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Article(id=1241408884418605929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241408875602178849, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704988800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-12, revisedDate=1707235200000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904542307, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904542307, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904542307, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904542307, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408875602178849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904540204, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904658798, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409373071798309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241408875602178849, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409373071798310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241408875602178849, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408887526585244, articleId=1241408884418605929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Impact behavior analysis of hollow extruded profiles based on GISSMO, columnId=1228282192162390694, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Experimental Research·Testing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the response characteristics of the hollow extruded profile of the vehicle after the collision, the generalized incremental stress state-damage model (GISSMO) was introduced and the finite element simulation was carried out. Firstly, based on the test results of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy, the dynamic and static mechanical properties and fracture behavior under different stress states were characterized by the modified Johnson-Cook (MJC) model and DF2016 model respectively. Secondly, the parameter calibration of GISSMO was carried out based on the combination of LS-OPT soft ware and manual optimization. Then, according to the mesh size effect, the mesh size dependence correction was carried out, and the effectiveness of the model and correction were verified by comparison between the experiment and simulation. Finally, the impact simulation analysis of a hollow extruded profile on the side wall of a vehicle body was carried out, and the impact of material damage and fracture on the simulation results was compared. The results show that GISSMO can more accurately reflect the response of profiles under longitudinal impact than without considering the damage and fracture of materials.

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WANG Lihong, E-mail：
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为了研究轨道车辆车体中空挤压型材受碰撞后的响应特征，引入广义增量应力状态损伤模型（Generalized Incremental Stress State-damage Model, GISSMO）并进行有限元仿真分析。首先，基于车体常用材料6082-T6铝合金的试验结果，分别使用修正的约翰逊-库克（Modified Johnson-Cook, MJC）模型和DF2016模型对其动、静态力学性能和不同应力状态下的断裂行为进行表征；其次，基于LS-OPT软件和人工选优结合的方法，对GISSMO进行参数标定；然后，针对网格尺寸效应，开展了网格尺寸依赖性修正，并通过试验与仿真对比验证了模型和修正的有效性；最后，针对某一车体侧墙中空挤压型材进行碰撞仿真分析，并对比了考虑和不考虑材料损伤与断裂对仿真结果的影响。结果表明，相较于不考虑材料的损伤与断裂，基于GISSMO可以更加准确反映型材受纵向冲击下的响应。

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王丽红，女，1980年生，河南宜阳人，硕士，副教授；主要研究方向为城市轨道交通车辆；E-mail：。

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王丽红，女，1980年生，河南宜阳人，硕士，副教授；主要研究方向为城市轨道交通车辆；E-mail：。

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王丽红，女，1980年生，河南宜阳人，硕士，副教授；主要研究方向为城市轨道交通车辆；E-mail：。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408884418605929, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Stress state nephogram of the profile before failure, figureFileSmall=7lvsCvoZZVtiyJvnkQQAug==, figureFileBig=23qXoHHuooEeZYCWbudomQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451342372335880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408884418605929, language=CN, label=图9, caption=型材发生破坏前应力状态云图, figureFileSmall=7lvsCvoZZVtiyJvnkQQAug==, figureFileBig=23qXoHHuooEeZYCWbudomQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451342485582092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408884418605929, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

MJC constitutive model parameters of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy

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参数
Parameter		应变硬化部分
Strain hardening part		应变率部分
Strain rate part
ABnQβdk C
值
Value		3221950.48365.133.651.520.850.000 830.012 23
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6082-T6铝合金MJC本构模型参数

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参数
Parameter		应变硬化部分
Strain hardening part		应变率部分
Strain rate part
ABnQβdk C
值
Value		3221950.48365.133.651.520.850.000 830.012 23
), ArticleFig(id=1241451342691103006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408884418605929, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Summary of fracture parameters of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy

