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Aiming at the problem that loop-end braided stents are prone to loop-end fracture during crimping, the key design parameters affecting the structural stability of loop-end braided stents were explored, and an improvement scheme was proposed.Numerical simulation of crimping for magnesium alloy loop-end braided stents was conducted using Abaqus analysis software. The results showed that increasing the braiding angle can effectively reduce the risk of loop-end fracture.Based on this finding, a variable pitch stent was designed, which features increasing the braiding angle at both ends to form sparse segments while maintaining the braiding angle in the middle of the stent. The influence of adjusting the length and braiding angle of the sparse segments on the mechanical response of the stent was evaluated.The research results showed that increasing the braiding angle and length of the sparse segments can effectively reduce the axial elongation and loop-end stress of the stent, but it will shorten the length of the middle dense segment, thereby reducing the radial force of the stent. Different from the flared expansion of the constant pitch open-end stent, the variable pitch stent presents a shape with large middle expansion and small end expansion after expansion.This study reveals the potential of variable pitch design in controlling loop-end fracture and provides a reference for the structural optimization of magnesium alloy braided stents.

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MUHETAER Kelimu, E-mail:
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针对环端编织支架在压握过程中容易发生环端断裂的问题,探索了影响环端编织支架结构稳定性的关键设计参数,并提出了相应的改进方案。采用Abaqus软件对镁合金环端编织支架进行压握数值模拟,结果表明,增大编织角度可以有效降低环端断裂风险。基于这一发现,设计了变螺距支架,其特点是在保持支架中间编织角度不变的前提下,增大两端的编织角度,形成稀疏段。通过调整稀疏段的长度和编织角度,评估其对支架机械响应的影响。研究结果显示,增大稀疏段编织角度和长度,可以有效降低支架的轴向伸长率和环端应力,但会缩短中间加密段的长度,从而降低支架的径向力;与恒螺距开放端支架的喇叭状扩张不同,变螺距支架扩张后呈现中间扩张大、两端扩张小的形态。本研究揭示了变螺距设计在控制环端断裂方面的潜力,并为镁合金编织支架的结构优化提供参考。

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木合塔尔·克力木,男,1964年生,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为血管支架结构设计、血流动力学分析等;E-mail:
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薛广明,男,1996年生,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为血管支架结构设计及降解分析;E-mail:

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薛广明,男,1996年生,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为血管支架结构设计及降解分析;E-mail:

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薛广明,男,1996年生,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为血管支架结构设计及降解分析;E-mail:

