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Aiming at the problem of the weld fatigue test of the new energy vehicle subframe, a program load spectrum compilation method based on the failure dominant load was proposed. Firstly, the finite element model of the rear subframe was established, and the stress distribution under unit load was coupled with the load of each connection point. The structural stress method was used to evaluate the fatigue life of the subframe welds, and six dangerous points that were easy to fail were selected. Secondly, by comparing the load damage of each connection point, the failure dominant connection point corresponding to the weld dangerous unit was determined. Then, the failure dominant load was determined by the principal stress analysis, time domain correlation and uniaxial damage contribution at the weld, so as to reduce the dimension of the multi-axial load and reduce the difficulty of the bench test loading. Finally, a pseudo-damage matrix was output based on the failure dominant load, the characteristic working conditions and their proportions were selected to obtain the load spectrum of the fatigue accelerated test program, and the minimum number of cycles was determined according to the principle of the damage equivalence. The numerical simulation results show that the program load spectrum can reproduce the damage of dangerous points and has a high acceleration coefficient, which verifies the effectiveness of the accelerated test spectrum.

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ZHANG Dongdong, E-mail:
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针对新能源汽车副车架的焊缝疲劳试验问题,提出一种基于失效主导载荷的程序载荷谱编制方法。首先,建立后副车架有限元模型,将单位载荷下应力分布与各连接点载荷相耦合,运用结构应力法对副车架焊缝进行疲劳寿命评估,并筛选出容易失效的6处危险点;其次,通过对比各连接点载荷损伤大小,确定焊缝危险单元对应的失效主导连接点;然后,通过焊缝处主应力分析、时域相关性和单轴损伤贡献量确定失效主导载荷,实现多轴载荷降维,降低台架试验加载难度;最后,基于失效主导载荷输出伪损伤矩阵,挑选特征工况及其比例得到疲劳加速试验程序载荷谱,根据损伤等效原则确定其最小循环次数。数值仿真结果表明,程序载荷谱能够复现危险点损伤,且具有较高的加速系数,验证了加速试验谱的有效性。

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张东东,男,1986年生,山西晋城人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为新能源汽车(电驱动)NVH分析与控制、结构轻量化设计、电驱动系统大数据可靠性评价与设计;E-mail:
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赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆结构可靠性与耐久性评价、多场耦合动力学与失效物理建模、车辆运行大数据挖掘与寿命管理数字孪生;E-mail:

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赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆结构可靠性与耐久性评价、多场耦合动力学与失效物理建模、车辆运行大数据挖掘与寿命管理数字孪生;E-mail:

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赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆结构可靠性与耐久性评价、多场耦合动力学与失效物理建模、车辆运行大数据挖掘与寿命管理数字孪生;E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1241451343920026573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Connection point load of the left camber link in Belgian road, figureFileSmall=sEZDwFmcJFSys0/JoiSJLA==, figureFileBig=HYuI5z+J186gOTW/WxITVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451344037467092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=图3, caption=比利时路左侧外倾连杆连接点载荷, figureFileSmall=sEZDwFmcJFSys0/JoiSJLA==, figureFileBig=HYuI5z+J186gOTW/WxITVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451344142324698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Stress-life curve of the weld material, figureFileSmall=K44ZqoVVZO4YX6F72gnBEA==, figureFileBig=8Qgq3pQeN2RIkNmsgN8hrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451344247182303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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caption=Distribution of damage to dangerous elements in welds, figureFileSmall=WndlSdvQgd5JNBr+wpNZvw==, figureFileBig=L7CJf2XZiEi30IUKXEp46A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451347254497334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=图11, caption=焊缝危险单元损伤分布, figureFileSmall=WndlSdvQgd5JNBr+wpNZvw==, figureFileBig=L7CJf2XZiEi30IUKXEp46A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451347367743551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Uniaxial time-domain correlation of 1# dangerous point, figureFileSmall=2wj9GKr3IqHVMuMd2Cy/0g==, figureFileBig=Jg8Y5db1cNvh8Q41o2c/3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451347476795461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=图12, caption=1#危险点单轴时域相关性, figureFileSmall=2wj9GKr3IqHVMuMd2Cy/0g==, figureFileBig=Jg8Y5db1cNvh8Q41o2c/3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451347560681544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Uniaxial load damage contribution of 1# danger point, figureFileSmall=s54qyneTf0ScXo+CN6yFYQ==, figureFileBig=E9GD5aE4lgsm2yPb0z1yOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451347648761932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=图13, caption=1#危险点单轴载荷损伤贡献量, figureFileSmall=s54qyneTf0ScXo+CN6yFYQ==, figureFileBig=E9GD5aE4lgsm2yPb0z1yOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451347778785364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Matrix histogram of channel ARB_L_Fz rain flow count, figureFileSmall=WyEB13YS8me7fXqR2UcuYQ==, figureFileBig=8SkOjy6mZOmvIv9Qvao2yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451347883642968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=图14, caption=通道ARB_L_Fz雨流计数矩阵直方图, figureFileSmall=WyEB13YS8me7fXqR2UcuYQ==, figureFileBig=8SkOjy6mZOmvIv9Qvao2yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451347980111965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Damage tarsfer from small loads to large loads, figureFileSmall=oSUrfg6W3v6o6OPeJe/7jg==, figureFileBig=CCnMQhOcULTD6X0dliQS7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451348093358179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=图15, caption=小载荷向大载荷的损伤转移, figureFileSmall=oSUrfg6W3v6o6OPeJe/7jg==, figureFileBig=CCnMQhOcULTD6X0dliQS7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451348194021481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Program load spectrum of the subframe fatigue test, figureFileSmall=sq7q0I8tY4CzQG9+pD3h7w==, figureFileBig=WjMLtj0EaNbXoSKep+NZ+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451348277907568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=图16, caption=副车架疲劳试验程序载荷谱, figureFileSmall=sq7q0I8tY4CzQG9+pD3h7w==, figureFileBig=WjMLtj0EaNbXoSKep+NZ+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451348382765172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material property of SAPH440 steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
抗拉强度
Tensile strength/MPa
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity/MPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio
密度
Density/(t/mm3)
3054402.1×1050.37.8×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1241451348500205692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SAPH440钢的材料属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
抗拉强度
Tensile strength/MPa
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity/MPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio
密度
Density/(t/mm3)
3054402.1×1050.37.8×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1241451348600868992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Cycle times of each typical road condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路况Road condition循环次数Number of cycles
搓板路Washboard road2 700
比利时路Belgian road900
坑洼路Pothole road5 400
正弦斜坡Sine slope2 700
铁轨路Rail road400
), ArticleFig(id=1241451348714115205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各典型路况循环次数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路况Road condition循环次数Number of cycles
搓板路Washboard road2 700
比利时路Belgian road900
坑洼路Pothole road5 400
正弦斜坡Sine slope2 700
铁轨路Rail road400
), ArticleFig(id=1241451348781224074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Statistics of failure danger points of welds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险点编号
Dangerous point number
单元ID
Element ID
损伤
Damage
寿命
Life
危险部位描述
Dangerous area description
1#86 0641.310.76前梁与左纵梁连接处
Connection between the front beam and the left longitudinal beam
2#2 042 9281.10.91ODP支架与右前束杆支架连接处
Connection between ODP bracket and the right toe link bracket
3#2 029 5130.521.92ODP支架与左纵梁连接处
Connection between ODP bracket and the left longitudinal beam
4#2 036 5400.501.96右前束杆支架与ODP支架连接处
Connection between the right toe link bracket and ODP bracket
5#85 5770.482.08左外倾杆支架与前梁连接处
Connection between the left camber link bracket and the front beam
6#138 3610.442.27后上梁与左纵梁连接处
Connection between the rear upper beam and the left longitudinal beam
), ArticleFig(id=1241451348860915855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

焊缝失效危险点统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险点编号
Dangerous point number
单元ID
Element ID
损伤
Damage
寿命
Life
危险部位描述
Dangerous area description
1#86 0641.310.76前梁与左纵梁连接处
Connection between the front beam and the left longitudinal beam
2#2 042 9281.10.91ODP支架与右前束杆支架连接处
Connection between ODP bracket and the right toe link bracket
3#2 029 5130.521.92ODP支架与左纵梁连接处
Connection between ODP bracket and the left longitudinal beam
4#2 036 5400.501.96右前束杆支架与ODP支架连接处
Connection between the right toe link bracket and ODP bracket
5#85 5770.482.08左外倾杆支架与前梁连接处
Connection between the left camber link bracket and the front beam
6#138 3610.442.27后上梁与左纵梁连接处
Connection between the rear upper beam and the left longitudinal beam
), ArticleFig(id=1241451348944801936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Statistics of failure dominant connection points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险单元编号
Dangerous element number
失效主导连接点
Failure dominant connection point
1#横向稳定杆左侧
Left side of the anti-roll bar-ARB_L
2#、4#弹簧连杆右侧
Right side of the spring link-Spring_R
3#、5#前束杆左侧
Left side of the toe link-Toelink_L
6#横向稳定杆右侧
Right side of the anti-roll bar-ARB_R
), ArticleFig(id=1241451349037076628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

失效主导连接点统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险单元编号
Dangerous element number
失效主导连接点
Failure dominant connection point
1#横向稳定杆左侧
Left side of the anti-roll bar-ARB_L
2#、4#弹簧连杆右侧
Right side of the spring link-Spring_R
3#、5#前束杆左侧
Left side of the toe link-Toelink_L
6#横向稳定杆右侧
Right side of the anti-roll bar-ARB_R
), ArticleFig(id=1241451349137739930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Correlation coefficient between the principal stress at 1# danger point and each axial load of the left ARB