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试验编号
Test number		应力状态部分
Stress state part		应变率部分
Strain rate part
εfηaveξaveLave 试验编号
Test number		εf
STB0.7790.3371-11HSTB-1000.685
DTB20.1311.2791-11HSTB-3000.629
DTB30.1491.1051-11HSTB-5000.584
DTB90.2580.7711-11HSTB-7000.531
PS0.1950.5410.464-0.2810.307HSTB-9000.522
SHEAR0.7970.0370.100-0.0580.064
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6082-T6铝合金断裂参数汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号
Test number		应力状态部分
Stress state part		应变率部分
Strain rate part
εfηaveξaveLave 试验编号
Test number		εf
STB0.7790.3371-11HSTB-1000.685
DTB20.1311.2791-11HSTB-3000.629
DTB30.1491.1051-11HSTB-5000.584
DTB90.2580.7711-11HSTB-7000.531
PS0.1950.5410.464-0.2810.307HSTB-9000.522
SHEAR0.7970.0370.100-0.0580.064
), ArticleFig(id=1241451342846292267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408884418605929, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Fracture model parameters of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter		应力状态部分
Stress state part		应变率部分
Strain rate part
DD1D2D3D4 D5D6
值Value0.6666.8392.6875.038-0.1130.000 830.018-0.012
), ArticleFig(id=1241451342938566963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408884418605929, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

6082-T6铝合金断裂模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter		应力状态部分
Stress state part		应变率部分
Strain rate part
DD1D2D3D4 D5D6
值Value0.6666.8392.6875.038-0.1130.000 830.018-0.012
), ArticleFig(id=1241451343043424571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408884418605929, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

GISSMO parameters of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter		临界应变部分
Critical strain part		非线性参数部分
Nonlinear parameter part
DD1D2D3D4mi
值
Value		1.0008.0245.17618.1561.3942.51.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241451343144087876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408884418605929, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

6082-T6铝合金GISSMO参数

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参数
Parameter		临界应变部分
Critical strain part		非线性参数部分
Nonlinear parameter part
DD1D2D3D4mi
值
Value		1.0008.0245.17618.1561.3942.51.5
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基于GISSMO的中空挤压型材碰撞行为分析
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王丽红 , 吕林
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(8): 66-73
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(8): 66-73
基于GISSMO的中空挤压型材碰撞行为分析
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王丽红 , 吕林
作者信息
  • 郑州铁路职业技术学院 机车车辆学院，郑州　451460

    • 王丽红，女，1980年生，河南宜阳人，硕士，副教授；主要研究方向为城市轨道交通车辆；E-mail：。

Impact behavior analysis of hollow extruded profiles based on GISSMO
Lihong WANG , Lin LÜ
Affiliations
  • Locomotive and Vehicle College, Zhengzhou Railway Vocational & Technical College, Zhengzhou 451460, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.008
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摘要
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为了研究轨道车辆车体中空挤压型材受碰撞后的响应特征，引入广义增量应力状态损伤模型（Generalized Incremental Stress State-damage Model, GISSMO）并进行有限元仿真分析。首先，基于车体常用材料6082-T6铝合金的试验结果，分别使用修正的约翰逊-库克（Modified Johnson-Cook, MJC）模型和DF2016模型对其动、静态力学性能和不同应力状态下的断裂行为进行表征；其次，基于LS-OPT软件和人工选优结合的方法，对GISSMO进行参数标定；然后，针对网格尺寸效应，开展了网格尺寸依赖性修正，并通过试验与仿真对比验证了模型和修正的有效性；最后，针对某一车体侧墙中空挤压型材进行碰撞仿真分析，并对比了考虑和不考虑材料损伤与断裂对仿真结果的影响。结果表明，相较于不考虑材料的损伤与断裂，基于GISSMO可以更加准确反映型材受纵向冲击下的响应。

GISSMO  /  网格尺寸效应  /  中空挤压型材  /  碰撞行为

To study the response characteristics of the hollow extruded profile of the vehicle after the collision, the generalized incremental stress state-damage model (GISSMO) was introduced and the finite element simulation was carried out. Firstly, based on the test results of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy, the dynamic and static mechanical properties and fracture behavior under different stress states were characterized by the modified Johnson-Cook (MJC) model and DF2016 model respectively. Secondly, the parameter calibration of GISSMO was carried out based on the combination of LS-OPT soft ware and manual optimization. Then, according to the mesh size effect, the mesh size dependence correction was carried out, and the effectiveness of the model and correction were verified by comparison between the experiment and simulation. Finally, the impact simulation analysis of a hollow extruded profile on the side wall of a vehicle body was carried out, and the impact of material damage and fracture on the simulation results was compared. The results show that GISSMO can more accurately reflect the response of profiles under longitudinal impact than without considering the damage and fracture of materials.

