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To address the issue of accuracy degradation caused by aerodynamic damping when measuring the moment of inertia of irregular specimens with large airfoil surfaces using the torsional pendulum method, a compensation approach based on drag simulation results was proposed. Initially, the mechanism of aerodynamic damping in torsional oscillations was analyzed, and a measurement model incorporating compensation through calculation of aerodynamic damping torque was established. Subsequently, the reduced frequency parameter was introduced to characterize the unsteady aerodynamic nature of the aerodynamic damping torque. By employing a quasi-steady assumption combined with equivalent linearization techniques,the unsteady time-varying aerodynamic damping torque was equivalently represented as viscous damping. Furthermore,computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to obtain drag coefficients during specimen motion, from which a compensation formula based on drag coefficients was derived. Finally, validation test were designed and performed to verify the proposed method. The findings indicate that under low reduced frequency conditions (reduced frequency less than 0.01), the relative error between the equivalent aerodynamic damping ratio calculated via quasi-steady assumption and test separation values is approximately 7%. After compensating using the proposed equivalent aerodynamic damping ratio, the error between measured and theoretical moments of inertia is approximately 0.2%, demonstrating that the proposed method effectively enhances measurement accuracy for moments of inertia of irregular specimens with large airfoil surfaces.

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MA Weiping, E-mail:
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针对利用扭摆法测量具有较大翼面的异形体被测样件的转动惯量时,因空气阻尼导致精度下降的问题,提出了一种基于阻力仿真结果进行补偿的方法。首先,分析了扭摆运动中空气阻尼的作用机制,建立了通过计算空气阻尼力矩进行补偿的测量模型。其次,引入缩减频率表征空气阻尼力矩的非定常特性,采用准定常假设与等效线性化的方法,将非定常的时变空气阻尼力矩等效为黏性阻尼。再次,通过计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)软件模拟并获取了被测样件运动过程中的阻力系数,推导了基于阻力系数的补偿计算式。最后,设计了验证性试验进行验证。结果表明,在低缩减频率(缩减频率小于0.01)工况条件下,基于准定常假设的等效空气阻尼比计算值与试验分离值的相对误差约为7%,使用所提等效空气阻尼比进行补偿后的转动惯量与理论转动惯量的误差约为0.2%,证明所提方法可有效提升异形体被测样件转动惯量的测量精度。

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马卫平,男,1976年生,河南郑州人,高级工程师;主要研究方向为机械振动故障诊断、动平衡技术、信号分析及机器状态监测等;E-mail:

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马卫平,男,1976年生,河南郑州人,高级工程师;主要研究方向为机械振动故障诊断、动平衡技术、信号分析及机器状态监测等;E-mail:

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马卫平,男,1976年生,河南郑州人,高级工程师;主要研究方向为机械振动故障诊断、动平衡技术、信号分析及机器状态监测等;E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1241451353092968704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=CN, label=图7, caption=400 mm回转半径夹角为90°状态下转动惯量测量, figureFileSmall=8ch1QIa9Qg+LXWCS3EOovg==, figureFileBig=Lt6P9QdDv1cLIVsGUpuRIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241451353202020610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Dimensions of the computational domain for flow around problem

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计算域边界
Boundary of computational domain
几何边界类型
Type of geometric boundary
物理边界条件
Condition of physical boundary
入口
Inlet
未定义补丁片
Undefined patch
湍流速度入口
Turbulent velocity inlet
出口
Outlet
未定义补丁片
Undefined patch
入口、出口边界
Inlet, outlet boundary
阻尼板
Damping plate
壁面
Wall surface
壁面函数
Wall function
前面
Front surface
壁面
Wall surface
无滑移光滑壁面
No-slip smooth wall surface
后面
Back surface
壁面
Wall surface
无滑移光滑壁面
No-slip smooth wall surface
顶面
Top surface
壁面
Wall surface
无滑移光滑壁面
No-slip smooth wall surface
底面
Bottom surface
壁面
Wall surface
无滑移光滑壁面
No-slip smooth wall surface
对称面
Symmetry plane
对称平面
Symmetric plane
严格对称平面
Strictly symmetric plane
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353361404167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

