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Shot peening process is widely used in the manufacturing process of gears and other basic components, and its own limitations limit the enhancement of the surface integrity of the workpiece. In order to further improve the surface integrity of the workplece, A combination of numerical simulation and experimental methods was utilized to study the effect of two surface composite strengthening processes, such as double shot peening and shot peening-ultrasonic rolling, on the surface integrity of 18CrNiMo7-6 carburization gear steel samples, and mainly analyzed the effect of the two composite strengthening processes on the improvement of surface integrity of the shot peened samples. The results show that the maximum value of the residual compressive stress of the double shot peening sample was 1 359.56 MPa, locates at the depth of 0.08 mm, and the maximum value of the residual compressive stress of the shot peening-ultrasonic rolling peening sample was 1 329.05 MPa,locates at the depth of 0.25 mm. Compare with the single shot peening sample, the surface roughness of the double shot peening sample and the shot peening-ultrasonic rolling sample was 29.42% and 29.42% lower than that of the single shot peening sample. Compare with the single shot peening samples,the surface roughness of the double shot peening samples and shot peening-ultrasonic tumbling peening samples decreased by 29.42% and 62.76%,respectively, the surface microhardness increased by 8.70% and 17.60%, and the standard deviation of the surface node compressive residual stress value decreased by 23.36% and 89.50%. The shot peening-ultrasonic rolling process is more effective in enhancing the surface hardness,thickness of the residual stress layer and uniformity of the residual compressive stress, as well as reducing the surface roughness of the specimens,and can effectively improve the surface integrity of the shot peened samples.

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WANG Zhen, E-mail:
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喷丸强化工艺广泛应用于齿轮等基础零部件的制造过程,其自身局限性限制了工件表面完整性的提升。为进一步提升工件表面完整性,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法,研究二次喷丸、喷丸-超声滚压这2种表面复合强化工艺对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢试样表面完整性的影响效果,主要分析两种复合强化工艺对喷丸强化试样表面完整性的改善效果。结果表明,二次喷丸强化试样残余压应力最大值为1 359.56 MPa,位于0.08 mm的深度位置。喷丸-超声滚压强化试样残余压应力最大值为1 329.05 MPa,位于0.25 mm的深度位置。相较于单次喷丸强化试样,二次喷丸强化试样和喷丸-超声滚压强化试样,表面粗糙度分别下降29.42%、62.76%,表面显微硬度分别提升8.70%、17.60%,表面节点残余压应力值标准差分别下降23.36%、89.50%。喷丸-超声滚压强化工艺在提升试样表面硬度、残余应力层厚度和残余压应力均匀性以及降低表面粗糙度等方面效果更显著,能够有效改善喷丸强化试样的表面完整性。

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王振,男,1982年生,河南商丘人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为高性能齿轮抗疲劳制造;E-mail:

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王振,男,1982年生,河南商丘人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为高性能齿轮抗疲劳制造;E-mail:

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王振,男,1982年生,河南商丘人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为高性能齿轮抗疲劳制造;E-mail:

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Calculation method of contact fatigue life of spiral bevel gears considering residual stress[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering202258(23):28-38.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Calculation method of contact fatigue life of spiral bevel gears considering residual stress, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241451348605063296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, awardId=242300420052, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(242300420052), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241451348718309511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, awardId=242300420052, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省自然科学基金项目(242300420052), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241451335929877101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241451335938265710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, 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Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241451336072483447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, companyId=1241451336055706228, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国机械总院集团郑州机械研究所有限公司,郑州 450001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241451342372328291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Residual stress distribution of samples under different strengthening processes, figureFileSmall=BE5AeOxED7gNIZeSRT8w0Q==, figureFileBig=O2wpJIMXNr9r8UxAP3OlGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451342481380200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同强化工艺下试样的残余应力分布, figureFileSmall=BE5AeOxED7gNIZeSRT8w0Q==, 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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Modeling process of shot peening-ultrasonic rolling, figureFileSmall=OvoiN/FI0fHrSOCJl9N0Ww==, figureFileBig=7Zth7zqNMiUYOUQp4PoKBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343408321452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=CN, label=图5, caption=喷丸-超声滚压强化建模过程, figureFileSmall=OvoiN/FI0fHrSOCJl9N0Ww==, figureFileBig=7Zth7zqNMiUYOUQp4PoKBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343550927798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Residual stress test and simulation value of composite strengthened sample, figureFileSmall=11gwW+9PT1ICtNLa8XKwtQ==, figureFileBig=G8mkzaC9PSuR8LXhuAr1VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451343672562621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, 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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Surface element displacement nephogram under each test scheme of shot peening-ultrasonic rolling, figureFileSmall=1K0RG5JVfTUbqUagrbAcAg==, figureFileBig=eMU+AaI8Z2lCfsiwdDFiqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451346814095392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=CN, label=图13, caption=各喷丸-超声滚压强化试验方案下的表面单元位移云图, figureFileSmall=1K0RG5JVfTUbqUagrbAcAg==, figureFileBig=eMU+AaI8Z2lCfsiwdDFiqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451346948313126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Standard deviation of surface node residual stress under each test scheme of shot peening-ultrasonic rolling, figureFileSmall=rZ3nwRJwgBhAoObC4ETX5A==, figureFileBig=Z+icnMWrmfZQ6ID2VRm9WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451347061559341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=CN, label=图14, caption=各喷丸-超声滚压强化试验方案下的表面节点残余应力标准差, figureFileSmall=rZ3nwRJwgBhAoObC4ETX5A==, figureFileBig=Z+icnMWrmfZQ6ID2VRm9WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451347178999859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Process parameters of different strengthening schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号Number工艺参数Process parameter
A1
A2d=0.4 mm、V=50 m/s、C=75%
A3d=0.8 mm、V=60 m/s、C=100%
A4F=900 N、a=12 μm、f=24 kHz、D=1
A5d=0.8 mm、V=60 m/s、C=100%
d=0.4 mm、V=50 m/s、C=75%
A6d=0.8 mm、V=60 m/s、C=100%
F=900 N、a=12 μm、f=24 kHz、D=1
), ArticleFig(id=1241451347267080247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同强化方案的工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号Number工艺参数Process parameter
A1
A2d=0.4 mm、V=50 m/s、C=75%
A3d=0.8 mm、V=60 m/s、C=100%
A4F=900 N、a=12 μm、f=24 kHz、D=1
A5d=0.8 mm、V=60 m/s、C=100%
d=0.4 mm、V=50 m/s、C=75%
A6d=0.8 mm、V=60 m/s、C=100%
F=900 N、a=12 μm、f=24 kHz、D=1
), ArticleFig(id=1241451347418075201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Surface roughness evaluation parameters of sample under different strengthening processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号NumberRa/μmRq/μm
A10.2260.294
A20.3600.457
A31.0231.274
A40.3460.419
A50.7220.889
A60.3810.486
), ArticleFig(id=1241451347531321415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同强化工艺下试样的表面粗糙度评定参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号NumberRa/μmRq/μm
A10.2260.294
A20.3600.457
A31.0231.274
A40.3460.419
A50.7220.889
A60.3810.486
), ArticleFig(id=1241451347640373323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Microhardness of sample under different strengthening processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Number
测试点1
Test point 1/HV
测试点2
Test point 2/HV
测试点3
Test point 3/HV
平均值
Average value/HV
A1630.4699.7630.6653.57
A2703.1634.1692.5676.57
A3666.5745.1657.9689.83
A4738.0726.6715.5726.70
A5726.6761.6761.3749.83
A6797.2839.0797.6811.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241451347787173973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同强化工艺下试样的显微硬度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Number
测试点1
Test point 1/HV
测试点2
Test point 2/HV
测试点3
Test point 3/HV
平均值
Average value/HV
A1630.4699.7630.6653.57
A2703.1634.1692.5676.57
A3666.5745.1657.9689.83
A4738.0726.6715.5726.70
A5726.6761.6761.3749.83
A6797.2839.0797.6811.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241451347904614490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Material parameters of each component of the simulation model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件
Component
密度
Density ρ/(kg/m3
弹性模量
Elastic modulus E/GPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio ν
屈服强度
Yield strength A/MPa
应变硬化模量
Modulus of strain hardening B/MPa
硬化指数
Hardening index n
应变敏感率
Strain susceptibility rate Rss/%
试样Sample7 8502050.301 0141 0550.360.1
弹丸Pellet7 8002100.30
滚压头Rolling head2 3002300.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241451347988500574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

仿真模型各部件材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件
Component
密度
Density ρ/(kg/m3
弹性模量
Elastic modulus E/GPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio ν
屈服强度
Yield strength A/MPa
应变硬化模量
Modulus of strain hardening B/MPa
硬化指数
Hardening index n
应变敏感率
Strain susceptibility rate Rss/%
试样Sample7 8502050.301 0141 0550.360.1
弹丸Pellet7 8002100.30
滚压头Rolling head2 3002300.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241451348097552485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