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险单元
Dangerous element
连接点
Connection point
FxFyFzMxMyMz
86 064横向稳定杆左侧
Left side of the anti-roll bar-ARB_L
-0.8070.5080.979-0.975-0.366-0.945
), ArticleFig(id=1241451349246791838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

1#危险点主应力与横向稳定杆左侧各轴向载荷相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险单元
Dangerous element
连接点
Connection point
FxFyFzMxMyMz
86 064横向稳定杆左侧
Left side of the anti-roll bar-ARB_L
-0.8070.5080.979-0.975-0.366-0.945
), ArticleFig(id=1241451349355843745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Summary of failure dominant load channels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险点编号
Dangerous point number
失效主导连接点
Failure dominant connection point
载荷通道
Load channel
1#横向稳定杆左侧
Left side of the anti-roll bar-ARB_L
Fz
2#、4#弹簧连杆右侧
Right side of the spring link-Spring_R
Fy
3#、5#、6#前束杆左侧
Left side of the toe link-Toelink_L
Fy
), ArticleFig(id=1241451349439729831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

失效主导载荷通道汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险点编号
Dangerous point number
失效主导连接点
Failure dominant connection point
载荷通道
Load channel
1#横向稳定杆左侧
Left side of the anti-roll bar-ARB_L
Fz
2#、4#弹簧连杆右侧
Right side of the spring link-Spring_R
Fy
3#、5#、6#前束杆左侧
Left side of the toe link-Toelink_L
Fy
), ArticleFig(id=1241451349599113387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Pseudo damage matrix and damage contribution of each level of load

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均值
Mean value/N
变程
Range/N
840.3212 520.964 201.65 882.257 562.899 243.5310 924.212 604.8
5 971.9900000000
4 761.812.40×10-50000000
3 551.621.68×10-30000000
2 341.442.60×10-33.90×10-31.50×10-200000
1 131.262.11×10-21.32×10-13.91×10-15.77×10-14.73×10-13.52×10-100
78.9251.34×10-11.976.466.061.31×1019.155.492.43
-1 289.111.59×10-25.26×10-29.02×10-25.77×10-21.58×10-13.52×10-100
-2 499.291.61×10-31.95×10-31.50×10-200000
-3 709.471.13×10-30000000
-4 919.6600000000
-6 129.8400000000
损伤贡献
Damage contribution/%
0.374.5514.6714.0928.8820.7411.565.12
), ArticleFig(id=1241451349729136817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

伪损伤矩阵及各级载荷损伤贡献

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均值
Mean value/N
变程
Range/N
840.3212 520.964 201.65 882.257 562.899 243.5310 924.212 604.8
5 971.9900000000
4 761.812.40×10-50000000
3 551.621.68×10-30000000
2 341.442.60×10-33.90×10-31.50×10-200000
1 131.262.11×10-21.32×10-13.91×10-15.77×10-14.73×10-13.52×10-100
78.9251.34×10-11.976.466.061.31×1019.155.492.43
-1 289.111.59×10-25.26×10-29.02×10-25.77×10-21.58×10-13.52×10-100
-2 499.291.61×10-31.95×10-31.50×10-200000
-3 709.471.13×10-30000000
-4 919.6600000000
-6 129.8400000000
损伤贡献
Damage contribution/%
0.374.5514.6714.0928.8820.7411.565.12
), ArticleFig(id=1241451349829800118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Characteristic working conditions and proportions of the subframe fatigue acceleration test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷等级Load level低Low中Medium高High
特征工况载荷
Characteristic working condition load/N
4 201.67 562.8912 604.8
特征工况均值Mean value of characteristic working conditions/N-78.9-78.9-78.9
总伪损伤量Total pseudo damage amount9.316 240 64920.424 629 9917.788 085 39
单次载荷伪损伤量
Pseudo damage amount under single load
0.015 029 9940.157 779 701.217 429 54
各载荷等级循环次数
Number of cycles per load level
62013015
), ArticleFig(id=1241451351360721083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

副车架疲劳加速试验特征工况及比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷等级Load level低Low中Medium高High
特征工况载荷
Characteristic working condition load/N
4 201.67 562.8912 604.8
特征工况均值Mean value of characteristic working conditions/N-78.9-78.9-78.9
总伪损伤量Total pseudo damage amount9.316 240 64920.424 629 9917.788 085 39
单次载荷伪损伤量
Pseudo damage amount under single load
0.015 029 9940.157 779 701.217 429 54
各载荷等级循环次数
Number of cycles per load level
62013015
), ArticleFig(id=1241451351494938815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Minimum number of cycles of the fatigue acceleration test at 1# danger point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标损伤Target damage1.31
单次载荷谱损伤
Single load spectrum damage
0.000 260 8
最小循环次数Minimum number of cycles5 024
总试验时长Total test duration/h1 123.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241451351587213506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