GISSMO  /  Mesh size effect  /  Hollow extruded profiles  /  Collision behavior
王丽红, 吕林. 基于GISSMO的中空挤压型材碰撞行为分析. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (8) : 66 -73 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.008
Lihong WANG, Lin LÜ. Impact behavior analysis of hollow extruded profiles based on GISSMO[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (8) : 66 -73 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.008
正文
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0　引言
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轨道列车在碰撞过程中往往会伴随车体结构的塑性大变形，严重时甚至会出现结构的破坏与断裂。目前对于列车碰撞的研究主要聚焦于车体耐撞性设计、吸能装置和乘员二次碰撞研究等方面[1-3]，而对于结构塑性变形和材料失效的精确表征关注较少。然而，材料的力学性能对车体塑性变形区的吸能效率、变形模式等参数影响较大，进而影响车体耐撞性的判断与设计[4]。因此，精确表征车体在碰撞过程中的断裂失效行为，进而指导列车车体的防碰撞设计和乘员安全设计是很有必要的。
目前对于金属材料延性断裂行为的描述主要包括耦合型断裂模型和非耦合型断裂模型两种。耦合型断裂模型指将材料在塑性变形过程中产生的损伤以及随之产生的应力软化效应耦合进材料的本构模型中。最为典型的2种耦合型断裂模型分别为古尔森-特维加德-尼德曼（Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman, GTN）模型与连续损伤力学（Continuum Damage Mechanics, CDM）模型。前者由GURSON[5]提出，考虑了孔洞随基体变形的生长规律，并随着大量学者对孔洞形核、生长、聚合和剪切等过程的研究不断完善[6-7]。该模型精度较高，但参数较多且部分参数物理意义不明确，难以应用于工程实践。后者是LEMAITRE[8]在不可逆热力学框架下提出的连续介质损伤力学模型，该模型参数标定相对简单，对工程应用相对友好[9]。非耦合型断裂模型通常将材料达到断裂条件时的塑性应变作为延性断裂的判据。该类模型不考虑材料损伤对屈服面的影响，因此计算效率更高。常见的非耦合型模型包括Xue模型、修正的莫尔-库仑（Modified Mohr-Coulomb, MMC）、DF2016[10-12]等考虑应力状态的断裂模型，以及经典的考虑应变率和温度效应的Johnson-Cook（J-C）断裂模型[13]等。
近年来，广义增量应力状态损伤模型（Generalized Incremental Stress State-damage Model,GISSMO）[14]受到了众多学者的关注。该模型参考了CDM模型的思想，将非线性的损伤演化以附加参数的形式与等效应力耦合，并将与应力状态和应变率相关的塑性应变极限面作为材料断裂的判据。冯悦等[15]对比了GISSMO与常应变模型在吸能结构的碰撞响应数值计算中的差异。梁宾等[16]标定了6061铝合金板材的GISSMO参数，并用于预测汽车发动机罩内板在冲压过程中的断裂失效行为。牟浩蕾等[17]分别使用最大塑性应变失效模型、J-C失效模型和GISSMO分析2024-O-T42搭接件动态拉伸失效行为，发现后者的精度最高。在列车碰撞分析的应用方面，ZHU等[18]开展了一系列材料试验，标定了轨道车辆常用材料SUS301L-MT的GISSMO失效模型。WANG等[19]分别使用常应变失效模型和GISSMO，对地铁车辆端部结构的碰撞行为进行仿真分析。刘文等[20]对6061铝合金进行GISSMO参数标定，并对高速列车侧墙碰撞失效行为进行了分析，但未考虑材料的应变率效应。
