Article(id=1241408876831101381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241408875602178849, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702828800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-18, revisedDate=1708963200000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904540497, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904540497, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904540497, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904540497, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408875602178849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904540204, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904658798, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409373071798309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241408875602178849, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409373071798310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241408875602178849, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408877074371014, articleId=1241408876831101381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Research on the influence of hollow ratio on protection device of offshore wind turbine, columnId=1228282192162390694, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Experimental Research·Testing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the needs of transportation, installation, grid connection, and maintenance, the construction of offshore wind farms in inshore areas often cannot be far from busy surrounding waterways, which significantly increases the probability of offshore wind turbines being impacted by ships. To analyze the performance and damage of different hollow ratios of protective devices when offshore wind turbines are hit by ships,the collision process of a 5000-ton bow-downward ship with an offshore wind turbine at a speed of 2.0 m/s was simulated using Ansys/Ls-Dyna. The influence of the hollow ratio on the anti-collision performance of Ogden rubber,Mooney-Rivlin rubber and Aluminum foam aluminum constitutive protective devices was studied and compared. The results show that with the increase of hollow ratio, the impact duration of aluminum foam protective devices increases, and the contact force decreases accordingly, while rubber materials show the opposite trend. As the hollow ratio decreases, the protective device is more similar to a solid tube, with a relatively smaller maximum indentation depth. Under the influence of hyperelastic properties, the indentation depth of rubber materials is smaller than that of aluminum foam after the collision is completed, and the material damage of the protective device is smaller. However, the proportion of internal energy in the support area gradually increases, so the influence of hollow ratio on the leg support needs to be considered in the design and research of protective devices.

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LI Chun, E-mail:
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由于运输、装机、并网及维修等需求,近海区域海上风电场建设往往无法远离周围繁忙的航道,海上风力机受船舶撞击的概率大幅提升。为分析海上风力机受船舶撞击时不同空心率防护装置性能及损伤情况,采用Ansys/Ls-Dyna软件模拟5 000 t前倾艏船舶以2.0 m/s速度与海上风力机碰撞过程,对比分析了空心率对Ogden橡胶、Mooney-Rivlin橡胶及泡沫铝防护装置抗撞性能的影响。结果表明,随空心率的增大,泡沫铝材料防护装置冲击持续时间增大,接触力随之减小,橡胶材料则与之相反;随着空心率的降低,防护装置更类似于实心管,具有相对较小的最大凹陷深度;在超弹性能的影响下,橡胶材料凹陷深度在碰撞完成后相对泡沫铝材料更小,防护装置材料损伤更小;但支架区域内能占比逐渐提升,故在防护装置设计研究中需考虑空心率对腿部支架的影响。

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李春,男,1963年生,北京人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为流体机械及工程、风能高效转换与应用及叶轮机械气动力学;E-mail:
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刘坤鹏,男,1999年生,湖北荆州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为海上风力发电;E-mail:

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刘坤鹏,男,1999年生,湖北荆州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为海上风力发电;E-mail:

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刘坤鹏,男,1999年生,湖北荆州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为海上风力发电;E-mail:

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Explosion and Shock Waves200222(4):321-326.(In Chinese), articleTitle=An added water mass model for numerical simulation of ship/ship collisions, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241451347376140782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, awardId=52375193; 52376204; 52106262; 52006148, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52375193; 52376204; 52106262; 52006148), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241451347514552820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, awardId=52375193; 52376204; 52106262; 52006148, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52375193; 52376204; 52106262; 52006148), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241451347611021818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=Acknowledges the Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute 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Physical property parameters of Q235 and Q345 material

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参数Parameter值Value
Q235Q345
密度Density ρ/(kg/m3)7 8507 850
弹性模量Elastic modulus E/GPa210212
泊松比Poisson ratio ν0.270.31
σ0/MPa235345
切线模量Tangent modulus Et/MPa1 1801 291
β00
C/s-140.440.4
p55
失效应变Failure strain ε0.340.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241451344272355733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Q235和Q345材料的物理性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter值Value
Q235Q345
密度Density ρ/(kg/m3)7 8507 850
弹性模量Elastic modulus E/GPa210212
泊松比Poisson ratio ν0.270.31
σ0/MPa235345
切线模量Tangent modulus Et/MPa1 1801 291
β00
C/s-140.440.4
p55
失效应变Failure strain ε0.340.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241451344393990556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Material parameters of Ogden model