1#危险点疲劳加速试验最小循环次数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标损伤Target damage1.31
单次载荷谱损伤
Single load spectrum damage
0.000 260 8
最小循环次数Minimum number of cycles5 024
总试验时长Total test duration/h1 123.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241451351650128069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=

Accelerated spectrum statistics of the subframe fatigue test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险点编号
Dangerous point number
加速谱载荷通道
Accelerated spectrum load channel
幅值
Amplitude/N
循环次数
Number of cycles
1#左侧横向稳定杆垂向力
Vertical force on the left side of the anti-roll bar-ARB_L_Fz
11 345350
2#、4#右侧弹簧连杆侧向力
Lateral force on the right side of the spring link-Spring_R_Fy
14 4122 100
3#、5#、6#左侧前束杆侧向力
Lateral force on the left side of the toe link-Toelink_L_Fy
15 7002 600
), ArticleFig(id=1241451351725625543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

副车架疲劳试验加速谱统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险点编号
Dangerous point number
加速谱载荷通道
Accelerated spectrum load channel
幅值
Amplitude/N
循环次数
Number of cycles
1#左侧横向稳定杆垂向力
Vertical force on the left side of the anti-roll bar-ARB_L_Fz
11 345350
2#、4#右侧弹簧连杆侧向力
Lateral force on the right side of the spring link-Spring_R_Fy
14 4122 100
3#、5#、6#左侧前束杆侧向力
Lateral force on the left side of the toe link-Toelink_L_Fy
15 7002 600
), ArticleFig(id=1241451351843066060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=EN, label=Tab.11, caption=

Result statistics of the accelerated spectrum validation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险点编号
Dangerous point number
目标损伤
Target damage
加速损伤
Accelerated damage
加速试验时长/h
Acceleration test duration/h
原始载荷时长
Original load duration/h
加速系数
Acceleratio n factor
1#1.311.3278.35
2#1.11.11107.94
3#0.520.5329.61
3
4#0.50.73103.4378.24
5#0.480.6521.71
7
6#0.440.4549.88
), ArticleFig(id=1241451351968895186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408881520341814, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

加速谱验证结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险点编号
Dangerous point number
目标损伤
Target damage
加速损伤
Accelerated damage
加速试验时长/h
Acceleration test duration/h
原始载荷时长
Original load duration/h
加速系数
Acceleratio n factor
1#1.311.3278.35
2#1.11.11107.94
3#0.520.5329.61
3
4#0.50.73103.4378.24
5#0.480.6521.71
7
6#0.440.4549.88
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PHEV副车架焊缝疲劳试验加速载荷谱研究
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赵礼辉 1, 2, 3 , 魏绪国 1 , 梁山 4 , 翁硕 1, 2, 3 , 冯金芝 1, 2, 3 , 张东东 1, 2, 3
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(8): 1-10
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(8): 1-10
PHEV副车架焊缝疲劳试验加速载荷谱研究
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赵礼辉1, 2, 3 , 魏绪国1, 梁山4, 翁硕1, 2, 3, 冯金芝1, 2, 3, 张东东1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.上海理工大学 机械工程学院,上海 200093
  • 2.机械工业汽车机械零部件强度与可靠性评价重点实验室,上海 200093
  • 3.上海市新能源汽车可靠性评价专业技术服务平台,上海 200093
  • 4.北汽福田汽车股份有限公司时代领航卡车工厂,诸城 262200
  • 赵礼辉,男,1985年生,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为车辆结构可靠性与耐久性评价、多场耦合动力学与失效物理建模、车辆运行大数据挖掘与寿命管理数字孪生;E-mail:

通讯作者:

张东东,男,1986年生,山西晋城人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为新能源汽车(电驱动)NVH分析与控制、结构轻量化设计、电驱动系统大数据可靠性评价与设计;E-mail:
Research on accelerated load spectrum for fatigue test of PHEV subframe welds
Lihui ZHAO1, 2, 3 , Xuguo WEI1, Shan LIANG4, Shuo WENG1, 2, 3, Jinzhi FENG1, 2, 3, Dongdong ZHANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
  • 2.CMIF Key Laboratory for Strength and Reliability Evaluation of Automotive Structures, Shanghai 200093, China
  • 3.Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Reliability Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles, Shanghai 200093, China
  • 4.Time Navigator Truck Factory of Beiqi Foton Automobile Co., Ltd., Zhucheng 262200, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.001
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针对新能源汽车副车架的焊缝疲劳试验问题,提出一种基于失效主导载荷的程序载荷谱编制方法。首先,建立后副车架有限元模型,将单位载荷下应力分布与各连接点载荷相耦合,运用结构应力法对副车架焊缝进行疲劳寿命评估,并筛选出容易失效的6处危险点;其次,通过对比各连接点载荷损伤大小,确定焊缝危险单元对应的失效主导连接点;然后,通过焊缝处主应力分析、时域相关性和单轴损伤贡献量确定失效主导载荷,实现多轴载荷降维,降低台架试验加载难度;最后,基于失效主导载荷输出伪损伤矩阵,挑选特征工况及其比例得到疲劳加速试验程序载荷谱,根据损伤等效原则确定其最小循环次数。数值仿真结果表明,程序载荷谱能够复现危险点损伤,且具有较高的加速系数,验证了加速试验谱的有效性。