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Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials2022128:105123., articleTitle=Mixed-braided stent:An effective way to improve comprehensive mechanical properties of poly (L-lactic acid) self-expandable braided stent, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241451344968601605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, awardId=12362030, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(12362030), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241451345065070602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, awardId=12362030, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(12362030), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241451337913782928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241451337926365842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, companyId=1241451337913782928, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241451337934754453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, companyId=1241451337913782928, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=新疆大学 机械工程学院,乌鲁木齐 830047)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241451340459725632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structure diagram of the braided stent, figureFileSmall=GuW3ralpe7LRGzTybQApwg==, figureFileBig=I5C+Ow5cxa+EYfjqfyH6Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451340547806022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=图1, caption=编织支架结构示意图, figureFileSmall=GuW3ralpe7LRGzTybQApwg==, figureFileBig=I5C+Ow5cxa+EYfjqfyH6Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451340732355407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Assembly diagram of compression model, figureFileSmall=6YIAeEIbBQJV+oFX+JbJXg==, figureFileBig=56J4R7vWZOQ4YMGytjiG6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451340833018710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=图2, caption=压缩模型装配图, figureFileSmall=6YIAeEIbBQJV+oFX+JbJXg==, figureFileBig=56J4R7vWZOQ4YMGytjiG6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451342372328290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of different braiding parameters on the radial compression performance of the stents, figureFileSmall=ha+o72Bc0cY1keOyg67t7g==, figureFileBig=WsfcqVWBmIbUN8BLwoHi8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451342481380201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同编织参数对支架径向压缩性能的影响, figureFileSmall=ha+o72Bc0cY1keOyg67t7g==, figureFileBig=WsfcqVWBmIbUN8BLwoHi8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451342598820722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Structure diagram of the variable pitch stent, figureFileSmall=hRh9ld+Bl4muu4AbgHM16g==, figureFileBig=5+xREnJrzsAt/LGszJRrrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451342712066938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=图4, caption=变螺距支架结构示意图, figureFileSmall=hRh9ld+Bl4muu4AbgHM16g==, figureFileBig=5+xREnJrzsAt/LGszJRrrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451342842090377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Compression and expansion stress nephogram of stents, figureFileSmall=MrkCB7NNYgF7JaztmbJ5Nw==, figureFileBig=vrWDuwYuiqTYUrf/GaCysA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451342934365071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=图5, caption=支架压握扩张应力云图, figureFileSmall=MrkCB7NNYgF7JaztmbJ5Nw==, figureFileBig=vrWDuwYuiqTYUrf/GaCysA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343035028373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Maximum stress with the radial compression of stents, figureFileSmall=MhmKLotlE/AWV9Bw4i4xGA==, figureFileBig=3R42ae1V44h0KKlX+NBTaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343135691676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=图6, caption=支架径向压缩时的最大应力, figureFileSmall=MhmKLotlE/AWV9Bw4i4xGA==, figureFileBig=3R42ae1V44h0KKlX+NBTaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343257326498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Axial elongation rate of stents after radial compression, figureFileSmall=p9RZEgJ6N1yxWa6qoWrWKQ==, figureFileBig=TXHXtsSnvsg9qvH5i8n5ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343399932843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=图7, caption=支架径向压缩后的轴向伸长率, figureFileSmall=p9RZEgJ6N1yxWa6qoWrWKQ==, figureFileBig=TXHXtsSnvsg9qvH5i8n5ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343542539187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variation curves of diameter-radial support forces and radial stiffnesses of the stent, figureFileSmall=5Z1guPiCtGuzEwUrvhrTfQ==, figureFileBig=mVExqqEhd4GhJ2bf1swF9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343668368316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=图8, caption=支架的直径-径向支撑力变化曲线和径向刚度变化曲线, figureFileSmall=5Z1guPiCtGuzEwUrvhrTfQ==, figureFileBig=mVExqqEhd4GhJ2bf1swF9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343802586052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Radial resilience at the middle position of stents after stent expansion, figureFileSmall=obO7rNEDtc3nkuKbQYcxTA==, figureFileBig=6bsE+wpZSnWMFKFj4zdCZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343915832269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=图9, caption=支架扩张后中间位置的径向回弹率, figureFileSmall=obO7rNEDtc3nkuKbQYcxTA==, figureFileBig=6bsE+wpZSnWMFKFj4zdCZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451344033272790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Variation of the expansion non-uniformity rate for stents, figureFileSmall=MGZvctj9mDN7FjmDLscsnA==, figureFileBig=S2c2/EYACVVa/ja8mRpl5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451344138130393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=图10, caption=支架扩张不均匀率变化, figureFileSmall=MGZvctj9mDN7FjmDLscsnA==, figureFileBig=S2c2/EYACVVa/ja8mRpl5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451344238793693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Four groups of different structural parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Group
D0/mmnα/(°)d/mm
620,24,28,32300.18
62430,40,50,600.18
624300.16,0.18,0.2,0.22
6,7,8,924300.18
), ArticleFig(id=1241451344381400036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4组不同的结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Group
D0/mmnα/(°)d/mm
620,24,28,32300.18
62430,40,50,600.18
624300.16,0.18,0.2,0.22
6,7,8,924300.18
), ArticleFig(id=1241451344528200681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Structural parameters of the variable pitch stent