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参数Parameter值Value
μ1/MPa3.000 71
α10.719 155
μ2/MPa0.102 6
α2-4.771
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Ogden本构模型参数

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参数Parameter值Value
μ1/MPa3.000 71
α10.719 155
μ2/MPa0.102 6
α2-4.771
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Material parameters of Mooney-Rivlin

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参数Parameter值Value
密度Density ρ/(kg/m3)1 180
泊松比Possion ratio ν0.499 5
C105.5×105
C011.7×105
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Mooney-Rivlin本构模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter值Value
密度Density ρ/(kg/m3)1 180
泊松比Possion ratio ν0.499 5
C105.5×105
C011.7×105
), ArticleFig(id=1241451344976998838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Material parameters of Deshpande-Fleck model

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参数Parameter值Value
泊松比Possion ratio ν0.3
弹性模量Elastic modulus E/MPa370
密度Density ρ/(kg/m3)178
α2.119
体积应变Volume strain0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241451345069273533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Deshpande-Fleck本构模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter值Value
泊松比Possion ratio ν0.3
弹性模量Elastic modulus E/MPa370
密度Density ρ/(kg/m3)178
α2.119
体积应变Volume strain0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241451345207685572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Design parameters of protective devices

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类型TypeDi /mDo /mL/mto/mti /mχ
15.17.97.50.051.40.65
25.19.97.50.052.40.52
35.112.07.50.053.450.43
45.115.67.50.055.250.33
55.117.57.50.056.30.29
), ArticleFig(id=1241451345325126094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

防护装置设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型TypeDi /mDo /mL/mto/mti /mχ
15.17.97.50.051.40.65
25.19.97.50.052.40.52
35.112.07.50.053.450.43
45.115.67.50.055.250.33
55.117.57.50.056.30.29
), ArticleFig(id=1241451346822492628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Parameters of the tripod support structure

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结构
Component
外径
External diameter/m
壁厚
Wall thickness/mm
立柱Column40~5850~80
钢管柱Steel pile2735~40
横撑Lateral brace14~1928~35
斜撑Diagonal brace22~3035~55
), ArticleFig(id=1241451346952516058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

单立柱三桩基础尺寸参数

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结构
Component
外径
External diameter/m
壁厚
Wall thickness/mm
立柱Column40~5850~80
钢管柱Steel pile2735~40
横撑Lateral brace14~1928~35
斜撑Diagonal brace22~3035~55
), ArticleFig(id=1241451347053179359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876831101381, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Internal energy percentage under different hollow ratios

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类型Type12345
3处支架内能/MJ
Internal energy of the three supporting frames/MJ
0.420.720.750.901.61
防护装置内能/MJ
Fender internal energy/MJ
10.146.576.406.135.27
百分比Percent /%4.1210.9111.6514.6830.56
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不同空心率下内能百分比

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类型Type12345
3处支架内能/MJ
Internal energy of the three supporting frames/MJ
0.420.720.750.901.61
防护装置内能/MJ
Fender internal energy/MJ
10.146.576.406.135.27
百分比Percent /%4.1210.9111.6514.6830.56
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海上风力机防护装置空心率影响研究
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刘坤鹏 , 缪维跑 , 王瑀琎 , 李春 , 岳新智
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(8): 11-18
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(8): 11-18
海上风力机防护装置空心率影响研究
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刘坤鹏 , 缪维跑, 王瑀琎, 李春 , 岳新智
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093
  • 刘坤鹏,男,1999年生,湖北荆州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为海上风力发电;E-mail:

通讯作者:

李春,男,1963年生,北京人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为流体机械及工程、风能高效转换与应用及叶轮机械气动力学;E-mail:
Research on the influence of hollow ratio on protection device of offshore wind turbine
Kunpeng LIU , Weipao MIAO, Yujin WANG, Chun LI , Xinzhi YUE
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.002
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由于运输、装机、并网及维修等需求,近海区域海上风电场建设往往无法远离周围繁忙的航道,海上风力机受船舶撞击的概率大幅提升。为分析海上风力机受船舶撞击时不同空心率防护装置性能及损伤情况,采用Ansys/Ls-Dyna软件模拟5 000 t前倾艏船舶以2.0 m/s速度与海上风力机碰撞过程,对比分析了空心率对Ogden橡胶、Mooney-Rivlin橡胶及泡沫铝防护装置抗撞性能的影响。结果表明,随空心率的增大,泡沫铝材料防护装置冲击持续时间增大,接触力随之减小,橡胶材料则与之相反;随着空心率的降低,防护装置更类似于实心管,具有相对较小的最大凹陷深度;在超弹性能的影响下,橡胶材料凹陷深度在碰撞完成后相对泡沫铝材料更小,防护装置材料损伤更小;但支架区域内能占比逐渐提升,故在防护装置设计研究中需考虑空心率对腿部支架的影响。

海上风力机  /  空心率  /  碰撞  /  抗撞性

Due to the needs of transportation, installation, grid connection, and maintenance, the construction of offshore wind farms in inshore areas often cannot be far from busy surrounding waterways, which significantly increases the probability of offshore wind turbines being impacted by ships. To analyze the performance and damage of different hollow ratios of protective devices when offshore wind turbines are hit by ships,the collision process of a 5000-ton bow-downward ship with an offshore wind turbine at a speed of 2.0 m/s was simulated using Ansys/Ls-Dyna. The influence of the hollow ratio on the anti-collision performance of Ogden rubber,Mooney-Rivlin rubber and Aluminum foam aluminum constitutive protective devices was studied and compared. The results show that with the increase of hollow ratio, the impact duration of aluminum foam protective devices increases, and the contact force decreases accordingly, while rubber materials show the opposite trend. As the hollow ratio decreases, the protective device is more similar to a solid tube, with a relatively smaller maximum indentation depth. Under the influence of hyperelastic properties, the indentation depth of rubber materials is smaller than that of aluminum foam after the collision is completed, and the material damage of the protective device is smaller. However, the proportion of internal energy in the support area gradually increases, so the influence of hollow ratio on the leg support needs to be considered in the design and research of protective devices.

