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Aiming at optimizing the gear surface modification process, the influence of ion nitrogen implantation on the bending fatigue strength of carburized and quenched gears was studied.Using low-carbon alloy steel 18CrNiMo7-6 carburized and quenched gears as the matrix, nitrogen ion implantation treatment was carried out through a radio-frequency plasma-assisted ion implantation system. The root metallography, hardness gradient, residual stress distribution, and bending fatigue properties of ion-implanted gears and unimplanted gears were systematically compared. The results show that the ion nitrogen implantation process increases the root hardness from 695 HV0.1 to 780 HV0.1, an increase of 12.2%; the hardened layer depth decreases from 1.50 mm to 1.41 mm, a reduction of 6.0%; and the surface residual stress decreases from -400 MPa to -286 MPa, a reduction of 28.5%. Based on the R-S-N equation fitted by bending fatigue tests, under 99% reliability, the fatigue life of ion-implanted gears is only 12.3%-19.3% of that of the control gears, with the failure mode dominated by brittle fracture and accelerated crack propagation rate. The study indicates that although ion nitrogen implantation can delay crack initiation through surface strengthening, the excessively shallow hardened layer and reduced residual stress lead to insufficient crack propagation resistance, ultimately weakening the bending fatigue life of gears.

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GUAN Rongxin, E-mail:
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为了优化齿轮表面改性工艺,研究了离子注入氮工艺对渗碳淬火齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的影响。以低碳合金钢18CrNiMo7-6渗碳淬火齿轮为基体,通过射频等离子体辅助离子注入系统进行氮离子注入处理,系统对比了离子注入齿轮与未注入齿轮的齿根金相组织、硬度梯度、残余应力分布及弯曲疲劳性能。结果表明,离子注入氮工艺使得齿根硬度由695 HV0.1提升至780 HV0.1,增幅12.2%;硬化层深度由1.50 mm减少到1.41 mm,降低了6.0%;表面残余应力由-400 MPa减小到-286 MPa,降低了28.5%。基于弯曲疲劳试验拟合的R-S-N方程,在99%可靠度下,离子注入齿轮的疲劳寿命仅为对照齿轮的12.3%~19.3%,且失效模式以脆性断裂为主,裂纹扩展速率加快。研究表明,离子注入氮虽可通过表面强化延缓裂纹萌生,但过浅的硬化层与残余应力降低导致裂纹扩展抗力不足,最终削弱齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命。

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关荣鑫,男,1984年生,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为齿轮抗疲劳技术;E-mail:
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张伟,男,1984年生,河南浚县人,硕士,讲师;主要研究方向为机械传动技术;E-mail:

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14230—2021[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2021:7-13., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241451361057952142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=7, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=29, authorNames=National Technical Committee of Gear Standardization, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Technical Committee of Gear Standardization.Test method of tooth bending strength for gear load capacity:GB/T 14230—2021[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2021:7-13.(In Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241451361125061009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=11, pageEnd=35, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=30, authorNames=全国齿轮标准化技术委员会, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=全国齿轮标准化技术委员会.直齿轮和斜齿轮承载能力计算 第3部分:轮齿弯曲强度计算:GB/T 3480.3—2021[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2021:11-35., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241451361192169873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=11, pageEnd=35, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=31, authorNames=National Technical Committee of Gear Standardization, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Technical Committee of Gear Standardization.Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears:Part 3:Calculation of tooth bending strength:GB/T 3480.3—2021[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2021:11-35.(In Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241451361276055954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=47, issue=11, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=32, authorNames=吴鲁纪, 杨世豪, 杨林杰, journalName=机械传动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴鲁纪,杨世豪,杨林杰,等.硬齿面齿轮齿根裂纹扩展特性与剩余寿命研究[J].机械传动202347(11):1-8., articleTitle=硬齿面齿轮齿根裂纹扩展特性与剩余寿命研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241451361330581907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=47, issue=11, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=33, authorNames=WU Luji, YANG Shihao, YANG Linjie, journalName=Journal of Mechanical Transmission, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU LujiYANG ShihaoYANG Linjie,et al.Study on the root crack propagation characteristics and residual life of case-hardened gears[J].Journal of Mechanical Transmission202347(11):1-8.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the root crack propagation characteristics and residual life of case-hardened 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figureFileBig=Ye0sxXsRqIgn3U61lRgQDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451351490744510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Comparison of gear fatigue limits under 99% reliability, figureFileSmall=8AvKHyMvGUcxnYLY1+u5rw==, figureFileBig=Q5EC+OwNNpGbgC5c8sLGBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451351616573637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=图12, caption=99%可靠度下齿轮疲劳极限比较, figureFileSmall=8AvKHyMvGUcxnYLY1+u5rw==, figureFileBig=Q5EC+OwNNpGbgC5c8sLGBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451351729819848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Major alloy composition of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel

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化学元素
Chemical element
CNiCrMoMnSi
标准值
Standard value
0.15~0.211.40~1.701.50~1.800.25~0.350.50~0.90≤0.40
实测值
Measured value
0.161.581.570.300.760.31
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18CrNiMo7-6 钢主要合金成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学元素
Chemical element
CNiCrMoMnSi
标准值
Standard value
0.15~0.211.40~1.701.50~1.800.25~0.350.50~0.90≤0.40
实测值
Measured value
0.161.581.570.300.760.31
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Gear parameters