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
端部
End
加密段编织角
Braiding angle of the encryption segment αM/(°)
稀疏段编织角
Braiding angle of the sparse segment
αE/(°)
稀疏段长度
Length of the sparse segment
开放端Open end30300
环端Loop end3050La,2La,3La
环端Loop end3055La,2La,3La
环端Loop end3060La,2La,3La
), ArticleFig(id=1241451344645641200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408879725171156, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变螺距支架结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
端部
End
加密段编织角
Braiding angle of the encryption segment αM/(°)
稀疏段编织角
Braiding angle of the sparse segment
αE/(°)
稀疏段长度
Length of the sparse segment
开放端Open end30300
环端Loop end3050La,2La,3La
环端Loop end3055La,2La,3La
环端Loop end3060La,2La,3La
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血管支架防环端断裂的变螺距结构优化设计
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薛广明 , 木合塔尔·克力木 , 李洪
机械强度 | 优化·可靠性 2025,47(8): 141-148
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机械强度 | 优化·可靠性 2025, 47(8): 141-148
血管支架防环端断裂的变螺距结构优化设计
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薛广明 , 木合塔尔·克力木 , 李洪
作者信息
  • 新疆大学 机械工程学院,乌鲁木齐 830047
  • 薛广明,男,1996年生,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为血管支架结构设计及降解分析;E-mail:

通讯作者:

木合塔尔·克力木,男,1964年生,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为血管支架结构设计、血流动力学分析等;E-mail:
Optimal design of variable pitch structure in vascular stents to prevent loop-end fracture
Guangming XUE , MUHETAER Kelimu , Hong LI
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.017
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针对环端编织支架在压握过程中容易发生环端断裂的问题,探索了影响环端编织支架结构稳定性的关键设计参数,并提出了相应的改进方案。采用Abaqus软件对镁合金环端编织支架进行压握数值模拟,结果表明,增大编织角度可以有效降低环端断裂风险。基于这一发现,设计了变螺距支架,其特点是在保持支架中间编织角度不变的前提下,增大两端的编织角度,形成稀疏段。通过调整稀疏段的长度和编织角度,评估其对支架机械响应的影响。研究结果显示,增大稀疏段编织角度和长度,可以有效降低支架的轴向伸长率和环端应力,但会缩短中间加密段的长度,从而降低支架的径向力;与恒螺距开放端支架的喇叭状扩张不同,变螺距支架扩张后呈现中间扩张大、两端扩张小的形态。本研究揭示了变螺距设计在控制环端断裂方面的潜力,并为镁合金编织支架的结构优化提供参考。

有限元分析  /  编织支架  /  镁合金  /  环端设计  /  变螺距设计

Aiming at the problem that loop-end braided stents are prone to loop-end fracture during crimping, the key design parameters affecting the structural stability of loop-end braided stents were explored, and an improvement scheme was proposed.Numerical simulation of crimping for magnesium alloy loop-end braided stents was conducted using Abaqus analysis software. The results showed that increasing the braiding angle can effectively reduce the risk of loop-end fracture.Based on this finding, a variable pitch stent was designed, which features increasing the braiding angle at both ends to form sparse segments while maintaining the braiding angle in the middle of the stent. The influence of adjusting the length and braiding angle of the sparse segments on the mechanical response of the stent was evaluated.The research results showed that increasing the braiding angle and length of the sparse segments can effectively reduce the axial elongation and loop-end stress of the stent, but it will shorten the length of the middle dense segment, thereby reducing the radial force of the stent. Different from the flared expansion of the constant pitch open-end stent, the variable pitch stent presents a shape with large middle expansion and small end expansion after expansion.This study reveals the potential of variable pitch design in controlling loop-end fracture and provides a reference for the structural optimization of magnesium alloy braided stents.