Offshore wind turbine  /  Hollow ratio  /  Collision  /  Crashworthiness
刘坤鹏, 缪维跑, 王瑀琎, 李春, 岳新智. 海上风力机防护装置空心率影响研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (8) : 11 -18 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.002
Kunpeng LIU, Weipao MIAO, Yujin WANG, Chun LI, Xinzhi YUE. Research on the influence of hollow ratio on protection device of offshore wind turbine[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (8) : 11 -18 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.002
随着“双碳”目标的提出,我国正加速推进能源转型[1]。相较于接近饱和的陆上风电,海上风电具有发电效率高、占地面积少、规模化开发等优点[2]。并且,我国海岸线长度超过1.8×104 km,具有丰富的风能资源,使得发展海上风电存在着天然优势[3]。但由于运输、装机、并网及维修等需求,近海区域海上风电场建设往往无法远离周围繁忙的航道,海上风力机受船舶撞击的概率大幅提升。2020年4月,在德国Borkum Riffgrund海上风电场,一艘运维船在作业行驶时与风力机基础发生碰撞,导致船头严重损伤,船体进水,三名船员受伤,其中一名重伤[4]。据全球海上风能健康与安全组织统计,2021年共发生风电事故780余次,其中高风险事故204起,且24%与船舶有关[5]。因此,开展船舶与海上风力机碰撞研究可为提高风力机抗撞性能提供参考,对海上风力机系统安全运行、降低事故风险有重要意义。
近年来,国内外诸多学者开展了海上风力机受船舶撞击的研究。MÁRQUEZ等[6]提出了一个简化的力学模型来研究船舶与海上漂浮式风力发电机碰撞,并与模拟舰船碰撞风力机的非线性有限元结果进行比较,所提出的力学模型可以以较低的计算成本提供有关结构变形、冲切破坏及碰撞运动学等相关信息。REN等[7]模拟5 MW单立柱漂浮式风力机基础与船舶碰撞时的动力响应及结构损伤,通过与Fast及Matlab软件中8自由度简化模型进行比较,分析了不同速度下碰撞过程中的接触力、位移、加速度、损伤和能量耗散,研究发现,碰撞力最大值、塔顶位移最大值与初速度基本成线性关系,碰撞过程中塔顶最大加速度超0.2gg=9.8 m/s2),将严重影响正常运行。BELA等[8]建立了有限元模型并研究船舶撞击速度、位置、风向、土壤刚度和变形能力等各种参数对碰撞过程的影响,分别使用刚性船以及可变形船舶模型撞击风力机单桩基础,结果表明,船舶速度的微小变化会使动能产生很大差别,使风力机基础出现从轻微损伤到崩溃的不同情况,在最坏的情况下,风力机基础直接倒向船舶。
上述研究大多针对不同船舶类型以不同条件撞击海上风力机的动态响应及后果,并未对降低海上风力机受船舶撞击的损伤、保护海上风力机基础进行研究。目前已有防护措施应用于桥墩、海上油气平台等海工结构。WANG等[9]采用有限元方法研究设有防撞装置的桥墩分别受不同载重吨位船舶碰撞时各部分结构能量的变化与响应,研究发现,防护装置可吸收大部分内能,桥墩及船艏吸能较少,防护装置可有效保护桥墩与船舶。YAN等[10]提出了一种模块化的桥墩保护装置,以保护泥石流冲击下的桥墩,并基于已验证的有限元模型研究了材料和几何参数对模块化保护装置性能的影响。随着海上风电行业发展,已有众多学者提出各类防护装置并应用于海上风力机。LIU等[11]设计了一种防护装置并将其应用于海上风力机单桩基础进行模拟,对防护装置的材料和结构厚度进行优化,研究表明,优化后防护装置的防护性能得到有效提升,且该方法同样适用于导管架基础及三桩基础。
现有研究主要针对单一尺寸及材料防护装置。为研究空心率对防护装置性能的影响,本文使用Ls-Dyna软件,通过非线性动力学理论,分析了船舶碰撞防护装置保护下单立柱三桩基础的动态响应,为防护装置的设计提供参考。
海上风力机受船舶碰撞,属于一种瞬态物理过程,具有瞬时非线性特点,其离散化控制方程[12]