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参数Parameter值Value
齿数Number of teeth z32
模数Module m/mm5
压力角Pressure angle α/(°)20
螺旋角Helix angle β/(°)0
齿宽Tooth width b/mm20
变位系数Modification coefficient x0
齿顶圆直径Tip diameter da/mm170
精度等级Accuracy class6级(GB/T 10095.1—2022)
), ArticleFig(id=1241451352082141398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

齿轮参数

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参数Parameter值Value
齿数Number of teeth z32
模数Module m/mm5
压力角Pressure angle α/(°)20
螺旋角Helix angle β/(°)0
齿宽Tooth width b/mm20
变位系数Modification coefficient x0
齿顶圆直径Tip diameter da/mm170
精度等级Accuracy class6级(GB/T 10095.1—2022)
), ArticleFig(id=1241451352182804699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Metallographic structure grades of comparison gear

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检测项目
Test items
技术要求(级别)
Technical requirements (grades)
对照齿轮
Comparison gear
WQH13WQH14
马氏体
Martensite
1~432
残留奥氏体
Retained austenite
1~442
碳化物Carbide1~444
), ArticleFig(id=1241451352308633825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

对照齿轮金相组织等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目
Test items
技术要求(级别)
Technical requirements (grades)
对照齿轮
Comparison gear
WQH13WQH14
马氏体
Martensite
1~432
残留奥氏体
Retained austenite
1~442
碳化物Carbide1~444
), ArticleFig(id=1241451352493183206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Metallographic structure grades of ion-implanted gear

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检测项目
Test items
技术要求(级别)
Technical requirements (grades)
对照齿轮
Comparison gear
QH03QH06
马氏体
Martensite
1~421
残留奥氏体
Retained austenite
1~412
碳化物
Carbide
1~444
), ArticleFig(id=1241451352589652200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

离子注入齿轮金相组织等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目
Test items
技术要求(级别)
Technical requirements (grades)
对照齿轮
Comparison gear
QH03QH06
马氏体
Martensite
1~421
残留奥氏体
Retained austenite
1~412
碳化物
Carbide
1~444
), ArticleFig(id=1241451352669343982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Bending stress coefficient values of gear

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参数
Parameter
YFEYSEYβYBYSTYδrelTYRrelTYX
值Value3.1091.5701.01.02.00.9980.9881
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齿轮弯曲应力系数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
YFEYSEYβYBYSTYδrelTYRrelTYX
值Value3.1091.5701.01.02.00.9980.9881
), ArticleFig(id=1241451352811950326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Root bending fatigue stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
施加载荷
Applied load/kN
/MPaσF/MPa
38.0735.9715.3
39.0755.3734.6
40.5784.3763.5
43.0832.7811.9
48.0929.6909.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353013276923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

齿根弯曲疲劳应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
施加载荷
Applied load/kN
/MPaσF/MPa
38.0735.9715.3
39.0755.3734.6
40.5784.3763.5
43.0832.7811.9
48.0929.6909.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353109745922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Test gear bending fatigue datas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.齿轮编号
Gear number
弯曲应力
Bending stress/MPa
疲劳寿命
Fatigue life
损伤情况
Damage condition
1WQH-15715.31 109 894裂纹Crack
2WQH-15715.3106 435裂纹Crack
3WQH-15734.668 121裂纹Crack
4WQH-15763.553 090裂纹Crack
5WQH-15811.945 757裂纹Crack
6WQH-15909.116 621断齿Fracture
7WQH-15909.117 301断齿Fracture
8WQH-12715.3347 531裂纹Crack
9WQH-12734.677 221裂纹Crack
1
0
WQH-12734.685 462裂纹Crack
11WQH-12763.544 678裂纹Crack
12WQH-12763.575 364裂纹Crack
13WQH-12811.921 101裂纹Crack
14WQH-12811.930 113断齿Fracture
15WQH-12909.117 276断齿Fracture
16WQH-13909.112 239断齿Fracture
17WQH-13811.929 152断齿Fracture
18WQH-13763.5103 881裂纹Crack
19WQH-13734.6133 954裂纹Crack
20WQH-13909.14 4307裂纹Crack
21WQH-13811.935 085断齿Fracture
22WQH-13763.538 281断齿Fracture
23WQH-13734.676 199断齿Fracture
24WQH-14909.118 215断齿Fracture
25WQH-14715.3107 883断齿Fracture
26WQH-14715.373 303断齿Fracture
27WQH-11715.33 000 000越出Exceed
28WQH-14715.33 000 000越出Exceed
29WQH-14715.33 000 000越出Exceed
30QH-03909.129 435断齿Fracture
31QH-03811.911 078裂纹Crack
32QH-03763.532 791裂纹Crack
33QH-03734.669 233裂纹Crack
34QH-03909.119 840裂纹Crack
35QH-03811.929 196断齿Fracture
36QH-03763.585 271断齿Fracture
37QH-03734.687 689断齿Fracture
38QH-09715.3124 138断齿Fracture
39QH-09909.15 334断齿Fracture
40QH-09811.919 612断齿Fracture
41QH-09763.516 994断齿Fracture
42QH-09734.649 544断齿Fracture
43QH-09909.113 732断齿Fracture
44QH-09811.918 321断齿Fracture
45QH-09763.534 022断齿Fracture
46QH-07909.16 881断齿Fracture
47QH-07811.98 629断齿Fracture
48QH-07763.59 726断齿Fracture
49QH-07734.632 859断齿Fracture
50QH-07734.645 353断齿Fracture
51QH-07715.359 702断齿Fracture
52QH-07763.519 949断齿Fracture
53QH-07909.15 538断齿Fracture
54QH-10909.111 774断齿Fracture
55QH-10811.913 252断齿Fracture
56QH-10763.522 377断齿Fracture
57QH-10734.642 257断齿Fracture
58QH-10715.354 807断齿Fracture
59QH-10715.3108 977断齿Fracture
60QH-10715.3194 415断齿Fracture
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353227186436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