Finite element analysis  /  Braided stent  /  Magnesium alloy  /  Loop-end design  /  Variable pitch design
薛广明, 木合塔尔·克力木, 李洪. 血管支架防环端断裂的变螺距结构优化设计. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (8) : 141 -148 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.017
Guangming XUE, MUHETAER Kelimu, Hong LI. Optimal design of variable pitch structure in vascular stents to prevent loop-end fracture[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (8) : 141 -148 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.017
血管支架已成为治疗心脏病和其他血管疾病的主要医疗设备,这些支架通常被植入病变部位,为狭窄或堵塞的血管提供支撑,从而恢复其正常功能[1-3]。随着生物医学材料的发展,生物可吸收镁合金支架因其优越的生物相容性、生物降解性和力学性能而备受关注。但固有的机械特性导致其结构和设计面临诸多挑战[4]
编织支架由多根可以彼此自由滑动和旋转交错的纱线制成,这使得支架加工相对简单[5],具有良好的柔顺性[6],更易于部署到复杂或者高度弯曲的血管部位。在有关文献中已广泛使用数值分析方法来分析编织支架的生物力学行为。在这些研究中,纱线直径、纱线数量和编织角度等编织参数已证明是影响编织支架机械性能的关键因素[7-9]
此外,由于开放端(纱线末端未相互连接)支架端部可能刺入血管内膜产生支架内再狭窄等症状,所以研究人员也关注于支架端部的设计。为降低组织创伤的风险并防止支架移位,研究人员开始使用环形端部(一端导线通过激光熔融技术黏合)替代传统的开放式端部。环端设计可以显著增加支架的径向力[10],且纱线末端的约束增加了编织支架的刚度和结构稳定性[11]。然而,环端支架在受到径向压缩时,其环端表现出较强的应力集中现象[12],这可能导致支架在压入导管进行部署时发生断裂,该区域也是影响支架疲劳寿命的关键[13]。另外,环端过高的径向支撑力导致与之接触的植入部位也面临应力集中的问题[14]
因此,若未合理设计支架的结构,则有可能引发支架内再狭窄。NI等[15]提出了变螺距支架设计,即支架左、右两侧的节距增加50%~100%,降低支架在腔内健康区域的径向刚度,减少轴向伸长,而不降低病变区域的径向刚度。值得注意的是,学者们对基于镍钛合金或不锈钢材料编织成的支架进行了广泛关注,而对于采用可降解金属材料编织支架的研究相对较少。同时,尚需进一步探究编织参数如何影响环端支架的断裂风险,并探索优化这一问题的可能方法。
鉴于环端编织支架在压握过程中的环端断裂问题,本文采用数值模拟技术,通过对镁合金环端编织支架进行压握分析,探索影响支架结构稳定性的关键设计参数。基于研究结果,通过修改结构参数,评估镁合金环端编织支架在不同结构参数下的机械响应,从而增强其在力学环境下的稳定性,减小环端断裂的风险。
ALPYILDIZ[16]构建了编织结构参数的相关数学表达式,管状支架几何模型的建立是基于以上研究展开的。编织结构纱线的空间螺旋缠绕轨迹的参数方程可表示为
式中,r0为支架的标称半径;纱线逆时针缠绕时,,顺时针缠绕时,d为纱线截面的直径;θ为缠绕角,逆时针时为θ,顺时针时为-θ,设置θ的大小即可实现支架长度的调整;n为支架的纱线数量;α为编织角(与水平轴的恒定螺旋角)。
将编织结构参数方程[式(1)]输入三维建模软件N×12中,对其进行参数化建模,通过修改特定的参数得到不同结构的编织支架。之后对支架两端进行连接使其形成环端,图1所示为支架的结构参数示意图。支架由24根纱线编织而成,轴向长度L0=23 mm ± 0.3 mm。为了研究编织支架的几何参数变化对其环端变形的影响,设计4组编织参数不同的支架进行分析,纱线数量n、编织角α、纱线直径d和支架外径(标称直径)D0的变化如表1所示。