2nd shot peening process parameters in the double shot peening

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编号
Number
丸粒直径
Pellet diameterd/mm
喷丸速度
Blasting speed V/(m/s)
覆盖率
Site coverage C/%
DSP10.45075
DSP20.460100
DSP30.470125
DSP40.550100
DSP50.560125
DSP60.57075
DSP70.650125
DSP80.66075
DSP90.670100
), ArticleFig(id=1241451348194021483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

二次喷丸强化中第2次喷丸工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Number
丸粒直径
Pellet diameterd/mm
喷丸速度
Blasting speed V/(m/s)
覆盖率
Site coverage C/%
DSP10.45075
DSP20.460100
DSP30.470125
DSP40.550100
DSP50.560125
DSP60.57075
DSP70.650125
DSP80.66075
DSP90.670100
), ArticleFig(id=1241451348277907569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Ultrasonic rolling process parameters in shot peening-ultrasonic rolling

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编号
Number
静压力
Static pressure
F/N
振幅
Amplification
a/μm
频率
Frequency
f/kHz
滚压次数
Number of rolls D
SP-USRP16008201
SP-USRP260012282
SP-USRP360016243
SP-USRP49008283
SP-USRP590012241
SP-USRP690016202
SP-USRP71 2008242
SP-USRP81 20012203
SP-USRP91 20016281
), ArticleFig(id=1241451348378570867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876378116547, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

喷丸-超声滚压强化中超声滚压工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Number
静压力
Static pressure
F/N
振幅
Amplification
a/μm
频率
Frequency
f/kHz
滚压次数
Number of rolls D
SP-USRP16008201
SP-USRP260012282
SP-USRP360016243
SP-USRP49008283
SP-USRP590012241
SP-USRP690016202
SP-USRP71 2008242
SP-USRP81 20012203
SP-USRP91 20016281
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表面复合强化对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢表面完整性的影响研究
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王振 1 , 孙浩 1 , 崔义龙 1 , 李林艳 1 , 王涛 2 , 韩家宝 1
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(8): 36-47
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(8): 36-47
表面复合强化对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢表面完整性的影响研究
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王振1 , 孙浩1, 崔义龙1, 李林艳1, 王涛2, 韩家宝1
作者信息
  • 1.郑州航空工业管理学院 自动化学院,郑州 450046
  • 2.中国机械总院集团郑州机械研究所有限公司,郑州 450001
  • 王振,男,1982年生,河南商丘人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为高性能齿轮抗疲劳制造;E-mail:

Study on the effect of surface composite strengthening on the surface integrity of 18CrNiMo7-6 carburized gear steel
Zhen WANG1 , Hao SUN1, Yilong CUI1, Linyan LI1, Tao WANG2, Jiaobao HAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Automation, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 2.China Academy of Machinery Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.005
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喷丸强化工艺广泛应用于齿轮等基础零部件的制造过程,其自身局限性限制了工件表面完整性的提升。为进一步提升工件表面完整性,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法,研究二次喷丸、喷丸-超声滚压这2种表面复合强化工艺对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢试样表面完整性的影响效果,主要分析两种复合强化工艺对喷丸强化试样表面完整性的改善效果。结果表明,二次喷丸强化试样残余压应力最大值为1 359.56 MPa,位于0.08 mm的深度位置。喷丸-超声滚压强化试样残余压应力最大值为1 329.05 MPa,位于0.25 mm的深度位置。相较于单次喷丸强化试样,二次喷丸强化试样和喷丸-超声滚压强化试样,表面粗糙度分别下降29.42%、62.76%,表面显微硬度分别提升8.70%、17.60%,表面节点残余压应力值标准差分别下降23.36%、89.50%。喷丸-超声滚压强化工艺在提升试样表面硬度、残余应力层厚度和残余压应力均匀性以及降低表面粗糙度等方面效果更显著,能够有效改善喷丸强化试样的表面完整性。

18CrNiMo7-6钢  /  喷丸  /  超声滚压  /  表面完整性

Shot peening process is widely used in the manufacturing process of gears and other basic components, and its own limitations limit the enhancement of the surface integrity of the workpiece. In order to further improve the surface integrity of the workplece, A combination of numerical simulation and experimental methods was utilized to study the effect of two surface composite strengthening processes, such as double shot peening and shot peening-ultrasonic rolling, on the surface integrity of 18CrNiMo7-6 carburization gear steel samples, and mainly analyzed the effect of the two composite strengthening processes on the improvement of surface integrity of the shot peened samples. The results show that the maximum value of the residual compressive stress of the double shot peening sample was 1 359.56 MPa, locates at the depth of 0.08 mm, and the maximum value of the residual compressive stress of the shot peening-ultrasonic rolling peening sample was 1 329.05 MPa,locates at the depth of 0.25 mm. Compare with the single shot peening sample, the surface roughness of the double shot peening sample and the shot peening-ultrasonic rolling sample was 29.42% and 29.42% lower than that of the single shot peening sample. Compare with the single shot peening samples,the surface roughness of the double shot peening samples and shot peening-ultrasonic tumbling peening samples decreased by 29.42% and 62.76%,respectively, the surface microhardness increased by 8.70% and 17.60%, and the standard deviation of the surface node compressive residual stress value decreased by 23.36% and 89.50%. The shot peening-ultrasonic rolling process is more effective in enhancing the surface hardness,thickness of the residual stress layer and uniformity of the residual compressive stress, as well as reducing the surface roughness of the specimens,and can effectively improve the surface integrity of the shot peened samples.