绕流问题计算域尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算域边界
Boundary of computational domain
几何边界类型
Type of geometric boundary
物理边界条件
Condition of physical boundary
入口
Inlet
未定义补丁片
Undefined patch
湍流速度入口
Turbulent velocity inlet
出口
Outlet
未定义补丁片
Undefined patch
入口、出口边界
Inlet, outlet boundary
阻尼板
Damping plate
壁面
Wall surface
壁面函数
Wall function
前面
Front surface
壁面
Wall surface
无滑移光滑壁面
No-slip smooth wall surface
后面
Back surface
壁面
Wall surface
无滑移光滑壁面
No-slip smooth wall surface
顶面
Top surface
壁面
Wall surface
无滑移光滑壁面
No-slip smooth wall surface
底面
Bottom surface
壁面
Wall surface
无滑移光滑壁面
No-slip smooth wall surface
对称面
Symmetry plane
对称平面
Symmetric plane
严格对称平面
Strictly symmetric plane
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353466261771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Boundary condition of the computational domain of flow around problem

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计算域边界
Boundary of computational domain
边界定义
Boundary definition
距离(H为平板高度)
Distance (H is the height of the plate)
入口
Inlet
距离平板前面
Distance from the front of the plate
5H
出口
Outlet
距离平板后面
Distance from the rear of the plate
15H
顶面
Top surface
距离平板中心点
Distance from the plate center point
3H
底面
Bottom surface
距离平板中心点
Distance from the plate center point
3H
前面
Front surface
距离平板中心点
Distance from the plate center point
5H
后面
Back surface
距离平板中心点
Distance from the plate center point
5H
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353634033936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

绕流问题计算域边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算域边界
Boundary of computational domain
边界定义
Boundary definition
距离(H为平板高度)
Distance (H is the height of the plate)
入口
Inlet
距离平板前面
Distance from the front of the plate
5H
出口
Outlet
距离平板后面
Distance from the rear of the plate
15H
顶面
Top surface
距离平板中心点
Distance from the plate center point
3H
底面
Bottom surface
距离平板中心点
Distance from the plate center point
3H
前面
Front surface
距离平板中心点
Distance from the plate center point
5H
后面
Back surface
距离平板中心点
Distance from the plate center point
5H
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353722114325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Measurement period of the moment of inertia of the damping plate

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回转半径
Radius of gyration/mm
角度
Angle/(°)
空盘测量周期
Empty disk measurement cycle/s
样件测量周期
Sample measurement cycle/s
阻尼板测量周期
Damping plate measurement cycle/s
40001.701 2
451.635 71.805 21.699 5
901.698 8
80001.836 5
451.635 71.805 21.831 8
901.829 1
1 20002.041 1
451.635 71.805 22.033 0
902.028 5
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353831166233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

阻尼板转动惯量测量周期

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回转半径
Radius of gyration/mm
角度
Angle/(°)
空盘测量周期
Empty disk measurement cycle/s
样件测量周期
Sample measurement cycle/s
阻尼板测量周期
Damping plate measurement cycle/s
40001.701 2
451.635 71.805 21.699 5
901.698 8
80001.836 5
451.635 71.805 21.831 8
901.829 1
1 20002.041 1
451.635 71.805 22.033 0
902.028 5
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353927635230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Test data analysis of the moment of inertia measurement of the damping plate

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回转半径
Radius of gyration/mm
角度
Angle/(°)
实测转动惯量
Measured moment of inertia/(kg·m2
理论转动惯量
Theoretical moment of inertia/(kg·m2
相对误差
Relative error/%
40003.920.73
453.783.89-2.90
903.72-4.40
800015.712.50
4515.2815.32-0.26
9015.04-1.80
1 200035.242.50
4534.4334.370.19
9033.98-1.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241451353990549793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