综上所述，尽管对于列车车体的损伤断裂行为已有一定的研究，但仍存在一些不足。对于铝合金车体常用的中空挤压型材结构，在列车碰撞中的力学行为和失效模式的研究还相对较少，研究的材料类型也相对单一。本文对车体常用材料6082-T6铝合金进行了本构模型和GISSMO的参数标定，通过与试验结果的对比验证了模型的有效性。在此基础上，对轨道车辆中空挤压型材受碰撞载荷的响应进行了分析。
1　材料模型
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1.1　动态本构模型
J-C本构模型考虑了材料的应变硬化、应变率效应和温度效应。由于其形式简单，参数标定方便，因此，在各类工程和研究中广泛使用。本研究不考虑温度影响，则简化形式的J-C本构模型为
式中，Rd为流动应力；A、B和n为流动应力相关参数；εp为塑性应变；C为应变率敏感参数；为实际应变率；为参考应变率。等式右端第1部分为Ludwik非饱和型硬化模型，其特征为应力随塑性应变呈指数型增长；第2部分为对数形式的应变率修正项。由于Ludwik硬化模型的局限性，将其修正为与Voce饱和型硬化模型的线性加权形式[21]。修正的约翰逊-库克（Modified Johnson-Cook, MJC）本构模型为
式中，k为比例因子；β、Q、d为流动应力相关参数。
1.2　GISSMO
大量的研究表明，金属材料的韧性断裂行为与其所受的应力状态相关。为了量化应力状态，定义了2个归一化应力状态参数，即反映静水应力对材料力学性能影响的应力三轴度η和反映偏应力对材料力学性能的影响的洛德角参数L。GISSMO考虑了材料在不同应力状态和应变率下的断裂性能、非线性损伤演化路径以及应力软化效应，其损伤累积方程为
式中，D为损伤变量；εf为与应力状态和应变率相关的断裂应变函数；i为非线性损伤累积参数。当损伤累积至阈值Dcrit时，应力与损伤耦合并开始软化；当损伤累积至1时，应力软化至0，此时有限元模型中对应的网格将被删除。稳定性变量F和软化后的等效应力计算式为
式中，εcrit为与应力状态相关的临界应变函数；Dcrit为F=1时材料所对应的损伤变量；m为非线性应力软化参数。临界应变函数和断裂应变函数需要对材料开展不同应力状态下的断裂试验，利用数字图像相关（Digital Image Correlation, DIC）技术观察或有限元逆方法计算得到相应的断裂应变值，并采用适当的非耦合韧性断裂模型进行拟合。
2　6082-T6铝合金模型参数校准
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2.1　材料本构及断裂模型参数校准
FAN等[22]给出了轨道交通车体常用材料6082-T6铝合金的动静态力学性能试验结果。使用万能试验机开展了光滑圆棒拉伸（Smooth Tensile Bar, STB）试验、缺口圆棒拉伸（Double-Notched Tensile Bar, DTB）试验、平面应力拉伸（Plane Stress, PS）试验、面内平剪（In-Plane Shear, SHEAR）试验和动态光滑圆棒拉伸（High-speed Smooth Tensile Bar, HSTB）试验，并采用DIC技术测量了试样表面应变信息。在试样发生颈缩前，不同加载速度下的HSTB试验得到的力-位移曲线与STB试验的结果基本平行，因此可以使用MJC本构模型描述该材料的动静态应力应变关系。基于光滑圆棒的准静态和动态拉伸试验，采用式（2）描述6082-T6铝合金的动静态本构关系，材料参数如表1所示。
由于使用DIC技术只能采集到试样表面应变信息，所以对于片状试样，可使用DIC技术直接测量试样断裂时刻的最大等效塑性应变，而圆棒形试样则需要通过有限元逆方法得到试样断裂时刻内部的最大等效塑性应变。采用式（6）、式（7）计算各试样的平均应力三轴度和平均洛德参数，因为不同形状的试样在变形过程中应力状态并不是保持恒定的。STB与HSTB试验的应力状态参数一致。不同试样的应力状态参数和断裂应变如表2所示。表2中，表示主应力方向的加权平均角度。