后副车架  /  焊缝疲劳  /  主应力分析  /  失效主导载荷  /  特征工况  /  程序载荷谱

Aiming at the problem of the weld fatigue test of the new energy vehicle subframe, a program load spectrum compilation method based on the failure dominant load was proposed. Firstly, the finite element model of the rear subframe was established, and the stress distribution under unit load was coupled with the load of each connection point. The structural stress method was used to evaluate the fatigue life of the subframe welds, and six dangerous points that were easy to fail were selected. Secondly, by comparing the load damage of each connection point, the failure dominant connection point corresponding to the weld dangerous unit was determined. Then, the failure dominant load was determined by the principal stress analysis, time domain correlation and uniaxial damage contribution at the weld, so as to reduce the dimension of the multi-axial load and reduce the difficulty of the bench test loading. Finally, a pseudo-damage matrix was output based on the failure dominant load, the characteristic working conditions and their proportions were selected to obtain the load spectrum of the fatigue accelerated test program, and the minimum number of cycles was determined according to the principle of the damage equivalence. The numerical simulation results show that the program load spectrum can reproduce the damage of dangerous points and has a high acceleration coefficient, which verifies the effectiveness of the accelerated test spectrum.

Rear subframe  /  Weld fatigue  /  Principal stress analysis  /  Failure dominant load  /  Characteristic working condition  /  Program load spectrum
赵礼辉, 魏绪国, 梁山, 翁硕, 冯金芝, 张东东. PHEV副车架焊缝疲劳试验加速载荷谱研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (8) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.001
Lihui ZHAO, Xuguo WEI, Shan LIANG, Shuo WENG, Jinzhi FENG, Dongdong ZHANG. Research on accelerated load spectrum for fatigue test of PHEV subframe welds[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (8) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.001