18CrNiMo7-6 steel  /  Shot peening  /  Ultrasonic rolling  /  Surface integrity
王振, 孙浩, 崔义龙, 李林艳, 王涛, 韩家宝. 表面复合强化对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢表面完整性的影响研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (8) : 36 -47 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.005
Zhen WANG, Hao SUN, Yilong CUI, Linyan LI, Tao WANG, Jiaobao HAN. Study on the effect of surface composite strengthening on the surface integrity of 18CrNiMo7-6 carburized gear steel[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (8) : 36 -47 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.005
喷丸强化作为有效提升齿轮抗疲劳性能的关键技术,广泛应用于硬齿面齿轮的加工制造[1],18CrNiMo7-6渗碳钢因其具有较高的强度、韧性以及耐磨性,常用于轨道交通、能源电力和工程车辆等领域的齿轮传动系统[2-3]。机械装备齿轮传动系统的轻量化和高功率密度设计对齿轮疲劳性能的要求日益提高,喷丸强化后材料表层残余压应力分布不均匀、表面粗糙度升高、应力集中程度增加[4],这些表面完整性问题制约着喷丸强化的应用与齿轮抗疲劳性能的提升。
二次喷丸强化工艺加工难度较低,能够改善传统喷丸强化工件的表面完整性。王文健等[5]研究了先传统喷丸再微粒子喷丸的强化工艺,对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢残余应力的影响,认为第2次喷丸的丸粒直径较小,主要提升表面残余压应力,但并未分析工艺参数对残余应力分布情况的影响规律。王振等[6]6-7通过二次喷丸有限元分析,研究了喷丸速度、丸粒直径等参数对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢表层残余应力及表面形貌的影响规律,但并未进行试验分析。虽然有研究表明,二次喷丸可在一定程度上降低金属工件表面粗糙度[7],但由于二次喷丸自身局限性,强化后工件表面仍存在弹坑痕迹,表面残余压应力不均匀程度较高。
滚压强化可以有效消除工件表面的加工痕迹,改善工件表面性能[8],但滚压强化产生的硬化层与基体有分层现象,表层易脱落[9]。刘立波[10]探究了超声振幅对42CrMo表面完整性的影响,发现当静压力不变时,随着超声振幅的增加,残余压应力呈现先增加后减小的趋势。残余应力的增加归因于振幅通过超声变幅杆等装置转化为动态冲击力作用于工件表面,在静压力的联合作用下实现了塑性变形[11]34-38。超声滚压即在传统滚压加工基础上利用静压力和超声冲击的耦合作用对工件表面进行加工,强化后工件表层塑性变形均匀,表面粗糙度降低,可引入较深的残余压应力分布但残余压应力值较小。ZHANG等[12]通过试验研究了喷丸与超声滚压复合强化对17Cr2Ni2MoVNb钢表面完整性的影响,结果表明复合强化能产生超细晶粒,提高显微硬度,并在材料表层引入高幅值残余压应力。
综合以上分析,目前关于二次喷丸和喷丸-超声滚压两种复合表面强化的工艺参数对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢表面完整性影响规律还有待深入研究。本文通过数值模拟和试验研究的方法,探究两种不同表面复合强化工艺对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢试样表面完整性的影响,以及对喷丸强化表面完整性问题的改善效果,为优化齿轮制造工艺、提升齿轮疲劳性能提供技术支持与借鉴。