阻尼板转动惯量测量试验数据分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回转半径
Radius of gyration/mm
角度
Angle/(°)
实测转动惯量
Measured moment of inertia/(kg·m2
理论转动惯量
Theoretical moment of inertia/(kg·m2
相对误差
Relative error/%
40003.920.73
453.783.89-2.90
903.72-4.40
800015.712.50
4515.2815.32-0.26
9015.04-1.80
1 200035.242.50
4534.4334.370.19
9033.98-1.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241451354103796008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Test data correction of the moment of inertia of the damping plate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回转半径
Radius of gyration/mm
角度
Angle/(°)
0°实测转动惯量
Measured moment of inertia at 0°/(kg·m2
90°实测转动惯量
Measured moment of inertia at 90°/(kg·m2
相对误差
Relative error/%
40003.923.725.4
453.781.6
800015.7115.044.5
4515.281.5
1 200035.2433.983.7
4534.431.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241451354246402347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

阻尼板转动惯量试验数据修正

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回转半径
Radius of gyration/mm
角度
Angle/(°)
0°实测转动惯量
Measured moment of inertia at 0°/(kg·m2
90°实测转动惯量
Measured moment of inertia at 90°/(kg·m2
相对误差
Relative error/%
40003.923.725.4
453.781.6
800015.7115.044.5
4515.281.5
1 200035.2433.983.7
4534.431.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241451354380620080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

System stiffness calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空盘测量周期
Empty disk measurement cycle/s
样件测量周期
Sample measurement cycle/s
阻尼板测量周期
Damping plate measurement cycle/s
系统刚度
System stiffness/(N·m)
1.635 71.805 21.702 224.608 5
1.698 824.623 0
1.699 524.619 2
1.836 524.641 1
1.831 824.588 2
1.829 124.623 4
2.041 124.683 9
2.033 024.620 6
2.028 524.620 7
), ArticleFig(id=1241451355852820788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

系统刚度计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空盘测量周期
Empty disk measurement cycle/s
样件测量周期
Sample measurement cycle/s
阻尼板测量周期
Damping plate measurement cycle/s
系统刚度
System stiffness/(N·m)
1.635 71.805 21.702 224.608 5
1.698 824.623 0
1.699 524.619 2
1.836 524.641 1
1.831 824.588 2
1.829 124.623 4
2.041 124.683 9
2.033 024.620 6
2.028 524.620 7
), ArticleFig(id=1241451356016398650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Air damping of the approximate steady-state

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回转半径
Radius of gyration/mm
理论转动惯量
Theoretical moment of inertia/(kg·m2
理论振动周期
Theoretical oscillation period/s
实测空气阻尼比
Measured air damping ratio
80081.205 81.8060.031
1 200100.255 62.0070.041
), ArticleFig(id=1241451356104479036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

近似定常状态空气阻尼

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回转半径
Radius of gyration/mm
理论转动惯量
Theoretical moment of inertia/(kg·m2
理论振动周期
Theoretical oscillation period/s
实测空气阻尼比
Measured air damping ratio
80081.205 81.8060.031
1 200100.255 62.0070.041
), ArticleFig(id=1241451356196753725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Drag coefficient at different Reynolds numbers

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雷诺数
Reynolds number Re
2507501 0005 00015 000
阻力系数
Drag coefficient Cd
2.202.312.262.032.36
), ArticleFig(id=1241451356268056896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241408876097106722, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同雷诺数下的阻力系数

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雷诺数
Reynolds number Re
2507501 0005 00015 000
阻力系数
Drag coefficient Cd
2.202.312.262.032.36
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考虑空气阻尼的扭摆法转动惯量测量分析
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马卫平 , 赵赫 , 宋宇宙 , 李腾龙
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(8): 123-130
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(8): 123-130
考虑空气阻尼的扭摆法转动惯量测量分析
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马卫平 , 赵赫, 宋宇宙, 李腾龙
作者信息
  • 中国机械总院集团郑州机械研究所有限公司,郑州 450052
  • 马卫平,男,1976年生,河南郑州人,高级工程师;主要研究方向为机械振动故障诊断、动平衡技术、信号分析及机器状态监测等;E-mail:

Measurement and analysis of moment of inertia using torsional pendulum method with air damping consideration
Weiping MA , He ZHAO, Yuzhou SONG, Tenglong LI
Affiliations
  • China Academy of Machinery Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co, Ltd, Zhengzhou 450052, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.015
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针对利用扭摆法测量具有较大翼面的异形体被测样件的转动惯量时,因空气阻尼导致精度下降的问题,提出了一种基于阻力仿真结果进行补偿的方法。首先,分析了扭摆运动中空气阻尼的作用机制,建立了通过计算空气阻尼力矩进行补偿的测量模型。其次,引入缩减频率表征空气阻尼力矩的非定常特性,采用准定常假设与等效线性化的方法,将非定常的时变空气阻尼力矩等效为黏性阻尼。再次,通过计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)软件模拟并获取了被测样件运动过程中的阻力系数,推导了基于阻力系数的补偿计算式。最后,设计了验证性试验进行验证。结果表明,在低缩减频率(缩减频率小于0.01)工况条件下,基于准定常假设的等效空气阻尼比计算值与试验分离值的相对误差约为7%,使用所提等效空气阻尼比进行补偿后的转动惯量与理论转动惯量的误差约为0.2%,证明所提方法可有效提升异形体被测样件转动惯量的测量精度。

转动惯量测量  /  空气阻尼  /  异形体  /  非定常气动力  /  阻力系数

To address the issue of accuracy degradation caused by aerodynamic damping when measuring the moment of inertia of irregular specimens with large airfoil surfaces using the torsional pendulum method, a compensation approach based on drag simulation results was proposed. Initially, the mechanism of aerodynamic damping in torsional oscillations was analyzed, and a measurement model incorporating compensation through calculation of aerodynamic damping torque was established. Subsequently, the reduced frequency parameter was introduced to characterize the unsteady aerodynamic nature of the aerodynamic damping torque. By employing a quasi-steady assumption combined with equivalent linearization techniques,the unsteady time-varying aerodynamic damping torque was equivalently represented as viscous damping. Furthermore,computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to obtain drag coefficients during specimen motion, from which a compensation formula based on drag coefficients was derived. Finally, validation test were designed and performed to verify the proposed method. The findings indicate that under low reduced frequency conditions (reduced frequency less than 0.01), the relative error between the equivalent aerodynamic damping ratio calculated via quasi-steady assumption and test separation values is approximately 7%. After compensating using the proposed equivalent aerodynamic damping ratio, the error between measured and theoretical moments of inertia is approximately 0.2%, demonstrating that the proposed method effectively enhances measurement accuracy for moments of inertia of irregular specimens with large airfoil surfaces.