在新能源汽车行驶过程中副车架承受来自悬架、车身及动力电池系统等多个方面的复杂载荷作用,作为汽车的重要承载部件,其焊缝疲劳失效问题对整车寿命安全尤为重要[1]54-57,需要对其耐久性进行考核。目前常用的耐久性台架试验载荷谱有三类:随机载荷谱、等幅载荷谱和程序载荷谱[2]。其中,随机载荷谱可以比较全面地描述试验对象的真实受力情况,但对试验设备要求高;等幅加载耐久试验简单、成本低,但忽略了随机载荷谱中包含的大量信息,精度较低[3];程序载荷谱是基于随机载荷谱,经雨流计数和损伤等效原理得到的多级等幅载荷谱,更能真实地反映试验对象在使用中的受力情况,具有试验精度高、周期短和成本低的优点。因此,本文针对当前新能源汽车副车架焊缝疲劳试验费时又费力的问题,提出一种基于失效主导载荷的程序载荷谱编制方法。
目前,国内外许多学者都对零部件焊缝处载荷分析及耐久性台架加速程序载荷谱编制进行了大量研究。冯金芝等[4]采用虚拟迭代法获取了轻型货车前轴与车架接附点的载荷,并将其与单位载荷下的惯性释放结果叠加,对前轴进行焊缝疲劳寿命分析;通过对比各方向载荷造成的损伤和最大主应力等特性,确定了整车作用在前桥的纵向力是前桥焊缝失效的主要因素。安琪等[5]基于变幅应力循环的损伤等效恒幅应力计算方法对处于多轴应力状态下的敞车车体进行焊缝疲劳强度评估,结果表明,垂直于焊缝方向的正应力对考察焊缝的结构疲劳强度影响最大,而切应力对结构疲劳强度的影响较小。SHIOZAKI等[6]通过台架试验和有限元数值模拟研究了弯曲工况下搭接接头几何形状对焊接疲劳性能的影响,并验证了焊趾处裂纹扩展方向与最大主应力的关系。高云凯等[7]92-98将基于试车场实测路谱获取的车身连接点随机载荷谱简化为单一车身转矩载荷谱,结合载荷分布规律编制程序载荷谱,对车身进行疲劳寿命预测,验证了程序载荷谱相对于原始随机载荷谱能明显加速试验进程。孙英杰[8]基于叉车车架危险点的应力历程进行统计特征分析,结合均、幅值概率密度曲线对叉车作业工况和行驶工况进行应力程序载荷谱编制,并将应力与台架加载力关系转化为力载荷谱进行激励,最后通过虚拟台架验证了编制的程序载荷谱能有效地反映叉车车架的疲劳损伤情况。OZTURK[9]将有限元和车辆耐久性测试数据合并到单轴加速寿命测试中,对主导载荷分量进行雨流计数,忽略小幅值载荷等级并基于损伤等效的原则确定加载重复次数,通过台架加速试验验证了该方法的有效性。
迄今为止,研究人员对于多轴载荷作用下的焊缝疲劳失效问题[10-12]及零部件加速试验[13]做了大量研究,但多是基于热点应力或等效转化实测载荷谱等方法进行的,没有考虑零部件实际服役状态下发生疲劳损坏的关键载荷因素,且加速谱编制时直接略去小载荷导致选取的载荷等级覆盖不到不同的使用工况。本文针对目前新能源车副车架焊缝疲劳试验费时又费力的问题,以某插电式混合动力汽车(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle, PHEV)后副车架为研究对象,基于单位载荷下静力分析结果和连接点载荷对副车架进行焊缝疲劳寿命评估;从主应力分析、时域相关性和损伤贡献量等方面对焊缝处承受的复杂载荷进行降维处理,确定失效主导载荷;最后,基于失效主导载荷结合雨流计数和损伤等效原则编制了五级程序载荷谱,通过仿真验证该加速谱的有效性,完成副车架耐久性快速试验评价。
基于后副车架单位静载下的应力分布和连接点载荷,采用结构应力法进行焊缝疲劳寿命分析,为失效主导载荷分析与加速谱编制提供基础数据。
以某乘用车后副车架为研究对象,其材料采用SAPH440汽车结构钢,性能参数如表1所示,副车架有限元模型如图1所示。副车架的焊接接头属于角接类,采用壳单元模拟。焊缝周边划分出热影响区,设焊缝所连接的两层钣金的厚度分别为t1t2,则热影响区的单元尺寸细化至小于2×min(t1t2),焊缝本体单元的厚度设置为1.5×min(t1t2)。焊缝材料的弹性模量为2.07×105 MPa,泊松比为0.29,密度为7.84×10-9 t/mm3。根据副车架母材和焊缝材料参数建立材料属性,并将材料属性和厚度赋给各个组件的模型属性。后悬架控制臂杆件和副车架的螺栓连接处采用RBE2单元模拟;副车架和车身之间的衬套采用CBUSH单元模拟;其他主要为四边形单元,大小为4 mm。前处理后的副车架有限元模型包含86 063个节点和84 461个单元。
与副车架试验台架的工装约束一致,约束副车架与车身前后4个连接点的所有自由度。副车架与外倾杆、前束杆、弹簧连杆及横向稳定杆的连接点(图1中实线箭头所示)是焊缝疲劳寿命分析的载荷作用点。在这些连接点分别施加6个方向的单位静载荷,开展静力学分析,得到各个单位载荷下的副车架应力分布,也称载荷分量的应力影响因子,用于后续疲劳寿命分析。图2所示为外倾杆左侧单位垂向力下的应力分布。
基于整车动力学模型,采用虚拟试验场法[14]进行载荷分解以获得副车架各个连接点载荷。图3给出了比利时路况下副车架左侧外倾连杆连接点载荷。
根据试验场规范确定各典型路况循环次数(表2)。在nCode软件中构建用于副车架焊缝疲劳寿命分析的载荷工况循环文件(duty cycle)。
结构应力法[15-17]也称热点应力法,适用于因焊接结构不连续或切口影响而产生裂纹的结构危险点疲劳寿命分析[1]54-58。结构应力计算式为
式中,Rs为结构应力;Rm为膜应力;Rb为弯曲应力;fy为线力,是焊线单位长度的力;mx为线力矩,是焊线单位长度上的力矩;tt为母板厚度。