试验齿轮弯曲疲劳数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.齿轮编号
Gear number
弯曲应力
Bending stress/MPa
疲劳寿命
Fatigue life
损伤情况
Damage condition
1WQH-15715.31 109 894裂纹Crack
2WQH-15715.3106 435裂纹Crack
3WQH-15734.668 121裂纹Crack
4WQH-15763.553 090裂纹Crack
5WQH-15811.945 757裂纹Crack
6WQH-15909.116 621断齿Fracture
7WQH-15909.117 301断齿Fracture
8WQH-12715.3347 531裂纹Crack
9WQH-12734.677 221裂纹Crack
1
0
WQH-12734.685 462裂纹Crack
11WQH-12763.544 678裂纹Crack
12WQH-12763.575 364裂纹Crack
13WQH-12811.921 101裂纹Crack
14WQH-12811.930 113断齿Fracture
15WQH-12909.117 276断齿Fracture
16WQH-13909.112 239断齿Fracture
17WQH-13811.929 152断齿Fracture
18WQH-13763.5103 881裂纹Crack
19WQH-13734.6133 954裂纹Crack
20WQH-13909.14 4307裂纹Crack
21WQH-13811.935 085断齿Fracture
22WQH-13763.538 281断齿Fracture
23WQH-13734.676 199断齿Fracture
24WQH-14909.118 215断齿Fracture
25WQH-14715.3107 883断齿Fracture
26WQH-14715.373 303断齿Fracture
27WQH-11715.33 000 000越出Exceed
28WQH-14715.33 000 000越出Exceed
29WQH-14715.33 000 000越出Exceed
30QH-03909.129 435断齿Fracture
31QH-03811.911 078裂纹Crack
32QH-03763.532 791裂纹Crack
33QH-03734.669 233裂纹Crack
34QH-03909.119 840裂纹Crack
35QH-03811.929 196断齿Fracture
36QH-03763.585 271断齿Fracture
37QH-03734.687 689断齿Fracture
38QH-09715.3124 138断齿Fracture
39QH-09909.15 334断齿Fracture
40QH-09811.919 612断齿Fracture
41QH-09763.516 994断齿Fracture
42QH-09734.649 544断齿Fracture
43QH-09909.113 732断齿Fracture
44QH-09811.918 321断齿Fracture
45QH-09763.534 022断齿Fracture
46QH-07909.16 881断齿Fracture
47QH-07811.98 629断齿Fracture
48QH-07763.59 726断齿Fracture
49QH-07734.632 859断齿Fracture
50QH-07734.645 353断齿Fracture
51QH-07715.359 702断齿Fracture
52QH-07763.519 949断齿Fracture
53QH-07909.15 538断齿Fracture
54QH-10909.111 774断齿Fracture
55QH-10811.913 252断齿Fracture
56QH-10763.522 377断齿Fracture
57QH-10734.642 257断齿Fracture
58QH-10715.354 807断齿Fracture
59QH-10715.3108 977断齿Fracture
60QH-10715.3194 415断齿Fracture
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353378181384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Constant term and linear correlation table of the fitting formula (comparison gear)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系数
Coefficient
应力级Stress level
正态分布
Normal distribution
B7.981 3×10-63.770 5×10-56.730 5×10-59.480 7×10-54.126 3×10-4
A-4.011 7-4.230 2-4.284 5-4.080 7-7.277 4
rc0.985 70.982 60.993 80.990 60.981 1
对数正态分布
Lognormal distribution
B4.115 34.331 34.229 33.994 27.458 7
A-53.951 4-50.294 9-46.712 4-42.545 4-72.889 8
rc0.994 80.990 40.993 90.989 00.988 6
两参数威布尔分布
Two-parameter Weibull distribution
B4.827 15.071 65.037 04.785 98.736 0
A-63.773 7-59.382 2-56.123 5-51.468 9-85.862 1
rc0.975 70.969 70.989 80.990 90.968 2
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353470456075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

拟合公式的常数项和线性相关系数表(对照齿轮)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系数
Coefficient
应力级Stress level
正态分布
Normal distribution
B7.981 3×10-63.770 5×10-56.730 5×10-59.480 7×10-54.126 3×10-4
A-4.011 7-4.230 2-4.284 5-4.080 7-7.277 4
rc0.985 70.982 60.993 80.990 60.981 1
对数正态分布
Lognormal distribution
B4.115 34.331 34.229 33.994 27.458 7
A-53.951 4-50.294 9-46.712 4-42.545 4-72.889 8
rc0.994 80.990 40.993 90.989 00.988 6
两参数威布尔分布
Two-parameter Weibull distribution
B4.827 15.071 65.037 04.785 98.736 0
A-63.773 7-59.382 2-56.123 5-51.468 9-85.862 1
rc0.975 70.969 70.989 80.990 90.968 2
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353621451023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Constant term and linear correlation table of the fitting formula (ion-implanted gear)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系数
Coefficient
应力级Stress level
正态
分布Normal distribution
B2.142 3×10-54.163 7×10-59.177 9×10-51.146 7×10-49.477 6×10-5
A-2.249 5-2.268 8-2.078 2-1.912 9-1.252 9
rc0.949 30.955 10.974 90.966 10.940 2
对数正态分布
Lognormal distribution
B1.904 02.436 51.836 41.991 51.324 9
A-21.880 8-26.440 7-18.263 8-19.200 8-12.326 0
rc0.925 90.980 50.965 80.992 00.974 3
两参数威布尔分布
Two-parameter Weibull distribution
B2.334 42.854 82.249 12.359 01.548 9
A-27.327 5-31.480 5-22.868 5-23.244 5-14.918 3
rc0.944 20.955 60.983 80.977 30.943 3
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353717920020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