式中,M为系统质量矩阵;C为系统阻尼矩阵;K为系统刚度矩阵;F(t)为结构承受撞击力;H(t)为沙漏黏性力;a(t)、v(t)、x(t)分别为风力机t时刻的加速度、速度和位移。
采用Q235钢作为船舶与风力机塔架材料,风力机基础及其他部分材料均选用Q345钢。由于船舶撞击风力机的过程中,结构产生变形,将对材料应变率产生显著影响继而影响材料屈服强度,因此本文选用Ls-Dyna软件中基于Cowper-Symonds本构方程建立的非线性塑性材料模型[13],本构方程为
式中,σy为极限屈服应力;为塑性应变;pC均为Cowper-Symonds中表征材料应变率的可调参数;σ0为初始屈服应力;β为可调参数;EP为塑性强化模量为塑性应变率。
Q235及Q345钢材的物理性能参数如表1所示。
Ogden模型的应变能密度函数形式[14]
式中,μn为剪切模量;αn为材料参数;为保证试验的精确性,求和项数N可调整;λi为伸长比,i=1,2,3。
Ogden橡胶拉伸应力为
Ogden本构模型参数如表2[15]所示。
MOONEY[16]、RIVLIN[17]等基于唯象理论推导建立了Mooney-Rivlin数学模型,其精度较高且相比其他橡胶本构模型简单,更容易用于实际,适用于变形程度低于200%的橡胶材料[18]。其应变能密度函数形式为
式中,W为应变能密度函数;I1I2分别为第1和第2应变不变量;Cij为模型参数,由试验确定。其本构模型参数如表3[19]所示。
泡沫铝材料受压塌陷时存在体积变化,屈服函数存在流体静力学项。DESHPANDE等[20]基于连续各向同性提出本构模型,即
式中,Φ为屈服函数;为等效应力;σp为材料参数;Y为屈服应力;为应变硬化;为等效应变;σe为von Mises应力;σm为平均应力;α为屈服平台形状参数;vp为塑性收缩系数。其本构模型参数如表4[21]所示。
为防止模拟过程中出现初始穿透,本文选取Ls-Dyna软件程序中的自动面面接触控制[22]。根据可能发生的接触情况,将不同的结构分为主接触面和从接触面,其中主接触面对应主片单元,从接触面对应从片单元,相应的节点称为主节点和从节点[23]。这种划分可以更准确地描述不同结构的接触过程,开展接触过程的动态分析。
碰撞过程中,不同接触面间的摩擦力为
式中,Fy为摩擦力;μ'为摩擦因数;fs为节点接触力;μd为动摩擦因数;μs为静摩擦因数;αdec为衰减因子;v为接触相对速度。
由内外2层不同材料同心圆管构成,是当前防护装置的主设计形式[24],在防护海上风力机基础,抵挡船舶碰撞方面起到重要作用。为更深入地研究其抗撞力学性能,引入空心率[25]。其计算式为
式中,DoDi分别为外圆环及内圆环的直径;to为外圆管的壁厚。其数据如表5所示,其中,ti为内圆管的壁厚;L为防护装置高度。网格划分均采用六面体网格单元,单元尺寸为0.25 m×0.25 m,防护装置类型1有限元模型如图1所示,其他类型与之仅有尺寸差异。
在内圆环直径不变的前提下,通过外圆环直径的变化,得出5种防护装置的空心率,研究船舶撞击不同防护装置的力学性能。
本文以4 MW海上风力机为研究基础,其主要组成部分为叶片、轮毂、机舱、电气系统和塔架。钢管柱的入土深度为65 m,桩尖进入海底粉细砂层中,露出海面2~3 m,其主要参数如表6所示。对其进行网格划分,塔的上、下部分网格尺寸为0.4 m,桩柱等非碰撞区域网格尺寸为0.6 m,对碰撞区域的网格尺寸进行加密,为0.2 m。有限元模型如图2所示。
在碰撞过程中,基础结构-土层的作用主要是控制水平位移。基于极限状态(Attaint Limit State, ALS)设计海上大型风力机时,钢管桩在泥面处的水平位移一般控制在20 mm以下,对于海上大型风力机而言可忽略[26]。海上风力机底部往往采取水泥浇筑等加固措施。因此,本文将风力机桩柱基础在泥土中的部分假定为刚性约束,忽略水平侧移[27]
在真实的海洋环境中,风波流耦合通常是同时发生的。然而,风、浪、流产生的载荷远远小于船舶碰撞载荷。根据文献[28],风波流条件下的转子推力在800 kN左右,而在较低航速下,3 500 t船舶的碰撞载荷大于5 MN。此外,当船舶与质量较大的海上风力机发生碰撞时,碰撞过程中风力机的加速度、速度和位移相对较小。这说明碰撞力(瞬时载荷)主要由风力机的惯性来抵抗,几乎不受风、波的阻尼和刚度的影响。因此,本文假设船舶与海上风力机发生碰撞时,不考虑风波耦合效应,更关注其与船舶的碰撞力和局部损伤。