Moment of inertia measruement  /  Aerodynamic damping  /  Irregular specimen  /  Unsteady aerodynamic force  /  Drag coefficient
马卫平, 赵赫, 宋宇宙, 李腾龙. 考虑空气阻尼的扭摆法转动惯量测量分析. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (8) : 123 -130 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.015
Weiping MA, He ZHAO, Yuzhou SONG, Tenglong LI. Measurement and analysis of moment of inertia using torsional pendulum method with air damping consideration[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (8) : 123 -130 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.015
在航空航天领域,转动惯量影响飞行器的运行轨迹和姿态,为飞行器的运动分析[1]和控制系统设计[2]提供了重要依据。因此,精确测量转动惯量具有重要的现实意义。
转动惯量测量方法可以分为在线测量[3]与离线测量两类。航空航天制造领域主要使用离线测量法测量某一具体部件的转动惯量,离线测量方法根据测量过程中待测部件的运动范围可以分为3类:基于刚体定轴转动的测量方法、基于小角度振动的测量方法和基于微小尺度振动的测量方法。这些方法通过对物体运动过程中旋转速度、振动周期或频率响应的测量,使用合适的数学模型推导转动惯量。现有测量方法包括能量法[4]、扭摆法[5]、复摆法[6]、频率响应法[7]。唐松[8]测量了转动惯量测量过程的阻尼比,通过线性最小二乘法拟合了阻尼比和转动惯量测量结果之间的方程,实现了通过阻尼比对转动惯量测量结果的补偿,将测量结果的相对误差从2.132%降低至0.4%。CHEN等[9]将视觉识别技术引入了扭摆装置中,视觉识别传感器测得扭摆的振幅,通过直接采集角位移信号消除平均周期的影响,提高测量精度。卢志辉等[10-11]提出了在同时具备扭摆和直立振复摆结构的测量装置上测量转动惯量的方法,借助任意两轴转动惯量之间的差值关系或比例关系,实现在两个测量位姿下获取三轴转动惯量的目的,振复摆设备工装方式简单,对被测样件的形状要求较小[12],因此大尺寸的待测部件也可在该测量设备上获取三轴转动惯量。
空气阻尼力矩的大小与扭摆的振动速度互相影响,这意味着现有的线性方法无法准确描述实际的扭摆运动。在工程上,对气动力的数值求解通常是基于对纳维-斯托克斯(Navier-Stokes, NS)方程数值求解的收敛结果。计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)软件以速度场和压强场为基础,通过网格单元间的插值,求解出流场中每一点的各种物理特征。通过对惯性张量测量过程的CFD软件仿真可以获得测量过程中任意时刻作用在被测样件上的气动力,进而计算出空气阻尼力矩。MENEGHINI等[13]对串联和并排布置的两个圆柱体之间的涡流和流动干扰进行了数值模拟,将数值模拟的结果与BEARMAN等[14]获得的试验结果进行了比较,通过对雷诺数、阻力系数和斯特劳哈尔数的对比,证明了数值模拟在计算阻力和湍流特性上的可行性。
本文以扭摆法为基础建立了包含空气阻尼的转动惯量测量模型。分析了阻尼力矩对扭摆运动的影响,建立了基于气动力仿真结果的补偿方法,并通过试验验证了测量模型和补偿方法的有效性。
本文的测试系统用于测量转动惯量不随时间变化的被测样件的转动惯量。图1显示了扭摆法的测量原理和测量系统的结构。在转动惯量测量过程中,被测样件通过测量工装与转接工装固定在转台上,转台由激励装置驱动。
激励装置固定在设备安装台面上,由拨动电动机、拨片和拨齿组成,其安装方法如图2所示。激励装置开启后,拨片和拨齿的相互作用为扭摆运动提供了初始激励,拨片在转过一定角度后与拨齿分离,转台在扭杆恢复力矩的作用下做圆周扭摆运动。