在nCode软件的SeamWeldAnalysis模块中对副车架焊缝添加图4所示的材料应力-寿命曲线(依据nCode模板修改得到,仅供参考),母材材料无须设置,平均应力修正采用FKM方法。图5为获得的副车架焊缝寿命分析云图。由图5可以看出,最容易失效的位置在副车架前梁与左纵梁连接的焊缝处(虚线箭头所示),其寿命为试验场规范里程的0.76。图6所示为道路载荷数据和虚拟试验场损伤对比。由图6可知,采用虚拟试验场法和实测路谱迭代载荷分解[18]得到的焊缝最危险位置相同,损伤大小基本一致,验证了焊缝疲劳分析的有效性。进一步观察发现,副车架焊缝处损伤主要集中在焊趾处。这主要是因为焊缝接头处存在几何不连续性,焊缝结构在受到悬架控制臂杆件的载荷作用后其附近的应力变化剧烈,容易产生应力集中现象。
根据副车架焊缝疲劳寿命分析结果,导出单元节点损伤寿命,筛选出表3所示的副车架最易失效的前6处焊缝危险点(图5中实线箭头所示),用作后续加速谱编制的损伤复现参考点。表3中,ODP为车载动力系统(On-Board Powertrain)。
台架试验相比整车道路试验能大幅缩短试验时间,可以为产品的高效开发提供有效的数据支撑。为使台架试验以较少的加载通道准确复现整车路试下焊缝危险点的失效情况,本节首先通过对比各连接点载荷对危险点的损伤贡献量确定失效主导连接点,接着通过焊缝处主应力分析、时域相关性和单轴损伤贡献量确定焊缝各危险点对应的失效主导载荷通道,降低台架试验加载难度。
分别计算各连接点载荷单独作用时对副车架焊缝危险点造成的损伤,根据损伤贡献量确定各危险点对应的失效主导连接点。为减少计算量,将各路况连接点载荷串接,得到831 s的载荷,图7给出了左侧外倾杆垂向力串接载荷。参照第1.2节中的焊缝疲劳寿命分析方法,对比各连接点载荷对危险点的损伤贡献量,确定表4所示的失效主导连接点。以1#危险点为例,其失效主导连接点是横向稳定杆和副车架的左侧连接点(ARB_L)。
在失效危险单元上布置虚拟应变花,通过其测量的应变数据计算绝对值最大的主应力,从焊缝处主应力分析、时域相关性和损伤贡献量进一步判定失效主导载荷通道。
由于多轴载荷下副车架焊缝处应力情况较为复杂,且焊缝处疲劳裂纹扩展通常是由垂直于裂纹方向的主应力所致[1]128-130,为实现多轴载荷降维,降低台架试验难度。在6处失效危险单元上布置虚拟应变花[19]图8所示应变花的0°方向沿焊缝长度方向),通过其测量的应变数据计算绝对值最大的主应力及对应角度,图9所示为提取的1#危险点绝对值最大的主应力。
图10可知,绝对值最大主应力的频次最高处出现在与焊缝长度方向成80°~90°的方向。这证实了,与焊缝垂直方向的主应力是引起副车架焊缝疲劳损伤的主要因素。根据图11中的焊缝危险单元损伤分布情况,损伤主要集中在靠近焊缝长度的0~10°方向。此外,在焊趾处的疲劳裂纹通常沿着焊缝长度方向扩展[20]。这证明上述焊缝处主应力分析具有较高精度。
对危险点处绝对值最大主应力与失效主导连接点各轴向载荷进行归一化处理,以消除载荷间单位、量级不同带来的影响[21],然后采用二维交会图法对载荷进行相关性分析。以1#危险点为例,该危险点的绝对值最大主应力与横向稳定杆左侧(ARB_L)连接点6个轴向载荷间的时域相关性如图12所示,其中FzMxMz轴向载荷与应力信号具有较好的相关性。
进一步采用Pearson相关系数法定量表示连接点各轴向载荷与危险点绝对值最大主应力两个变量之间的线性相关程度。相关系数表达式为
式中,R为相关系数;XY分别为各危险点绝对值最大主应力和失效主导连接点各轴向载荷;SCov(XY)为主应力和载荷的协方差;SVar(X)为主应力的方差;SVar(Y)为载荷的方差。计算得出1#危险点绝对值最大主应力与横向稳定杆左侧各轴向载荷间的相关系数如表5所示。
从损伤贡献量方面进一步考察各个轴向载荷对危险点的损伤贡献情况,以确定失效主导载荷通道。由图13可知,相关性较大的载荷通道的损伤贡献不一定大,Fz轴向载荷造成的损伤远大于其他轴向载荷。由此确定ARB_L_Fz为1#危险点的失效主导载荷通道,即加速试验谱的编制方向。
以同样的方法确定其余5个危险点的失效主导载荷通道,作为加速试验谱编制方向,汇总结果如表6所示。
基于失效主导载荷挑选特征工况,编制后副车架疲劳加速试验五级程序载荷谱,结合损伤等效原则确定其循环次数,并通过仿真验证加速谱的有效性,实现后副车架耐久性快速试验评价。
针对副车架耐久性试验,所选工况不仅要覆盖不同的典型工况,还要具有较高的损伤强度,从而达到加速试验的目的,实现零部件耐久性快速考核。
以1#危险点为例,对其失效主导载荷ARB_L_Fz的载荷-时间历程进行雨流循环计数。其中将对损伤起主要作用的载荷变程划分为8个载荷级[22],为计数后体现均值的对称性将其划分为11个载荷级。经雨流计数后,ARB_L_Fz载荷通道中的变程和均值对应的循环次数如图14所示。
载荷的伪损伤能够评判载荷的严重程度。基于雨流循环计数和线性累积损伤准则,结合应力-寿命曲线表达式计算伪损伤:
式中,S为应力范围;N为试件在应力范围作用下的疲劳寿命;SC为应力范围截距;b为疲劳强度指数,b的选择应该反映被分析组件的类型[23]。本文取b为-4,SC为12 000。运用Miner线性累积损伤计算式,计算各载荷等级对应的损伤:
式中,ni为各级载荷实际循环次数;Ni为各载荷作用下的疲劳寿命。