依据近海及风电场附近船舶使用情况,撞击船选用较为常见的货运船,船艏为前倾型,主要包括船艏、船身及船尾3部分。船舶采取正向撞击方式与海上风力机发生碰撞,主要碰撞区域为船艏。BIEHL等[29]研究发现,与柔性的风力机基础结构相比,船舶刚度较大,因此非碰撞主要发生区域的船身、尾部结构模型简化为刚体。船舶质量、总长、型深及型宽分别为5 000 t、108 m、8.5 m、17.5 m。为确保碰撞区域计算结果的准确性,对其进行细化加密网格,网格单元尺寸为0.25 m×0.25 m,非碰撞区域网格单元尺寸为1.0 m×1.0 m,如图3所示。在船舶与单立柱三桩基础碰撞过程中,与海水的相互作用不可忽略,常通过建立流固耦合模型或附加质量模型来解决[30]。而流固耦合模型需要占用大量计算资源,且对计算的稳定性具有一定影响[31]。因此,通过附加质量模型来解决,根据文献[32],船舶正撞时附加质量系数为5%。
此外,为防止初始接触,并保证计算结果的准确性,风力机桩柱与船艏之间预留0.6 m间距,船舶速度为2 m/s,计算时间为6 s。
碰撞过程中防护装置为主要吸能构件,其网格尺寸直接影响结果的精度。取以下网格尺寸,分别为0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30 m,进行初始动能为10 MJ的碰撞分析,提取出的动能(KE)、内能(IE)、沙漏能(HE)的时程曲线如图4所示。在此范围内,使用不同网格尺寸计算的能量曲线表现出高度一致性,表明它们对网格尺寸变化不敏感,具有良好的收敛性。当网格尺寸为0.15 m时,尽管系统的沙漏能相对较低,但其计算时间是0.25 m网格尺寸的4倍。为了在计算效率和数值精度之间取得平衡,采用0.25 m单元尺寸进行数值模拟。
图5所示为空心率对接触力时程曲线的影响。由图5可知,对于泡沫铝材料防护装置,随着空心率的增大,冲击持续时间增大,接触力随之减小,平台更加稳定;但对于2种橡胶材料(Ogden、Mooney-Rivlin)防护装置,撞击时间随空心率增大而缩短,最大接触力也有所提升。空心率将影响船舶撞击风力机基础的持续时间,也会影响不同材料防护装置削弱接触力的能力,且橡胶和泡沫铝防护装置动力特性变化随空心率增加呈相反的趋势。
图6所示为空心率与3种材料本构防护装置保护下最大接触力的关系。随着空心率的逐渐增大,3种不同材料防护装置作用下的接触力最大值产生变化并展现出明显趋势:泡沫铝最大接触力逐渐减小,2种橡胶材料(Ogden、Mooney-Rivlin)最大接触力逐渐增大。且最大接触力分别在空心率为0.65和0.29时处于最小值,表明防护装置在一定程度上能削弱船舶碰撞力。
空心率对防护装置受撞后凹陷深度的影响如图7所示。对于泡沫铝材料,接触发生后接触力曲线迅速上升,至最高值后稍有降低,随后未发生明显变化。
此外,在空心率为0.29(类型5)时,具有相对较小的凹陷深度。这可归因于中空防护装置的变形特性,随着空心率的降低,防护装置类似于实心管,从而增加了其刚度,这导致防护装置受碰撞时,局部变形较小,但变形小导致材料失效部分减少,降低了其能量吸收能力及缓冲接触力的能力。
对于橡胶材料防护,接触发生后,凹陷深度随接触力增大先增大;接触力达峰值后减小,凹陷深度也随之减小,随后产生逐渐减小的类似正弦曲线的波动式前进。这是在超弹性的影响下,橡胶材料防护装置受船舶撞击时间内仍保持弹性并产生持续变化,凹陷深度在碰撞完成后相对泡沫铝材料更小,防护装置材料损伤更小。但2种本构对于空心率的变化表现相同。由此可见,空心率的变化对不同材料本构防护装置的抗撞性能存在一定影响。
图8所示为不同本构材料变形云图。与橡胶材料相比,泡沫铝由于疏松多孔的泡沫型结构特性,在与船舶发生碰撞后会发生较大变形,从而吸收大部分动能,减少传递至风力机结构的能量,可有效降低其塑性应变,以此达到保护塔架的目的。
图9所示为支架在不同空心率防护装置保护下,支架自身内能的变化情况。由图9可知,碰撞发生后,支架内能随时间逐步上升,0.74 s达到峰值,船舶撞击风力机系统,基础挠度增加;挠度未达最大值时,支架处内能已达到峰值,由此可知基础支架在碰撞发生后即开始进行能量吸收,在基础达到最大挠度前完成能量吸收。此外,除碰撞距离最近处支架连接点区域,另外2处支架连接区域也承担部分能量吸收作用。
表7所示为3处基础支架所占的内能百分比。防护装置类型1~5空心率逐渐减低,由表7可知,随空心率降低,支架区域内能占比逐渐提升;空心率值为0.29时占比最大。防护装置空心率对基础支架腿部能量吸收产生影响,故在防护装置设计研究中需考虑空心率对腿部支架的影响。