拟合公式的常数项和线性相关系数表(离子注入齿轮)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系数
Coefficient
应力级Stress level
正态
分布Normal distribution
B2.142 3×10-54.163 7×10-59.177 9×10-51.146 7×10-49.477 6×10-5
A-2.249 5-2.268 8-2.078 2-1.912 9-1.252 9
rc0.949 30.955 10.974 90.966 10.940 2
对数正态分布
Lognormal distribution
B1.904 02.436 51.836 41.991 51.324 9
A-21.880 8-26.440 7-18.263 8-19.200 8-12.326 0
rc0.925 90.980 50.965 80.992 00.974 3
两参数威布尔分布
Two-parameter Weibull distribution
B2.334 42.854 82.249 12.359 01.548 9
A-27.327 5-31.480 5-22.868 5-23.244 5-14.918 3
rc0.944 20.955 60.983 80.977 30.943 3
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353797611800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=

Fatigue life under different probabilities under lognormal distribution (comparison gear)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可靠度
Reliability
应力级Stress level
0.50493 786110 42162 61942 26717 543
0.90388 27987 96349 56933 04215 376
0.95362 70282 47246 39230 81414 812
0.99319 17973 07940 97027 03313 810
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353889886493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

对数正态分布下对照齿轮不同概率下的疲劳寿命(对照齿轮)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可靠度
Reliability
应力级Stress level
0.50493 786110 42162 61942 26717 543
0.90388 27987 96349 56933 04215 376
0.95362 70282 47246 39230 81414 812
0.99319 17973 07940 97027 03313 810
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353973772576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.11, caption=

Fatigue life under different probabilities under lognormal distribution (ion-implanted gear)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可靠度
Reliability
应力级Stress level/MPa
0.5097 91651 63020 85715 39010 976
0.9059 29534 09012 1249 2075 037
0.9551 43630 30610 3967 9594 039
0.9939 39424 3037 7916 0562 670
), ArticleFig(id=1241451354103796006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

对数正态分布下离子注入齿轮不同概率下的疲劳寿命(离子注入齿轮)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可靠度
Reliability
应力级Stress level/MPa
0.5097 91651 63020 85715 39010 976
0.9059 29534 09012 1249 2075 037
0.9551 43630 30610 3967 9594 039
0.9939 39424 3037 7916 0562 670
), ArticleFig(id=1241451354242208044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.12, caption=

Fitting of comparison gear data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可靠度
Reliability R
mlgσFlim+lgN=lgC相关系数
Correlation coefficient rc
系数Coefficient b系数Coefficient amC
0.50-0.069 43.233 10.903 814.409 23.858 8×1046
0.90-0.070 43.231 20.894 114.204 57.901 8×1045
0.95-0.070 63.230 50.891 214.164 35.725 2×1045
0.99-0.071 03.229 10.885 314.084 53.021 9×1045
), ArticleFig(id=1241451354384814385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

对照齿轮数据拟合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可靠度
Reliability R
mlgσFlim+lgN=lgC相关系数
Correlation coefficient rc
系数Coefficient b系数Coefficient amC
0.50-0.069 43.233 10.903 814.409 23.858 8×1046
0.90-0.070 43.231 20.894 114.204 57.901 8×1045
0.95-0.070 63.230 50.891 214.164 35.725 2×1045
0.99-0.071 03.229 10.885 314.084 53.021 9×1045
), ArticleFig(id=1241451355852820790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=EN, label=Tab.13, caption=

Fitting ion-implanted gearing data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可靠度
Reliability R
mlgσFlim+lgN=lgC相关系数
Correlation coefficient rc
系数Coefficient b系数Coefficient amC
0.50-0.093 93.312 10.888 910.649 61.873 4×1035
0.90-0.088 03.264 80.922 811.363 61.258 9×1037
0.95-0.086 13.251 20.929 811.614 45.764 3×1037
0.99-0.082 63.226 10.940 512.106 51.140 0×1039
), ArticleFig(id=1241451356016398647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408878437519825, language=CN, label=表13, caption=

离子注入齿轮数据拟合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可靠度
Reliability R
mlgσFlim+lgN=lgC相关系数
Correlation coefficient rc
系数Coefficient b系数Coefficient amC
0.50-0.093 93.312 10.888 910.649 61.873 4×1035
0.90-0.088 03.264 80.922 811.363 61.258 9×1037
0.95-0.086 13.251 20.929 811.614 45.764 3×1037
0.99-0.082 63.226 10.940 512.106 51.140 0×1039
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离子注入氮工艺对渗碳淬火齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的影响研究
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张伟 1 , 贾华坡 1 , 关荣鑫 2 , 王晓鹏 2, 3 , 马骋天 2 , 徐要伟 1
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(8): 91-100
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(8): 91-100
离子注入氮工艺对渗碳淬火齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的影响研究
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张伟1 , 贾华坡1, 关荣鑫2 , 王晓鹏2, 3, 马骋天2, 徐要伟1
作者信息
  • 1.郑州科技学院 机械工程学院,郑州 450064
  • 2.中国机械总院集团郑州机械研究所有限公司 国家齿轮产品质量检验检测中心,郑州 450001
  • 3.郑州航空工业管理学院 机械工程学院,郑州 450015
  • 张伟,男,1984年生,河南浚县人,硕士,讲师;主要研究方向为机械传动技术;E-mail:

通讯作者:

关荣鑫,男,1984年生,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为齿轮抗疲劳技术;E-mail:
Study on the effect of nitrogen ion implantation process on the bending fatigue strength of carburized and quenched gear
Wei ZHANG1 , Huapo JIA1, Rongxin GUAN2 , Xiaopeng WANG2, 3, Chengtian MA2, Yaowei XU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou 450064, China
  • 2.National Gear Product Quality Inspection and Testing Center, China Academy of Machinery Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 3.School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450015, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.011
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为了优化齿轮表面改性工艺,研究了离子注入氮工艺对渗碳淬火齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的影响。以低碳合金钢18CrNiMo7-6渗碳淬火齿轮为基体,通过射频等离子体辅助离子注入系统进行氮离子注入处理,系统对比了离子注入齿轮与未注入齿轮的齿根金相组织、硬度梯度、残余应力分布及弯曲疲劳性能。结果表明,离子注入氮工艺使得齿根硬度由695 HV0.1提升至780 HV0.1,增幅12.2%;硬化层深度由1.50 mm减少到1.41 mm,降低了6.0%;表面残余应力由-400 MPa减小到-286 MPa,降低了28.5%。基于弯曲疲劳试验拟合的R-S-N方程,在99%可靠度下,离子注入齿轮的疲劳寿命仅为对照齿轮的12.3%~19.3%,且失效模式以脆性断裂为主,裂纹扩展速率加快。研究表明,离子注入氮虽可通过表面强化延缓裂纹萌生,但过浅的硬化层与残余应力降低导致裂纹扩展抗力不足,最终削弱齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命。

离子注入氮  /  齿轮弯曲疲劳  /  疲劳寿命  /  残余应力

Aiming at optimizing the gear surface modification process, the influence of ion nitrogen implantation on the bending fatigue strength of carburized and quenched gears was studied.Using low-carbon alloy steel 18CrNiMo7-6 carburized and quenched gears as the matrix, nitrogen ion implantation treatment was carried out through a radio-frequency plasma-assisted ion implantation system. The root metallography, hardness gradient, residual stress distribution, and bending fatigue properties of ion-implanted gears and unimplanted gears were systematically compared. The results show that the ion nitrogen implantation process increases the root hardness from 695 HV0.1 to 780 HV0.1, an increase of 12.2%; the hardened layer depth decreases from 1.50 mm to 1.41 mm, a reduction of 6.0%; and the surface residual stress decreases from -400 MPa to -286 MPa, a reduction of 28.5%. Based on the R-S-N equation fitted by bending fatigue tests, under 99% reliability, the fatigue life of ion-implanted gears is only 12.3%-19.3% of that of the control gears, with the failure mode dominated by brittle fracture and accelerated crack propagation rate. The study indicates that although ion nitrogen implantation can delay crack initiation through surface strengthening, the excessively shallow hardened layer and reduced residual stress lead to insufficient crack propagation resistance, ultimately weakening the bending fatigue life of gears.