在进行测量前,可以通过调节拨片的长度来改变分离角度,进而改变初始激励,本文中的初始激励设定为5°。
系统圆周扭摆的运动微分方程为
式中,J为被测样件对于转轴的转动惯量;J0为转台(附加测量工装与转接工装)对于转轴的转动惯量;θ为转台转过的角度;K为转轴刚度理论值。
由式(1)求得
式中,T为转台及被测样件的振动周期。
进而推导出
转轴刚度可采用标准件标定法[15]进行测量,为避免因直接计算扭转刚度系数引起的误差的传递,在真实的测量工作中,通过测量被测样件的振动周期与标准件的振动周期对比即可求出被测样件的转动惯量,在测量过程中有3组测量状态,即测量转台的转动惯量、测量转台与标准件的转动惯量、测量转台与被测样件的转动惯量。
对于3组测量状态的转动惯量与对应的振动周期,有
式中,J1为标准件对于转轴的转动惯量;T0为转台(附加测量工装与转接工装)的振动周期;T1为转台及标准件的振动周期;k为转轴刚度的实际值,k=K/(4π2)。
联立求解式(4)可得被测样件的转动惯量为
传统的线性测量模型假设扭摆运动是恒定的,即其周期和振幅基本不变。当被测样件为质量较大且对空气阻力敏感的大尺寸异形体时,这一假设便难以成立,需要考虑外力对测量系统的干扰。
在描述有阻尼的扭摆法测量模型时,可使用拉格朗日方程,其运动学方程可以表示为
式中,E为系统的动能;U为系统的势能;Q为广义外力矩,在激励释放后仅包括轴承阻尼与空气阻尼。
系统的动能可表示为
可认为系统扭转刚度是线性,则系统的恢复力矩可表示为
系统的势能可写为
外力矩可以表示为轴承阻尼力矩[16]和空气阻尼力矩的和,轴承阻尼可表述为黏性阻尼,此时式(6)可转变为
式中,Cbe为轴承引起的阻尼;Mdamping(t)为随时间变化的非定常空气阻尼力矩。
空气阻尼力矩主要由空气的阻力贡献,当机翼在低密度流体中振动时,因流体产生的外力主要与位移和速度相关[17]。因加速度产生的附加质量效应可以被忽略,但流场仍处于非定常状态。
为计算这一非定常气动力,引入准定常假设,假定运动过程中的任意瞬间该机翼的气动特性都与同一机翼以等速度进行运动时的气动特性一致,而这些速度应等于该运动机翼在此刻的瞬时值。
假定待测异形体物体的翼面的阻力特性服从准定常假设。在应用准定常假设前要判断流场的非定常性,其通常使用缩减频率krf表征,缩减频率的定义为
式中,ω为运动角频率,ω=2πfL为特征长度;v为特征速度。
对于扭摆系统,流体的运动因被测样件的运动而产生,认为运动的特征速度为被测样件的运动速度,推导扭摆法测量被测样件过程中作用于翼面上的流场的缩减频率。翼面上任意一点的速度沿展长线性变化,在工程上可使用展向平均速度作为特征速度,展向平均速度定义为
式中,r为翼面上任一点距离扭摆中心的距离。
本文的研究目的是研究气动力对转动惯量测量精度的影响,气动力的大小与速度成正比,因此以运动过程中最大速度时的状态进行表征。基于试验数据和无阻尼测量模型即可估算出扭摆运动过程中的最大速度,进而计算出此时的缩减频率。
在满足准定常假设后,可认为任何瞬间该机翼的气动特性都与同一机翼以等速度进行运动时所显现的气动特性一致,系统的阻力为
式中,Cd为阻力系数;ρ为流体密度;V为无穷远处速度;A为翼面的面积。
由此可将研究的重点从对阻力的求解转变到对阻力系数的求解。令R为回转半径,则测量模型式(10)可以表述为
阻力的具体数据将以仿真结果作为输入,为便于后续推导,本文中测量的阻尼板的特征尺寸为平板的迎风面积ApA。测量过程中准定常阻尼力矩Mdamping可以写为
式中,为平均阻力系数。
构建非线性阻尼力矩系数,此时式(10)转变为
式(16)为非线性方程,其无法通过线性方法解析求解,一种简单的求解方法是对非线性阻尼项进行等效线性化。
本文中扭摆的振幅为5°,在工程上仍处于小角度振动范畴,假定存在等效线性阻尼系数Ceq,令,式(16)可转化为
式中,ζbe为轴承引起的阻尼比;ζeq为等效阻尼比;ωn为系统的无阻尼自振频率。根据最小均方误差原理,Ceq应满足
式中,E(·)表示数学期望。式(18)等价于
通过对式(19)展开求导后得
为便于推导,该系统的角位移函数可近似写为θ(t)=Acos(ωt+ϕ),求解式(20)可得
此时的阻尼比可表示为
对于阻尼比较小的系统,振动角频率依旧可以近似地表示为2π/T。以转动惯量的计算值代替转动惯量的真实值,此时式(22)可近似为