为了尽可能地模拟实际的径向压握过程,通过同时移动多个压握片来施加均匀的压力。为使支架与压握装置接触良好,单元片为圆心角为30°的圆弧薄片,并沿圆周阵列12片,这些压握片在圆周方向上均匀分布。
支架材料为镁合金AZ31,其弹性模量为43 GPa;泊松比为0.3;屈服极限为187 MPa;强度极限为290 MPa。由于纱线的截面尺寸远小于纱线长度,为简化支架模型,使用B31梁单元对编织支架进行网格划分。为了在计算结果的精度和计算成本之间取得平衡,进行网格独立性研究,所有支架模型均使用平均尺寸为0.08 mm的梁单元。为了防止压缩扩张过程中纱线的相对滑移运动,本研究摩擦因数选择为0.2[17]
压握片在模拟径向压缩支架的过程中,与支架相比几乎不发生变形且只发生整体平动,因此将其视为刚体。单元片网格单元的类型为四节点三维四边形双线性刚体单元(R3D4),整体单元尺寸为0.04 mm。
本研究采用Abaqus软件的Explicit求解器进行准静态模拟,每个支架的动能保持在内能的5%以下,以避免因惯性力所引起的计算误差。
将建立好的支架与压握片模型进行装配,最终装配模型如图2(a)所示。在每个压握片的形心位置设置参考点,并将参考点与压握片设置为刚性约束。通过对这些参考点进行约束来控制整个压缩机模型的运动。分析过程中采用通用接触,当纱线相互接触时就会检测到接触状态。采用硬接触确保了接触表面没有穿透,并设置支架和压握机之间的摩擦为0。
在支架中心轴位置建立柱坐标系,将Z轴设置为支架的轴向方向,以便施加边界条件,如图2(b)所示。在定义的柱坐标系下,使用平滑的模拟时间,对压缩机模型施加径向位移,同时限制其周向和轴向位移,支架通过对卷曲机模型施加指定的位移边界条件而发生变形,使支架从初始直径到卷曲直径2 mm,之后撤去压缩薄板,支架发生自扩张。在这个过程中,选取支架模型中间部位的1个节点进行周向和轴向限制,以避免支架发生刚体运动。
从施加径向位移的反作用力中推导出径向力,为了方便比较不同尺寸支架的径向性能,对测量的径向力进行长度归一化处理,支架的径向力用每单元长度的径向力表示,为
式中,FR为径向接触力Fi的标量之和;L为支架变形过程中的瞬时长度。径向刚度是指血管支架抵抗外部压缩力,保持原有形状的能力,由支架直径-径向力曲线初始线性部分的斜率得到。
由于支架材料的弹塑性特性,当支架从压缩状态释放到血管中时,其材料会尝试回到原来的形状。然而,由于金属纱线的弹塑性变形和细丝之间的摩擦,编织支架在扩张后不会恢复到原来的外径,这可以定义为径向回弹。通常,可以根据公式计算出轴向伸长率EA和径向回弹率RR,分别为
式中,L0L1分别为压握前、后支架的长度;D0D1分别为测试前、后支架中间位置的支架外径。
在对环端支架进行压握时发现,支架两端由于过度变形而产生应力集中现象。这种应力集中现象导致支架在最大应力点超过其强度极限,从而发生断裂。
最小压缩直径的大小是评估支架可植入性的重要指标,它决定了支架能以多小的直径通过病变血管。对于环端编织支架,该直径是指支架在未发生环端断裂情况下所能达到的最小直径。此外,本研究还通过将所有支架压缩至4 mm直径,评估在未断裂状态下,编织参数对支架环端应力的影响。
图3可知,纱线数量的增加对支架的最小压缩直径和环端应力的影响有限,这表明在维持相同环端应力水平的前提下可以调整纱线数量以满足其他设计要求。相比之下,编织角在调节支架环端应力和降低断裂风险方面起着关键作用。随着编织角从30°增加到60°,支架在4 mm直径时的环端应力下降了110.4 MPa,这表明较大的编织角度能够有效降低在给定压缩直径下的环端应力水平。特别地,在编织角度为30°时,支架的环端应力急剧上升至强度极限,导致支架断裂。然而,当编织角度超过50°时,即使将支架直径压缩至2 mm,仍能保持其完整性而不发生断裂。这强调了通过增大编织角度有助于优化支架的可植入性并降低环端断裂的可能性。随着丝径的增加,同一压缩直径下的环端应力呈现出增大趋势,导致最小压缩直径略有上升。这一趋势说明,在设计支架时,选择较大丝径将导致更高的环端应力,这可能对支架的最小压缩直径产生负面影响。此外,适当增加标称直径有利于降低支架的环端应力,从而减小最小压缩直径。