由上述计算式输出损伤矩阵及各级载荷损伤贡献,如表7所示。
根据伪损伤分布及各级载荷损伤贡献确定特征工况:挑选损伤贡献中等级最大且频次最高对应的载荷作为损伤复现代表性工况,即选(4 201.6,-78.925),(7 562.89,-78.925)作为特征工况点;同时考虑极端工况,选取最大载荷变程作为极端载荷,对应的特征工况点为(12 604.8,-78.925)。其余载荷等级根据损伤贡献将小载荷向选取的特征工况进行载荷转移,如图15所示。前两级小载荷向选取的第三级特征工况大载荷进行损伤转移,增加大载荷循环次数,从而实现加速试验的效果。
根据表7计算小载荷及所选取特征工况载荷的总伪损伤量,结合特征工况载荷单次伪损伤量确定程序谱特征工况载荷的循环次数,即各个载荷等级比例,如表8所示。
加速试验加载方式采用正弦波加载,并采用“低-高-低”的加载顺序[7]92-98,取各特征工况载荷变程的1/2为加载谱的幅值载荷,频率为2 Hz。加速谱载荷表达式为
式中,A为加速谱特征载荷幅;ω=2πf,其中f为载荷谱加载频率,f=2 Hz;t为时间;k为纵向偏移,即特征工况载荷均值。将特征工况进行拼接,得到副车架台架疲劳试验五级程序载荷谱,单谱总时长为760 s,如图16所示。
最小循环次数是指达到危险点目标损伤所需的最小试验循环次数,它由加速谱单次循环产生的实际损伤与试验场耐久规范下的总损伤共同决定,其计算式为
式中,L为最小循环次数;Lt为试验场耐久规范下的总损伤量;L0为加速谱单次循环产生的损伤量。将编制的五级程序载荷单谱输入到第1.2节的疲劳寿命分析模型中,得到单次损伤,结合试验场耐久规范下总损伤,确定表9所示的1#危险点对应的加速谱最小循环次数。
加速试验时长为1 123.4 h,不满足加速要求。为缩短加速试验时长,对正弦加载谱幅值取1.8的加速系数,获得新的加速试验谱。在该加速谱作用下,1#危险点需350次试验循环,试验时长为78.3 h,满足加速要求。同理,编制其他失效主导载荷的加速谱并确定循环次数。各个危险点处的加速谱载荷幅值(仅列出最大一级)及试验循环次数如表10所示。
受试验条件限制,采用有限元法模拟台架试验工况。验证时,约束副车架与车身连接的前后4个位置的全部自由度,采用表10所示的加速谱驱动模型进行仿真计算,统计出表11所示的各失效危险点的损伤情况。其中,原始载荷时长为试验场耐久规范下各路况循环总时长。结果表明,编制的加速试验谱能够复现危险点处的损伤目标且具有较高的加速系数,副车架焊缝疲劳加速试验谱准确合理。
结合后副车架静力分析结果和连接点载荷,对后副车架进行焊缝疲劳寿命分析与失效主导载荷研究,提出了一种基于失效主导载荷的副车架焊缝疲劳试验加速谱编制方法。得出的主要结论如下:
1)将副车架单位载荷下静力分析得到的应力分布和连接点载荷进行线性叠加,运用结构应力法对副车架焊缝进行疲劳寿命分析。结果表明,副车架疲劳失效的部位主要发生在副车架纵梁和前横梁的连接处。
2)通过焊缝处主应力、时域相关性和损伤贡献量分析确定了后副车架危险点对应的失效主导载荷,实现了多轴载荷降维,可降低台架试验加载难度。
3)基于失效主导载荷,结合雨流计数和损伤等效原则,构建了副车架疲劳试验五级程序载荷谱及其循环次数,数值仿真验证了加速试验谱的有效性。本文提出的基于失效主导载荷的副车架疲劳试验加速谱编制方法可以推广应用于汽车底盘其他机械零部件结构的耐久性快速试验。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51705322)
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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.001
  • 接收时间:2023-11-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-22
  • 修回日期:2024-02-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705322)
国家自然科学基金项目(51705322)
作者信息
    1.上海理工大学 机械工程学院,上海 200093
    2.机械工业汽车机械零部件强度与可靠性评价重点实验室,上海 200093
    3.上海市新能源汽车可靠性评价专业技术服务平台,上海 200093
    4.北汽福田汽车股份有限公司时代领航卡车工厂,诸城 262200

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张东东,男,1986年生,山西晋城人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为新能源汽车(电驱动)NVH分析与控制、结构轻量化设计、电驱动系统大数据可靠性评价与设计;E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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