为了表征6082-T6铝合金的应力状态与断裂应变间的关系，分别采用RT（Rice-Tracey）模型、MMC模型和DF2016模型进行拟合，其中RT模型仅考虑了应力三轴度对断裂应变的影响，MMC模型和DF2016模型同时考虑了应力三轴度和洛德角参数对断裂应变的影响。几种模型的拟合优度R2分别为0.666 5、0.990 6和0.999 4，可以看出，DF2016模型拟合效果最好。对于该材料应变率与断裂应变的关系，则使用STB和HSTB的试验结果，并采用J-C断裂模型中的应变率项的高阶二次修正形式进行拟合，拟合优度R2为0.988 3，拟合效果较好。完整的断裂应变模型见式（8），拟合结果如表3所示，与试验结果的对比如图1所示。
2.2　GISSMO失效模型参数校准
除了等效断裂应变外，GISSMO失效模型还有不同应力状态下的临界应变、非线性损伤累积参数和非线性应力软化参数等需要校准。
对于临界应变的校准，参考丁浩谞等[23]的方法。建立与试验试样和边界条件一致的有限元计算模型，如图2所示。其中，发生塑性大变形的区域采用特征尺寸为0.1 mm的网格（0.1 mm×0.1 mm×0.1 mm的六面体网格或0.1 mm×0.1 mm的矩形网格）进行划分，其他区域则适当地增大网格尺寸以减小计算成本。对比试验结果和不含损伤参数的有限元计算结果，将两者斜率产生偏离处记为临界应变识别点。取有限元模型中达到临界应变识别点时试样最小截面处或最大塑性应变处的10个单元的应变均值作为该应力状态下所对应的临界应变。采用DF2016对上述临界应变进行拟合，得到的临界应变曲面如图3所示。
对于线性损伤累积参数和非线性应力软化参数，则借助LS-OPT优化软件和人工选优相结合的方法，找到一组适用于6082-T6铝合金的参数，GISSMO失效模型参数如表4所示。基于GISSMO失效模型的仿真结果与试验结果对比如图4所示，由图4可知，采用该模型可以很好地描述6082-T6铝合金应力损伤与断裂行为。值得注意的是，仿真得到的曲线与试验结果仍有一定的差异，如PS和SHEAR试样。这是由于本文采用的是von Mises屈服函数和关联流动法则，而材料的屈服行为和应变硬化行为可能与应力状态或加载方向相关[24]，本文未对此做进一步的探究。
3　轨道车辆中空挤压型材碰撞仿真分析
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3.1　网格尺寸依赖性修正
上文的GISSMO参数校准均是基于特征尺寸为0.1 mm的网格。而在轨道车辆碰撞分析时，由于结构较大，往往需要更大尺寸的网格以降低计算成本。在达到临界损伤前，认为材料处于均匀变形阶段，此时网格尺寸对计算结果影响较小；达到临界损伤后，认为材料开始发生塑性大变形，此时网格尺寸将直接影响材料的应变场。为了减小网格尺寸对计算精度的影响，本节将基于单轴拉伸试样对断裂应变进行修正。
在GISSMO中，可以通过输入断裂应变正则化修正曲线对网格尺寸依赖性进行修正。分别采用特征尺寸为0.1、0.25、0.5、1 mm网格对单轴拉伸试样进行建模，并保证边界条件与试验一致。同样，基于LS-OPT优化软件和人工选优相结合的方法，对单轴拉伸断裂应变进行正则化修正，并通过函数进行拟合，该函数需要保证在网格特征尺寸等于0.1 mm时，断裂应变修正因子为1。断裂应变正则化修正曲线如图5（a）所示，修正后几种网格尺寸的模型计算结果如图5（b）所示，可以看到修正效果较好。
进一步采用特征尺寸为1 mm的网格对SHEAR试样和DTB2试样分别进行建模并计算，计算结果如图6所示。由图6可知，不同网格尺寸的有限元仿真结果力-位移曲线有一定的差异，这是网格尺寸较大时，计算沙漏能导致的额外应力较大。但试样最终的断裂位移基本一致，可以证明本文网格尺寸依赖性修正的有效性。
3.2　中空挤压型材碰撞行为分析
本节对轨道车辆中常用的中空挤压型材进行碰撞仿真分析，其结构尺寸如图7所示。该结构取自某型有轨电车的侧墙，整体尺寸为1 000 mm×450 mm×48 mm；蒙皮厚度为3 mm，内筋厚度为2.5 mm。出于轻量化的考虑，一侧蒙皮及内筋开有660 mm×120 mm的减重孔。考虑型材受纵向冲击的工况，计算设置和边界条件是：材料模型为GISSMO，与不考虑材料失效的情况进行对比。在型材前、后侧分别设有刚性墙，一侧与型材固定，另一侧刚性墙配重1 t，以36 km/h的初速度冲击型材。型材采用2 mm壳单元网格进行划分，沿厚度方向定义5个积分点。型材结构施加单面自动接触，型材与刚性墙之间施加面面自动接触。