试样材料为18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢,将原材料加工成直径为40 mm、厚度为10 mm的圆片状。对机加工完成的试样进行渗碳淬火处理,渗碳温度930 ℃,强渗期碳势控制在1.2%,强渗时间21 h,扩散期碳势0.8%~1.0%,扩散时间20 h,后随炉降温至830 ℃保温1 h出炉,试样放入60 ℃油中淬火50 min,出油空冷,再180 ℃回火16 h,出炉空冷。试样渗碳淬火后表面存在1层碳黑,使用浓度为5%的氢氧化钠水溶液浸泡,并用砂纸打磨去除表面碳黑。
进行不同强化工艺下的表面完整性试验研究,能够分析二次喷丸强化工艺和喷丸-超声滚压强化工艺,对喷丸试样表面完整性问题的改善效果。同时,试样残余应力检测数据将用于验证复合强化仿真模型的可靠性。喷丸工艺选择丸粒直径d、喷丸速度V和覆盖率C等3个参数作为变量进行分析,采用开信精工KX1515型气动喷丸机强化试样。超声滚压选择静压力F、振幅a、频率f和滚压次数D等4个参数作为变量进行分析,采用高束能GS30C型超声滚压设备强化试样,试验方案如表1所示。
采用Proto-LXRD型X射线残余应力分析仪检测试样表面残余应力,由于材料为18CrNiMo7-6钢,在测量时X射线管选择Cr靶、管电压为30 kV、管电流为25 mA、Beta角为25°、ψ角个数为9个、准直器直径为1 mm,为获得试样沿深度方向的残余应力,配合使用Proto-8818-V3电解抛光机对试样进行剥层,电解液为饱和NaCl溶液。采用NANOVEA-JR50型三维非接触式表面形貌仪检测试样的三维形貌和表面粗糙度。采用FHVW-1Z型显微硬度计对试样表面进行硬度检测,试验力为200 N、保压时间为15 s,在待测区域测量3次取平均值作为试样表面维氏硬度值。
根据表1开展不同强化方式对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢表层残余应力影响的试验研究,6组试验方案下的残余应力检测结果如图1所示。
图1可知,试样经过渗碳淬火处理后,次表层残余压应力约为200 MPa。通过对比曲线A2和A3,发现当丸粒直径较小时,试样的残余压应力最大值略高,A2试样的残余压应力最大值为1 135.59 MPa,但由于A2组工艺参数中丸粒直径d和覆盖率C均小于A3组,所以试样表面残余压应力值和残余压应力小于A3组;当喷丸工艺参数均增加时,残余压应力最大值深度位置向试样内部移动,残余压应力层厚度显著增加。相较于大丸粒喷丸强化试样,超声滚压强化试样表层残余压应力最大值较低,但提升残余压应力层厚度的效果显著。
在6组试验方案中,二次喷丸强化试样残余压应力最大值最高,其数值为1 283.96 MPa。从表面到残余压应力最大值深度位置的区间内,二次喷丸强化试样残余压应力值大于喷丸强化试样,但是在残余压应力最大值深度位置后,二次喷丸强化试样残余压应力值小于单次喷丸强化试样。根据文献[6]6-7的解释,表层残余压应力增长后,材料内部产生拉应力保持自身应力平衡,进而导致二次喷丸强化试样次表层残余压应力值有所下降。通过A6曲线可知,喷丸-超声滚压强化试样表层残余压应力最大值为1 212.28 MPa,与喷丸强化试样相比,复合强化后试样表面残余压应力值、残余压应力最大值以及残余压应力层厚度等都有一定幅度的增长。因此,喷丸-超声滚压强化工艺能够显著改善试样表层残余应力分布状态,当工件在服役过程中,表面较高的残余压应力以及较深的残余压应力层能够有效降低工作载荷,提升工件的疲劳寿命。
测量试样表面中心2 mm×2 mm的正方形区域,在不同处理工艺下的三维形貌如图2所示。未强化试样表面存在明显机加工痕迹;当进行小直径丸粒喷丸强化时,试样表面的机加工痕迹消除;当进行传统的大丸粒喷丸强化时,试样表面存在大量由弹丸随机冲击形成的尖峰和凹坑;超声滚压强化试样相较于两种单次喷丸强化试样,表面光整性较好。
与传统喷丸强化试样相比,二次喷丸强化试样表面形貌较平整,由大直径弹丸随机冲击形成的尖峰和凹坑较少,但是试样表面机加工痕迹并未完全消除,主要是由试样在加工中切削痕迹过深所导致;喷丸-超声滚压强化试样的表面形貌优于喷丸强化试样和二次喷丸强化试样。因此,将超声滚压强化作为喷丸强化的后处理工艺,“削峰填谷”作用明显,能够显著提升喷丸强化试样表面的光整性,消除机加工痕迹以及由丸粒冲击形成的弹坑和尖峰,减少试样表面应力集中程度、提高疲劳裂纹萌生阈值,进而提高工件的疲劳寿命。
18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢表面完整性试样在不同处理方式下,取样区域的二维形貌以及Y轴中心沿X轴方向的轮廓曲线,如图3所示。与未强化A1试样相比,大丸粒喷丸强化试样的波峰从2 μm左右增长至5 μm左右[图3(c)];超声滚压强化试样轮廓曲线大致在1.5 μm范围内波动[图3(d)],超声滚压强化工艺能够提高试样表面形貌的均匀性。二次喷丸强化后试样中心轮廓曲线最大顶点高度从传统大丸粒喷丸强化的5 μm左右降低至3 μm左右,但是喷丸-超声滚压强化后轮廓曲线最大顶点高度降低至2 μm左右,基本消除了试样喷丸强化后弹坑痕迹明显的问题。