Nitrogen ion implantation  /  Gear bending fatigue  /  Fatigue life  /  Residual stress
张伟, 贾华坡, 关荣鑫, 王晓鹏, 马骋天, 徐要伟. 离子注入氮工艺对渗碳淬火齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的影响研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (8) : 91 -100 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.011
Wei ZHANG, Huapo JIA, Rongxin GUAN, Xiaopeng WANG, Chengtian MA, Yaowei XU. Study on the effect of nitrogen ion implantation process on the bending fatigue strength of carburized and quenched gear[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (8) : 91 -100 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.011
齿轮作为动力传递系统的核心部件,其弯曲疲劳失效直接威胁装备服役可靠性。研究表明,不断的循环应力作用会使裂纹在齿轮内部形成和扩展,在很短时间内就会导致轮齿的断裂,使传动系统立刻失效,此类失效具有突发性和灾难性特征[1],可导致传动系统崩溃甚至产生重大安全事故。为提升齿轮抗弯性能,表面改性技术被广泛采用。渗碳处理虽能形成深层强化层,具有相对较高的硬度,一定程度上抑制微裂纹萌生[2],但高温工艺易引发零件畸变,需后续磨削修正,导致加工成本攀升;气体氮化在520~580 ℃下虽能减少变形,但处理周期长达20~50 h,且渗层厚度通常不足0.5 mm,难以满足高承载需求[3];喷丸强化通过引入表面压应力可延缓裂纹萌生,但其强化效果受弹丸流场均匀性制约,且会劣化表面粗糙度(Ra值增加约30%)[4],这些技术瓶颈促使研究者不断探索新型表面工程方法。离子注入氮工艺因独特优势受到关注:其采用低能离子束(<100 keV)在真空室温下将氮原子注入基体,避免了传统热扩散引起的相变和尺寸变化(变形量<1 μm)[5],且能精确调控注入深度(0.1~1 μm)和浓度梯度;同时,非平衡注入过程可在表层形成过饱和固溶体,使显微硬度提升2~3倍[6]
离子注入是一种环保的表面改性技术[7-8]。与其他改性技术相比,离子注入不仅可以弥补微缺陷,而且只需注入少量元素即可获得亚稳相和高过饱和固溶体,而不改变衬底性质和尺寸,已被用于扩展金属材料的表面性质[9]。例如,LEVINTANT-ZAYONTS等[10]研究了氮离子注入处理弹簧钢的摩擦学特性。结果表明,氮离子注入提高了硬度,特别是对于在中等接触压力的磨损条件下使用的零件。XIE等[11]探讨了钛离子注入对M50钢摩擦学性能的影响。试验结果表明,钛离子注入产生的化合物增加了纳米硬度,降低了注入层的磨损率[12]。然而,单离子注入过程的注入层相对较浅,导致强化效果降低[13]。氮等非金属元素注入后在位错附近或固溶体形成了固溶强化,促使晶格发生畸变以妨碍位错的运动,同时,离子轰击材料易产生一定的压应力,出现冷作硬化效应[14],使得材料表面的硬度显著提高。COLLINS等[15]对AISI1443钢进行了等离子体基高温离子注入的研究;结果表明,氮含量随温度和剂量的提高稳步增加,其扩散深度远超过了理论注入层。然而,现有研究多聚焦于该工艺对接触疲劳和耐磨性的改善[16],对其弯曲疲劳行为的影响机制仍存在认知盲区,特别是近期试验发现其可能引发反常的疲劳强度衰减现象,这凸显了揭示工艺-性能内在关联的紧迫性。
本研究以18CrNiMo7-6渗碳淬火齿轮为对象,通过对比分析离子注入氮前、后齿根微观组织、硬度梯度、残余应力分布及其对弯曲疲劳寿命的影响,旨在揭示工艺参数与弯曲疲劳性能衰退的内在关联。研究结果可为高可靠性齿轮表面改性工艺的优化设计提供参考,对突破现有技术瓶颈、提升齿轮在风电、航空等领域的抗弯疲劳性能具有重要工程意义。
试验齿轮基体材料为低碳合金钢18CrNiMo7-6,化学成分见表1,其化学成分设计兼顾高强度与韧性需求。材料中关键合金元素Ni(1.58%)、Cr(1.57%)和Mo(0.30%)通过固溶强化与二次硬化效应显著提升淬透性,实测抗拉强度为1 250 MPa。该钢中碳含量控制在0.16%(质量分数),既保证渗碳后的表面硬化潜力,又避免高碳钢的脆性风险。
未经离子注入氮工艺的齿轮(对照齿轮)采用渗碳-淬火-回火热处理工艺。渗碳工艺在可控气氛炉中进行气体渗碳,工艺参数为:温度930 ℃,时间8 h,碳势1.2%C,渗层深度1.0~1.3 mm[17];淬火工艺:渗碳后直接油淬(淬火介质:ISO VG 32快速淬火油),冷却速率100 ℃/s,表面硬度达666~746 HV0.1;回火工艺:温度180 ℃,时间2 h,消除残余应力,心部硬度保持在373~412 HV0.1。
经离子注入氮工艺处理的齿轮(离子注入齿轮)在对照组渗碳淬火的热处理工艺基础上,增加离子注入氮处理。采用射频等离子体辅助离子注入系统,真空度<10-3 Pa;注入能量50 keV,氮离子剂量2×1017 cm-2,束流密度15 μA/cm2,注入时间2 h,靶材温度<150 ℃。形成梯度氮化层(深度≈0.05 mm),表面氮原子占比峰值10%,显微硬度提升至780 HV0.1,且无热变形(齿廓误差<1 μm,无需后加工)。
试样为标准直齿渐开线圆柱齿轮,模数为5 mm,齿数为32,齿宽为20 mm,参数如表2所示,实物如图1所示。