计算结果如图8所示。由图8可知，在0～1.17 ms，不考虑与考虑材料失效的力-时间曲线基本一致。刚性墙与型材的接触力快速达到峰值865 kN后有所下降。在1.17 ms时，两种工况的力-时间曲线开始出现分离。采用不考虑材料失效的模型时，冲击力缓慢下降，表现出一定的连续性；而采用考虑材料失效的模型时，冲击力卸载较快。这是因为前者未考虑材料的破坏，型材板主要变形为发生褶皱与屈曲，其纵向刚度缓慢下降；而后者在1.17 ms时，型材减重孔附近出现了单元失效，并随着碰撞过程的进行形成了较大的裂口，使得型材板的刚度迅速下降而丧失承载能力，如图8（b）所示。材料的断裂失效将显著影响型材的吸能效率，考虑与不考虑材料失效，使用GISSMO计算得到的型材吸能量分别为7.64、13.62 kJ。
图9所示为型材发生破坏前的应力状态云图。由图9可知，由于发生了褶皱，型材多处应力三轴度接近0.666，洛德角参数L接近1，即处于双轴拉伸应力状态。对于6082-T6铝合金以及其他轨道车辆车体常用金属材料，其断裂应变往往随着应力三轴度的增大而减小，在双轴拉伸应力状态下容易发生韧性断裂。型材受冲击能量较大的纵向碰撞时，应力集中区域发生破坏的可能性较大。因此，采用GISSMO对中空挤压型材碰撞行为进行分析是更加合理与准确的。综上所述，应在碰撞仿真分析中考虑基于GISSMO的材料失效，以避免过高估计中空挤压型材的吸能效率。
4　结论
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基于6082-T6铝合金的试验结果，对其动、静态力学性能及断裂行为进行表征，并开展了中空挤压型材碰撞仿真，得到的结论如下：
1）采用MJC模型和DF2016模型可以很好地表征6082-T6铝合金的动静态力学性能和不同应力状态下的断裂行为。基于GISSMO的有限元仿真结果与试验结果较为吻合。
2）针对网格尺寸效应，开展了断裂应变修正研究。仿真结果表明该修正可以在一定程度上解决网格尺寸依赖性问题。
3）对比了考虑和不考虑材料损伤与断裂对中空挤压型材碰撞仿真结果的影响。结果表明，相较于不考虑材料的损伤与断裂，基于GISSMO可以更加准确地反映型材受纵向冲击下的响应。
基金
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  • 河南省科技攻关计划项目(252102220071)
  • 郑州铁路职业技术学院科研项目(2025KY006)
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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.008
  • 接收时间：2024-01-12
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-01-12
  • 修回日期：2024-02-07
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Henan Province Science and Technology Key Project(252102220071)
河南省科技攻关计划项目(252102220071)
Scientific Research Project of Zhengzhou Railway Vocational & Technical College(2025KY006)
郑州铁路职业技术学院科研项目(2025KY006)
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    郑州铁路职业技术学院 机车车辆学院，郑州　451460
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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