考虑到环端编织支架在压握加载下的应力集中现象,结合对编织参数与最小压缩直径关系的量化研究,本文提出一套针对血管支架环端应力的结构优化策略。
当支架的最小压缩直径不足以达到部署所需的最小直径时,可通过使用更大的编织角或者更大的纱线直径来解决。然而,对于直径过大的支架,若血管较细,可能会导致血管损伤或支架不能正确展开。调整编织角度,可以有效地减少环端的应力集中现象。因此,在结构优化方面,调整编织角度而非标称直径,通常是更优的选择。
良好的支架结构应该具备足够的径向支撑力来支持血管狭窄段,同时保持良好的柔顺性以适应弯曲的血管。在这个背景下,由于支架较低的编织角可以为支架提供较大的径向支撑力和较低的弯曲刚度[18],所以,在优化支架结构设计时,应保持支架中间位置较小的编织角。综合上述考虑,提出以下优化方案:对支架进行变螺距设计,即在支架的中间部分保持较小的编织角度,在支架的两端采用较大的编织角度,以形成中间密、两端稀疏的结构布局。变螺距环端支架结构示意如图4所示。这样的设计预期可以在不牺牲支架中间部分的径向刚度的同时,提升环端的稳定性,从而有可能降低环端断裂的风险。
以恒螺距开放端为对照组,设置支架纱线数量为24,标称直径D0=6 mm,长度L=23 mm ± 0.3 mm,纱线直径d=0.18 mm。构建了3种不同变螺距血管支架,其结构参数如表2所示。通过对比恒螺距开放端编织支架,评估变螺距支架稀疏段编织角度和长度对支架力学性能的影响。
每个编织角度下又细分为3个变异模型,以不同的稀疏段长度来区分。中间加密段的初始编织角均为30°,而一端的稀疏段长度根据相应编织角度设定的螺距比例决定。具体而言,设定基准长度单位La为对应大编织角螺距的1/24。在每个角度组中,3个支架的端部稀疏段长度分别配置为La,2La,3La。本研究采用特定的命名法来定义支架,其中,O代表开放端支架,L代表环端支架,每个模型都被标记为“端部结构-两端编织角-稀疏段长度”。例如,环端支架稀疏段编织角αE=60ο,长度为2La,则该支架则被定义为“L-60-2La”。
变螺距支架压握和扩张的相互作用和边界条件与第2节一致。
图5所示,恒螺距开放端支架和变螺距支架在压握扩张过程中各阶段的变形和应力分布表现出明显的差异。具体来说,尽管2种支架的环向应力分布相对均匀,但恒螺距开放端支架的两端采用开放式设计,在压缩过程中几乎未发生变形,导致这两端的纱线应力较低,支架的最大应力主要由中间位置纱线的相互作用和变形引起。相比之下,变螺距支架的环端因变形显著而产生应力集中现象,最大应力位于这些环端。此外,变螺距支架在压缩过程中其环端呈现出明显的收拢现象。
支架的中间部分由于纱线相互交叉承受较大的应力,发生塑性变形。这使得在支架自扩张完成后,直径不能完全恢复到原始状态。恒螺距开放端支架的两端在压握时受力较小,回弹较中间部位更明显,形成了两边大、中间小的喇叭状扩张不均匀现象。而变螺距支架则相反,由于支架环端的变形更严重,在扩张过程中的径向回弹更加困难,使得扩张后两环端的直径小于中间部位,出现中间大、两端小的梭形扩张不均匀现象。
图6所示为恒螺距开放端支架和变螺距支架在压握结束后的最大应力对比。与普通环端支架相比,2种设计支架均未超过其强度极限,显示出良好的结构稳定性。特别地,尽管变螺距支架的环端纱线连接处出现了应力集中现象,但是通过增加稀疏段的编织角度和长度能有效缓解这一现象。当编织角度从30°增加到60°时,环端应力在所有稀疏段长度的变螺距支架中均显著下降。此外,稀疏段长度的增加进一步降低了变螺距支架的环端应力,但对于降低环端应力的效果有一定限度。当编织角度为50°时,随着稀疏段长度的增加,支架最大应力的下降幅度逐渐降低。当稀疏段编织角为55°和60°时,增加变螺距支架的稀疏段长度,支架的最大应力先降低后趋于稳定。变螺距设计导致支架在压缩过程中环端连接处纱线的变形始终大于中间加密段纱线的变形,致使支架在压缩后仍然会出现应力集中现象,从而使得变螺距支架的最大应力普遍高于恒螺距开放端支架。然而,在变螺距支架的稀疏段编织角为60°且长度为2La和3La的情况下,其最大应力与恒螺距开放端支架仅相差约7 MPa。