提取各试样取样区域中心的轮廓曲线,通过软件计算得到各试样的表面粗糙度评定参数,如表2所示。由表2可知,二次喷丸强化试样与传统大丸粒喷丸强化试样相比表面粗糙度有所下降,轮廓算术平均偏差Ra和轮廓的均方根偏差Rq分别降低了29.42%和30.22%,但是表面粗糙度仍高于超声滚压强化试样和小丸粒喷丸强化试样;喷丸-超声滚压强化试样与传统大丸粒喷丸强化试样表面粗糙度相比,轮廓算术平均偏差Ra降低了62.76%、轮廓的均方根偏差Rq降低了61.85%。
各试验方案下试样的显微硬度测量结果如表3所示。
喷丸强化试样与未强化试样相比,表面硬度提升5.55%,但表面硬度分布不均匀,测量值极差最大为87.20 HV;超声滚压强化后试样表面显微硬度为726.70 HV,与未强化试样相比显微硬度提升11.19%,并且3个测量值之间的极差最低。二次喷丸强化和喷丸-超声滚压强化试样的显微硬度,与大丸粒喷丸强化试样相比分别增加了8.70%、17.60%。
综上所述,采用二次喷丸强化工艺和喷丸-超声滚压强化工艺,均能解决试样喷丸强化后存在的表面完整性问题,但是喷丸-超声滚压强化工艺在提升表面残余压应力值、残余压应力层厚度、表面硬度和降低表面粗糙度等方面的效果更为显著。
Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构模型适用于材料在大变形、高应变速率等条件下的数值模拟研究,同时喷丸强化属于冷塑性加工,超声滚压强化时陶瓷滚压头和工件之间的接触温度远低于材料的相变温度[13],因此本文使用简化后的J-C本构模型描述18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢在两种复合强化下的应力应变行为,表达式为
式中,σ为材料屈服应力;A为屈服强度;B为应变硬化模量;ε为等效塑性应变;n为硬化指数;Rss为应变敏感率;ε*为无量纲应变率,ε*=ε/ε0,其中,ε0为参考应变率。18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢、弹丸与陶瓷滚压头的材料参数如表4所示[11]34-38[14]
二次喷丸强化有限元分析模型的构建过程如图4所示,大丸粒喷丸强化完成后,通过数据传递将已变形试样的应力应变结果,传递给小丸粒喷丸强化有限元模型作为试样的初始状态,小丸粒冲击强化完成后试样中心1 mm×1 mm的正方形区域受到二次喷丸强化。试样的网格尺寸为0.02 mm,单元类型为C3D8R,将正方形区域沿深度方向每层节点的残余应力求平均值,作为该深度下的残余应力值。
喷丸-超声滚压复合强化有限元分析模型的构建过程如图5所示,喷丸强化丸粒覆盖区域位于试样表面中心位置,当陶瓷滚压头经过中心已喷丸区域时,试样中心单元受到喷丸-超声滚压复合强化。试样中心沿Y轴方向3 mm内进行网格加密,网格尺寸为0.05 mm,其余位置网格尺寸为0.1 mm,单元类型为C3D8R。由于超声振动产生的动态冲击力曲线波形为正弦波[15],采用傅里叶级数(余弦项为零)形式的集中力实现静压力和超声振动的共同加载效果,残余应力提取方式与二次喷丸强化模型相同。
在进行表面复合强化对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳齿轮钢表面完整性影响的数值模拟研究前,使用A5和A6两组工艺参数验证有限元模型的可靠性,残余应力仿真结果与试验值如图6所示。
二次喷丸强化试样表面残余压应力试验值为847.92 MPa,仿真结果低于试验值,误差为5.01%;测量得到的表层残余压应力最大值为1 283.96 MPa,仿真结果为1 247.08 MPa,与试验值的误差较小。喷丸-超声滚压强化试样表面残余压应力试验值为885.34 MPa,仿真结果为864.62 MPa,与试验值的误差较小;测量得到的试样表层残余压应力最大值为1 212.28 MPa,仿真结果为1 087.82 MPa,与试验值的误差为10.27%。因此,本文建立的二次喷丸和喷丸-超声滚压强化有限元分析模型具有可靠性。