金相组织分析主要检测齿根处马氏体等级、残余奥氏体含量、碳化物形貌等级和非金属夹杂等。沿齿轮齿根危险截面线切割取样;首先,依次使用400#~2 000#砂纸湿磨;然后,以0.05 μm金刚石悬浮液机械抛光至镜面;最后,采用4%硝酸酒精溶液(体积分数)腐蚀10~15 s,立即用无水乙醇清洗并吹干。采用金相显微镜对磨制轮齿的齿根区域进行观察[18],如图2所示。
图3图4所示的齿轮金相组织可知,对照齿轮的显微组织显示粗大板条马氏体,晶界清晰,局部存在少量残余奥氏体;离子注入齿轮的马氏体显著细化,呈现细小针状或隐晶马氏体结构,晶界模糊,残余奥氏体含量显著减少。这是由于在离子注入过程中,高能氮离子轰击表面,引发晶格畸变和位错增殖,促进马氏体相变的细化;同时,氮原子固溶强化抑制奥氏体稳定性,加速其向马氏体转变。对照齿轮的残余奥氏体等级为4级(WQH13)和2级(WQH14)。这是由于渗碳淬火后,表层因碳含量高而保留较多残余奥氏体(图3中白色区域占比约15%~20%),如表3所示。离子注入齿轮的残余奥氏体等级提升到1级(QH03)和2级(QH06),如表4所示。这是因为离子注入引入的氮原子通过固溶和钉扎作用,抑制奥氏体稳定化,残余奥氏体含量显著降低(图4中白色区域占比不足5%)。两者碳化物形态等级均为4级,表明碳化物分布均匀,未因离子注入产生明显粗化或团聚。
选定齿根危险截面处(齿廓根部过渡曲线与30°切线的切点)为测量起点。沿法线方向(垂直于齿面)从表面向心部测量,测量间距0.1 mm。总测量深度2.0 mm,覆盖渗层与基体过渡区[19]。使用FM-700型显微硬度计,载荷为0.5 N,保载时间为15 s,如图5所示。
图6所示为对照齿轮WQH13和WQH14与离子注入齿轮QH03和QH04齿根硬度梯度分布曲线。对照齿轮表面硬度为695 HV0.1,硬化层深度为1.50 mm,硬度分布特征表现为从表面至心部呈现平缓下降趋势,渗碳层与基体过渡区硬度梯度较小。
离子注入齿轮的表面硬度为780 HV0.1,较对照齿轮提升了12.2%,这是由于在离子注入过程中,高能氮离子轰击齿轮表面,引发晶格畸变与位错增殖,形成高密度缺陷结构;同时,氮原子固溶于马氏体晶格中,产生强烈的固溶强化效应。这两种机制共同导致表面显微硬度显著提高。
离子注入齿轮的硬化层深度为1.41 mm,较对照齿轮减少6.0%,离子注入的氮原子扩散深度受限于工艺参数,仅能形成约0.05 mm的梯度氮化层。尽管渗碳层总深度仍保留1.41 mm,但表层高硬度区域的实际有效深度较浅,导致整体硬化层深度略有减少。
离子注入齿轮表面0~0.05 mm内硬度急剧升高,随后快速下降至与对照齿轮相近的基体硬度水平。硬度曲线在0.05 mm处出现拐点,表层氮化区与下层渗碳层之间因氮浓度梯度的急剧变化,硬度分布呈现“陡升-缓降”特征。
残余应力对齿轮的弯曲疲劳强度有着非常重要的影响[20]。现采用Proto LXRD X射线应力仪(Cr-Kα辐射,波长λ=0.229 nm),基于sin2ψ法计算残余应力。在齿根圆弧处,与硬度测量同点位,沿齿厚方向对称选取左、右齿面各3个测点。通过电化学腐蚀逐层剥离,单层腐蚀深度0.1 mm,共测量10层,总深度1.0 mm,如图7所示。
图8所示为对照齿轮WQH13和WQH14与离子注入齿轮QH03和QH04齿根残余应力梯度分布趋势。对照齿轮的表面残余压应力为-400 MPa,其应力分布特征为从表面至深度0.3 mm处维持较高压应力,随后逐渐衰减至心部接近-50 MPa。
离子注入齿轮表面残余压应力为-286 MPa,较对照齿轮降低28.5%,这是氮原子固溶导致表层晶格膨胀,部分抵消了渗碳淬火形成的压应力。此外,离子注入过程中的高能轰击引发位错运动与重组,也局部释放了原有渗碳层内的残余应力;其应力分布特征表现为表面压应力显著降低,且在0~0.1 mm深度内压应力衰减速率加快,0.1 mm后与对照齿轮趋于一致。
试验采用GPS-200型高频疲劳试验机,依据国家标准GB/T 14230—2021[21]开展单齿加载试验。采用设计夹具固定试验齿轮,上压头与待测轮齿(加载齿)接触,下压头与支撑轮齿接触,两压头间距固定,加载齿与支撑齿间隔3个齿位,确保载荷集中于单齿齿根危险截面,加载结构如图9所示。施加脉动载荷,应力比R=0.05,试验频率为113 Hz,精度±1%。
采用常规成组法,分别对离子注入齿轮和对照齿轮开展弯曲疲劳试验,获取两种齿轮的弯曲R-S-N曲线。通过升降法预试验确定5个应力级(715.3、734.6、763.5、811.9、909.1 MPa),覆盖疲劳极限至过载区间。每个应力级至少测试5组有效样本,总样本数不少于28个。当循环次数达3×106时,轮齿未失效计为越出点,试验停止;齿根出现可见裂纹或完全断裂,判定为失效,试验停止。
根据国家标准GB/T 3480.3—2021[22],载荷作用点E的齿根应力的计算式为
式中,Ft为名义切向力;YFEE点的齿形系数;YSEE点的应力修正系数;Yβ为螺旋角系数;YB为轮缘系数;b为齿宽;mn为模数;YST为与标准试验齿轮尺寸相关的应力修正系数;YδrelT为相对齿根圆角敏感系数;YRrelT为相对齿根表面状况系数;YX为弯曲强度尺寸系数。
根据试验,齿根弯曲应力的系数取值如表5所示。
基于对应转换机制,理论循环特性系数r=0对应的循环齿根应力σF可用实际循环特性系数r=0.05对应的实际齿根应力进行换算得出,见式(2)。
式中,σb为齿轮材料的抗拉强度。施加载荷与齿根弯曲疲劳应力的对应关系如表6所示。
针对对照齿轮(WQH)和离子注入齿轮(QH),开展弯曲疲劳试验,试验齿轮在不同应力级下的疲劳寿命和损伤情况如表7所示。
对照齿轮开展29组试验,其中14组轮齿因裂纹而失效,12组轮齿因断裂而失效,占比41.4%;离子注入齿轮开展31组试验,其中4组轮齿因裂纹而失效,27组轮齿因断裂而失效,占比87.1%,齿轮损伤如图10所示。结果表明,离子注入齿轮的韧性要低于对照齿轮的。
参照国家标准GB/T 14230—2021,根据式(3),计算失效概率序列Fi。采用正态分布、对数正态分布和两参数威布尔分布对齿轮弯曲疲劳试验数据进行分布检验,按照式(4)~式(6)对应计算分布概率值的纵坐标序列。
采用最小二乘法对相关试验点按线性模型Y=A+BX进行常数项AB和线性相关系数rc值的计算,结果如表8表9所示。