根据式(3),图7所示为在径向压握模拟过程中支架的轴向伸长率。随着支架稀疏段编织角的增大或稀疏段长度的增加,变螺距支架的轴向伸长率逐渐降低。与恒螺距开放端支架相比,变螺距支架展现出更低的轴向伸长率。
图8(a)~图8(c)所示为变螺距支架径向力的变化特性。对比发现,变螺距支架的径向支撑力趋势与恒螺距开放端支架相似。变螺距环端支架的径向支撑力与其稀疏段编织角的大小和长度均密切相关。随着稀疏段长度的增加,变螺距支架的径向支撑力逐渐减小,甚至低于恒螺距开放端支架。图8(d)所示为变螺距支架的径向刚度变化曲线。当稀疏段长度较短时,变螺距支架的径向刚度超过恒螺距开放端支架。这表明,环端设计提高了支架的径向力。然而,随着稀疏段长度和编织角的增加,支架中间加密段的长度相应减小,导致变螺距支架的径向刚度降低,最终低于恒螺距开放端支架。上述结果表明,虽然变螺距设计改变了支架的径向支撑力,但变螺距支架的径向力主要依赖于中间加密段的支撑。
图9所示为根据式(4)绘制的变螺距支架的径向回弹率随稀疏段编织角度和长度的变化曲线。随着稀疏段编织角的增大或者稀疏段长度的增大,支架的径向回弹率均增加。此外,变螺距支架的径向回弹率均低于恒螺距开放端支架,但其差异并不大,L-50-3La变螺距支架的径向回弹率与恒螺距开放端支架仅相差3.91%。
图5中观察到变螺距支架均表现出扩张不均匀现象,本研究通过扩张不均匀率来量化支架在扩张过程中的扩张不均匀性,计算式为
式中,DendDCentral分别为在扩张过程中,某一时刻支架端部的直径和对应时刻支架中心的直径。
图10所示为变螺距支架扩张不均匀率随稀疏段编织角度和长度变化的规律。随着稀疏段编织角度的增大和稀疏段长度的增加,变螺距支架的轴向不均匀率整体呈现降低趋势。这一变化表明,变螺距支架的设计对扩张特性有显著影响。具体来看,变螺距支架中间位置较大的径向回弹可以对血管狭窄段施加较大的扩张,而两端较小的回弹导致支架健康段的刺激较小。这种特性可能对于病变血管的恢复是有利的,但需要对其进一步研究。
基于有限元法,对镁合金环端编织支架进行参数化研究,特别是关于编织参数对支架断裂的影响。本研究通过增大两端编织角度对支架进行变螺距设计,证明了变螺距设计的可行性。得到主要结论如下:
1)对于镁合金环端编织支架,编织角度是影响环端断裂的最大因素,编织角度越大,支架越不容易发生断裂。其次是标称直径,标称直径越大,支架的最小压缩直径越小,环端应力越小。减小支架的纱线直径也可增大支架的最小压缩直径,但影响较小。而纱线数量对支架的最小压缩直径影响有限。
2)变螺距设计可以有效缓解支架的环端应力,且随着支架稀疏段编织角度的增大而降低,但是增大稀疏段长度并不能使得支架的应力持续降低,而是先降低后趋于稳定。
3) 增大稀疏段编织角度和长度,可以降低支架的轴向伸长率,但同时导致中间加密段长度减小,进而降低了支架的径向力。
4) 与恒螺距开放端支架两边大、中间小的喇叭状扩张不同,变螺距环端支架在扩张后形成了中间大、两端小的变形。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12362030)
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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.017
  • 接收时间:2024-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-15
  • 修回日期:2024-03-01
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(12362030)
国家自然科学基金项目(12362030)
作者信息
    新疆大学 机械工程学院,乌鲁木齐 830047

通讯作者:

木合塔尔·克力木,男,1964年生,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为血管支架结构设计、血流动力学分析等;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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