支架能量吸收受空心率影响,其应力-应变也将产生变化,对空心率为0.65的防护装置保护下基础支架的应力-应变进行分析,以评估其在船舶碰撞能量中的损伤情况,如图10所示。
图10可知,碰撞发生后,支架区域应力随船舶运动先增大后降低;并于0.87 s时达到峰值(367.7 MPa),具有最大应力集中区域,风力机基础挠度也最大,风力机基础3个桩腿连接区域均出现一定应力变化;但1.38 s时集中应力区域迅速减小,船舶冲击风力机基础的过程已经结束;而1.98 s时,应力区域范围再次扩大。这是由于虽然冲击不再继续,但基础与防护装置在碰撞发生后整个基础产生振动和摇荡。为此提取5种类型防护装置保护下支架区域的等效应力曲线如图11所示。
在碰撞发生后,5种类型防护装置保护下基础支架区域应力迅速上升至峰值,随后的应力变化,不同空心率防护装置保护下支架产生差异。类型1防护装置应力达到峰值后以波浪式形式逐渐降低,并无明显反弹。随着空心率降低,另外4种防护装置应力在1.1~3.3 s区域内,波动程度较小,提升不明显,这主要是因为风力机基础与防护装置间的相对运动导致支架区域应力变化削弱;3.3 s后曲线再次提升,应力增大甚至接近撞击刚发生后的峰值,这是因为基础部分与防护装置在后期产生共同运动,使得支架部分应力集中区域变化幅度增大,故此处需加固设计,并考虑防护装置空心率的影响。
基于非线性动力学理论,借助显示动力学分析软件Ls-Dyna,模拟不同尺寸及材料防护装置保护下5 000 t船舶以2 m/s速度撞击海上风力机单立柱三桩基础,研究不同空心率防护装置抗撞特性,得出主要结论如下:
1)随着空心率的增大,泡沫铝材料防护装置冲击持续时间增大,接触力随之减小。橡胶材料则与之相反。在空心率为0.29时,防护装置更类似于实心管,具有相对较小的最大凹陷深度。
2)船舶撞击风力机系统,导致基础挠度增加,基础支架在碰撞发生后即开始进行能量吸收,在基础达到最大挠度前完成能量吸收。
3)随着空心率的降低,支架区域内能占比逐渐提升;随着空心率的提升,基础部分与防护装置在后期产生共同运动,使得支架部分应力集中区域变化幅度增大。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52375193; 52376204; 52106262; 52006148)
  • 上海市Ⅳ类高峰学科-能源科学与技术-上海非碳基能源转换与利用研究院建设项目
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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.002
  • 接收时间:2023-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-18
  • 修回日期:2024-02-27
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52375193; 52376204; 52106262; 52006148)
国家自然科学基金项目(52375193; 52376204; 52106262; 52006148)
Acknowledges the Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute under the Shanghai Class IV Peak Disciplinary Development Program
上海市Ⅳ类高峰学科-能源科学与技术-上海非碳基能源转换与利用研究院建设项目
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    上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093

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李春,男,1963年生,北京人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为流体机械及工程、风能高效转换与应用及叶轮机械气动力学;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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