第1次大丸粒喷丸强化的工艺参数为丸粒直径d=0.8 mm、喷丸速度V=60 m/s、覆盖率C=100%,使用Minitab软件进行正交试验设计,在大丸粒喷丸强化的基础上进行二次喷丸强化试验,试验方案的工艺参数如表5所示。
二次喷丸强化各试验方案下的残余应力仿真结果如图7所示。二次喷丸强化后试样残余压应力层厚度变化较小,因此,二次喷丸强化工艺主要影响试样表层的残余压应力分布状态。单次喷丸强化试样的表面残余压应力值为731.42 MPa,二次喷丸强化试样表面残余压应力均高于单次喷丸强化,其中第DSP6组的增长幅度最大达到21.43%,这是由该组工艺参数中喷丸速度最大且强化时丸粒流冲击位置大面积覆盖了单次喷丸未强化区域所导致的,通过图10(f)也能够发现第DSP6组中心区域变形较大。
单次喷丸试样残余压应力最大值为1 167.95 MPa,二次喷丸强化第DSP9组试样的残余压应力最大值为1 359.56 MPa,增幅最大为16.41%,主要由于DSP9组工艺参数中的丸粒直径和喷丸速度都是最大水平值并且覆盖率为100%。当第2次喷丸的丸粒直径为最低水平值0.4 mm时,DSP1组和DSP2组试样的残余压应力最大值位置向表面移动,当疲劳裂纹从工件表面萌生并向工件内部扩展时,能够促进裂纹闭合、降低裂纹向内扩展的速率[16],从而延长工件的疲劳寿命。
二次喷丸强化试样表面残余压应力均匀性,能够通过表面节点残余应力值的标准差来反映,如图8所示。单次喷丸强化后表面节点残余压应力值标准差较大,二次喷丸强化后除DSP8组外表面残余压应力标准差均下降,当第二次喷丸强化工艺参数为d=0.4 mm、V=60 m/s、C=100%时,试样表面节点残余应力值标准差下降23.36%。DSP8组工艺参数中,由于丸粒直径和喷丸覆盖率为最大水平值,丸粒数量多、丸粒流冲击能量大,靶材表面塑性应变不均匀性增强,进而DSP8组表面残余压应力值标准差增大。这表明二次喷丸强化工艺,在工艺参数设置不合理时,会加剧试样表面残余压应力分布的不均匀性。
单次喷丸强化试样表层等效塑性变形云图和表面单元位移云图如图9所示,二次喷丸强化各试验方案下的表面单元位移云图如图10所示。当第2次喷丸的丸粒直径为0.4 mm时,与单次喷丸强化相比二次喷丸强化表面形貌变化剧烈,但是试样中心区域仍然存在弹坑痕迹,随着丸粒直径的增加,试样表面弹坑痕迹明显增多。
二次喷丸强化工艺能够改善单次喷丸强化工件存在的表面完整性问题,如表面粗糙度增大、残余压应力分布不均等,但改善效果有限,采用超声滚压强化作为喷丸强化的后处理工艺,形成喷丸-超声滚压强化工艺(SP-USRP强化工艺),进一步提升喷丸工件的表面完整性。为了与二次喷丸强化工艺对比改善效果,第一步的喷丸强化工艺参数选择d=0.8 mm、V=60 m/s、C=100%,在单次喷丸强化基础上进行喷丸-超声滚压强化试验,试验方案的工艺参数如表6所示。
喷丸-超声滚压强化各方案下的残余应力仿真结果如图11所示,当静压力为600 N时试样表面残余压应力值较低,随着滚压次数和静压力的增加,试样表面残余压应力值逐渐增大。9组试验方案中第6组(SP-USRP6)的表面残余压应力值最大,由于该组静压力为900 N、振幅为16 μm、滚压次数为2次,强化时试样表面塑性变形剧烈程度低于静压力为1 200 N的试样,所以沿深度方向提取残余应力时表层节点残余压应力值较高。9组试验方案中第8组(SP-USRP8)工艺参数下试样表层残余压应力峰值最大为1 329.05 MPa、处于距表面0.25 mm的深度,第9组(SP-USRP9)虽然静压力、振幅和频率都为最高水平值但滚压次数仅为1次,导致SP-USRP9组最大残余压应力值低于SP-USRP8组。因此,在相同静压力下增加滚压次数,试样表面残余压应力值、表层残余压应力最大值和残余压应力层厚度随之增加。
在分析喷丸-超声滚压复合强化对试样残余应力的影响时,由于二次喷丸强化和喷丸-超声滚压强化都采用同一组大丸粒喷丸强化工艺参数,但是两种复合强化模型网格尺寸有所不同,因此需要对比单次喷丸强化在两种模型下的残余应力分布情况,如图12所示。从图12中能够发现两种模型的表面残余压应力和残余压应力最大值相差较小,由于网格尺寸的影响残余压应力最大值深度位置和残余压应力层厚度出现一定的偏差,但总体误差较小,能够作为相同的初始状态,以对比分析二次喷丸强化和喷丸-超声滚压强化的改善效果。
喷丸-超声滚压强化试样中心区域位移云图如图13所示。图13中第1组(SP-USRP1)试样的表面位移云图与单次喷丸位移云图[图9(b)]相比,喷丸强化产生的弹坑痕迹大面积消失,随着静压力、振幅、频率和滚压次数的增加,试样表面光整效果逐渐提高;通过对比第2组(SP-USRP2)和第3组(SP-USRP3)的位移云图发现相同静压力下,滚压次数和振幅对表面形貌的影响程度高于频率。通过图13(a)、图13(e)、图13(i)可知,当滚压次数为1次时,随着静压力增大试样表面形貌逐渐改善,因此,对试样表面形貌影响较大的工艺参数为静压力、滚压次数和振幅。
