一个波峰或波谷的间距是近似一样的。图13给出了基于正弦拟合粗糙度与由粗糙度引起的凹槽根部的曲率半径的关系式。
图13所示,y = f (x)函数对应的最小曲率半径发生在a/2处(a为一个峰谷对的平均间距),最小曲率半径ρ
试样由粗糙度引起的表面凹槽处曲率半径与表面粗糙度成双曲线关系(图14)。由图14可知,在平均峰谷对间距a值一定的情况下,随着Ra的增加,试样粗糙表面最小曲率半径逐渐减小。
根据曲率半径随表面粗糙度的变化,大体可以将图14分成3个区域,如图15所示,分别为:Ⅰ,曲率半径增长快速区域;Ⅱ,曲率半径增长速度变化明显区域;Ⅲ,曲率半径增长缓慢区域。
通常来讲,应力集中系数与曲率半径成负相关关系,曲率半径越大,应力集中系数越小;曲率半径越小,应力集中系数越大。相应的试样表面粗糙度越大,试样表面曲率半径越小,应力集中系数越大,试样寿命越短;试样表面粗糙度越小,试样表面曲率半径越大,应力集中系数越小,试样寿命越长。
建立粗糙度与由粗糙度引起的曲率半径的关系式,为后续的准确评估粗糙度和试样疲劳寿命做好铺垫。
破坏的试样经断口分析,可以判断是最大应力处破坏失效,四点弯曲试样断裂发生在应力最大的区域,可验证用于失效形式的正确性。由图16可知,试样断裂破坏的位置都发生在试样应力最大的区域。图17所示为四点弯曲试样疲劳断口。
对不同尺寸和粗糙度的7085铝合金进行疲劳性能测试发现,随着试样厚度的增加,材料的中值疲劳强度增加;随着试样表面粗糙度的增大,材料的中值疲劳强度减小。得到结论如下:
1)在只考虑最大弯曲正应力的情况下,随着四点弯曲试样厚度的增加,试样中值疲劳强度增加,在考虑实际受力状态下危险点的弯曲正应力和剪切应力的共同作用下,试样尺寸对中值疲劳强度的影响被削弱,试样中值疲劳强度受试样厚度的影响不明显。
2)试样表面粗糙度对四点弯曲中值疲劳强度的影响主要体现在粗糙度影响表面凹槽处的曲率半径,进而影响应力集中系数。试样表面粗糙度越大,试样表面曲率半径越小,应力集中系数越大,试样疲劳寿命越短;反之,试样表面粗糙度越小,试样表面曲率半径越大,应力集中系数越小,试样疲劳寿命越长。
  • 国家科技重大专项(J2019-VIII-0002-0163)
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2025年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.07.010
  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
  • 修回日期:2024-02-21
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National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-VIII-0002-0163)
国家科技重大专项(J2019-VIII-0002-0163)
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    1.中国航发湖南动力机械研究所,株洲 412002
    2.中航试金石检测科技(大厂)有限公司,廊坊 065300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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