表8表9可知,正态分布、对数正态分布和两参数威布尔分布的线性相关系数最小值大于线性相关系数临界值0.878(置信度95%),并且对数正态分布函数的相关系数绝对值总体优于其他2种分布函数的相关系数绝对值。因此,对数正态分布函数是试验数据的最优寿命分布函数,并采用该函数进行R-S-N拟合。
在求得定应力水平下寿命分布的基础上,计算对应可靠度下的疲劳寿命。可靠度序列选取为0.50,0.90,0.95,0.99。将各应力级相同可靠度的疲劳寿命,用最小二乘法进行曲线拟合,得到R-S-N曲线簇。根据国家标准GB/T 14230-2021所给不同可靠度R下的可靠寿命NL,R计算式,对数正态分布的计算式为
根据式(7)计算得到不同可靠度下的弯曲疲劳循环次数,如表10表11所示。
对不同可靠度下的疲劳寿命进行分布类型检验研究发现,定应力级下的疲劳寿命亦可较好地被对数正态分布描述。齿轮弯曲疲劳曲线倾斜段方程为
Y=lgσFX=lgNLR,则式(8)在双对数坐标系下视为线性模数Y=a+bX。采用最小二乘法将可靠度相同的各应力级上的试验点进行直线拟合,得出在不同可靠度下的R-S-N曲线方程,并验证相关系数。对照齿轮数据拟合如表12所示,离子注入齿轮数据拟合如表13所示。
基于拟合R-S-N方程,在50%可靠度、低应力级Ⅰ下,对照齿轮疲劳寿命为493 786,而离子注入齿轮疲劳寿命为97 916,降低了80.2%;在中应力级Ⅲ下,对照齿轮疲劳寿命为110 421,离子注入齿轮疲劳寿命为51 630,降低了53.2%;在高应力级Ⅴ下,对照齿轮疲劳寿命为17 543,离子注入齿轮疲劳寿命为10 976,降低了37.4%,如图11所示。
在99%可靠度下、低应力级Ⅰ下,对照齿轮疲劳寿命为319 179,离子注入齿轮疲劳寿命为39 394,减少了87.7%;在中应力级Ⅲ下,对照齿轮疲劳寿命为40 970,离子注入齿轮疲劳寿命为7 791,仅占比81.0%;在高应力级Ⅴ下,对照齿轮疲劳寿命为13 810,离子注入齿轮疲劳寿命为2 670,仅占比80.7%,如图12所示。
疲劳寿命结果表明,离子注入齿轮在有限寿命区间内,其疲劳寿命远低于对照齿轮的疲劳寿命。
离子注入氮工艺形成的“陡升-缓降”硬度梯度(图6),导致了应力集中,促进了裂纹扩展。表面至0.05 mm处硬度从780 HV0.1骤降至695 HV0.1,形成“硬-软”界面。根据断裂力学理论,该梯度导致应力集中系数(Kt)增加,裂纹尖端驱动力(ΔK)上升,加速裂纹扩展[23]。离子注入氮工艺产生的“低温回火”效应,使得有效渗碳层深度从1.50 mm降至1.41 mm,这种浅层硬化导致裂纹易穿透表面强化区进入基体,从而降低疲劳寿命。
残余压应力可通过闭合裂纹尖端,从而抑制裂纹扩展[1]53-60[18]153-168。而离子注入氮工艺使得表面残余压应力从-400 MPa降至-286 MPa(降幅28.5%),其减少削弱了裂纹扩展阻力,进一步降低了齿轮疲劳寿命。
为探究离子注入氮工艺对齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的影响,针对离子注入氮齿轮和常规渗碳淬火齿轮,进行了完整性表征,获得齿根处金相组织、硬度梯度和残余应力分布情况;开展了齿轮弯曲疲劳试验,采用常规成组法,获得不同可靠度下的弯曲疲劳寿命。得到如下主要结论:
1)离子注入氮工艺通过表面强化延缓裂纹萌生,但残余压应力降低与硬化层过浅导致裂纹扩展抗力不足,最终使疲劳寿命降至对照组的12.3%~19.3%(99%可靠度)。离子注入氮工艺使得齿轮齿根表面硬度提升了12.2%,由695 HV0.1提升至780 HV0.1;但导致硬化层深度缩减6.0%,由1.50减小至1.41 mm;表面残余压应力降低28.5%,由-400~-286 MPa。
2)针对该工艺导致的裂纹扩展抗力不足的问题,可进行离子注入工艺参数优化。采用更高能量(>80 keV)和剂量(>3×1017 cm-2)以增加氮扩散深度;结合深冷处理(-196 ℃×2 h)减少残余奥氏体并提升基体韧性。在提升表面硬度的同时,兼顾硬化层深度和残余应力,从而实现裂纹扩展抗力的提升。
3)本研究为高精度齿轮(航空、风电)的复合表面改性工艺设计提供了参考,建议进一步探索“离子注入+喷丸”协同强化方案,以平衡表面硬度与深层抗裂性能。
  • 河南省重点研发与推广专项项目(252102220076)
  • 河南省高校重点研究项目(23A460024; 23A460004)
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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.011
  • 接收时间:2025-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-09
基金
Key R&D and Promotion Projects of Henan Province(252102220076)
河南省重点研发与推广专项项目(252102220076)
Key Research Projects of Henan Higher Education Institutions(23A460024; 23A460004)
河南省高校重点研究项目(23A460024; 23A460004)
作者信息
    1.郑州科技学院 机械工程学院,郑州 450064
    2.中国机械总院集团郑州机械研究所有限公司 国家齿轮产品质量检验检测中心,郑州 450001
    3.郑州航空工业管理学院 机械工程学院,郑州 450015

通讯作者:

关荣鑫,男,1984年生,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为齿轮抗疲劳技术;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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