图14为单次喷丸强化和喷丸-超声滚压强化各试验方案下的表面节点残余应力值标准差,二次喷丸强化模型中单次喷丸后试样表面残余压应力值标准差为487.95,喷丸-超声滚压强化模型中单次喷丸后试样表面残余压应力值标准差为387.56,这主要受到模型的网格尺寸和节点数量的影响,喷丸-超声滚压强化模型的网格尺寸较大、节点数量较少,因此在计算表面节点残余压应力值标准差时数值偏低。当静压力为1 200 N、滚压次数为3次时试样表面残余压应力均匀性最好,与喷丸强化试样相比,表面节点残余压应力值标准差下降幅度达到89.50%。因此,喷丸-超声滚压复合强化工艺能够显著地提升喷丸强化试样表面残余压应力的均匀性。
研究了18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢表面完整性试样在不同强化工艺下的表面完整性,建立了18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢二次喷丸、喷丸-超声滚压两种表面复合强化工艺的有限元分析模型,对比了两种复合强化工艺对喷丸试样表面完整性问题的改善效果,得出如下结论:
1)与传统大丸粒喷丸强化的18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢试样相比,二次喷丸强化试样轮廓算术平均偏差Ra、轮廓的均方根偏差Rq分别降低了29.42%、30.22%,喷丸-超声滚压强化降低试样表面粗糙度的效果更显著,RaRq分别降低了62.76%、61.85%。
2)未强化试样的表面显微硬度均值为653.57 HV,单次强化工艺中超声滚压强化试样的显微硬度增幅最大,试样表面显微硬度均值为726.70 HV。二次喷丸强化和超声滚压强化试样表面硬度较高,其中喷丸-超声滚压强化试样的表面显微硬度均值最高,为811.27 HV,与传统喷丸强化试样相比提升15.38%。
3)当第2次喷丸强化的丸粒直径d=0.6 mm时,试样表层残余压应力值最高为1 359.56 MPa,但是表面形貌和表面残余压应力均匀性较差;当第2次喷丸强化的丸粒直径d=0.4 mm、喷丸速度V=60 m/s、覆盖率C=100%时,试样表面残余压应力均匀性较好,与单次喷丸强化试样相比表面节点残余压应力值标准差下降了23.36%。
4)喷丸-超声滚压强化试样表层残余压应力最大值为1 329.05 MPa,出现在距表面0.25 mm的深度位置;与单次喷丸强化试样相比,喷丸-超声滚压强化试样表面节点残余压应力值标准差最高下降89.50%,试样表层残余压应力分布的均匀性显著提升。
综上所述,二次喷丸强化工艺和喷丸-超声滚压强化工艺都能够解决试样喷丸强化后存在的表面残余应力不均匀、表面粗糙度高易引起应力集中等问题,但是喷丸-超声滚压复合强化试样的表面形貌更平整、机加工痕迹消失、表层残余压应力分布更均匀,对喷丸试样表面完整性的提升效果更显著。
  • 河南省自然科学基金项目(242300420052)
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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.005
  • 接收时间:2024-02-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-02
  • 修回日期:2024-04-08
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Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(242300420052)
河南省自然科学基金项目(242300420052)
作者信息
    1.郑州航空工业管理学院 自动化学院,郑州 450046
    2.中国机械总院集团郑州机械研究所有限公司,郑州 450001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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