式中,Jmea为实测转动惯量。使用这一结果可以对测量结果的周期进行修正,修正计算式为
特定被测样件的阻力系数可借助CFD软件仿真方法获得。为验证准定常假设的有效性,要进行验证试验,通过计算出验证试验中的真实空气阻尼比和等效阻尼比并进行比较。
阻力系数与攻角和雷诺数相关[18],在扭摆过程中,平板形被测样件的攻角恒定为90°,在攻角确定的情况下,理论上可以仿真求解被测样件扭摆运动在不同雷诺数下的阻力系数。
对于以圆柱绕流为代表的钝体绕流问题,其尾流涡街会直接影响阻力系数[19],但相较于分离点可变的圆柱绕流,垂直平板的绕流分离点固定于平板边缘,因此湍流状态下,垂直平板扰流的阻力由压差阻力主导,与雷诺数弱相关。TIAN等[20]研究了高雷诺数情况下平板绕流的阻力特性,对于平滑边缘的平板,其阻力系数在雷诺数250~105范围内变化不大,振动过程的平均阻力系数记为
根据仿真结果即可计算阻尼板在振动过程中的平均阻力系数,进而计算出等效阻尼比为
根据第1.2节理论分析,在OpenFoam软件中建立平板绕流仿真算例。研究中采用的湍流模型为k-ε模型,对于计算域尺寸的设定,流体入口位置的选择会直接影响来流能否充分发展,流体出口位置则影响对尾迹区涡脱落特性的捕捉。横向和垂直方向则需要设置足够的空间以避免壁面对流场的影响,设置如图3所示的计算域。计算域尺寸如表1所示,边界条件如表2所示。
当阻尼板平行于入口时,计算域具备对称性,在前面和后面边界中心设置对称面,构建新的计算域,以节省资源。在阻尼板上应用了壁面函数,因此网格的y+值设定为30,使用snappyHexMesh软件划分六面体非结构化网格。网格划分结果如图4所示。
绕流输出的阻力系统将用于对转动惯量测量结果的修正。为提前验证计算模型的有效性,在入口设置速度为5 m/s的气流流入,对于钝体绕流入口湍流强度设定为0.1,依次计算入口的湍流动能k和湍流耗散率ε并输入到边界条件中,此时对称面上的速度云图如图5所示。
平板表面的气动力基于压力场和速度场计算,典型的气动力计算式[21]
式中,S为积分边界面;U为流体速度张量;p为计算点处的气体压力;p为无穷远处的气体压力;τ为黏性力张量;n为控制体单位外法线矢量。
阻力为气动力垂直于流动方向的分量,通过在controlDict中定义forceCoffient函数,即可读取出平板表面的阻力系数为
式中,ny为阻力方向单位外法线矢量。
试验中,转接工装包括一个框架载物台与夹持件,连接在测量工装上。转接工装和坐标系之间的关系是已知的,通过将夹持件锁定在框架上的不同位置,验证阻力特性仿真的准确性与测量模型的有效性。
首先,在仅装载框架载物台的情况下测量扭摆运动的振动周期,将此周期作为空载周期T0;然后,将圆柱形转动惯量标准砝码放置在转台中心,将此周期作为标准件周期T1。转动惯量测量系统的标定过程测量系统的状态如图6所示。
验证试验中,被测样件的布置如图7所示,在转动惯量测量系统上安装了两个板状被测样件,此类物体运动过程中受到的空气阻力较大。利用SolidWorks软件的质量评估功能,精确计算了被测样件相对于自身中心线的三轴理论转动惯量。
被测样件是密度均匀的矩形板。夹持件用于防止阻尼板在扭摆过程中晃动,通过螺栓连接到夹持件底座上,由单边螺母锁紧。底座通过螺栓连接到框架载物台上,表面画有角度参考线。
a为被测样件与载物台的夹角,当被测样件平行于载物台时,角度a为0°,通过调整夹持件与夹持件底座之间的位置关系,将被测样件对准角度参考线并锁紧定位螺母,即可实现特定角度下的转动惯量测量。
测量试验测量了回转半径为400、800、1 200 mm情况下的转动惯量Jx数据,记录夹角a为0°、45°、90°共9个状态下的测量数据。具体试验结果如表3所示。转动惯量测量试验的周期按照式(4)进行处理,计算出阻尼板的转动惯量,具体结果如表4所示。
为消除因加工过程产生的误差,分析阻尼板在各测量角度之间的误差,研究阻尼板转动惯量的测量过程中空气阻尼的作用。计算0°、45°时的实测转动惯量与90°时的实测转动惯量之间的误差,并将结果填入表5
表5中可见迎风角度对转动惯量测量值的影响,0°时阻尼板垂直于来流方向,此时产生的测量误差大于45°时的测量误差,0°时风阻产生的效应大于45°时的效应。
在现有试验数据的基础上,可借助同一组阻尼板在不同试验条件下总阻尼的变化间接计算气动阻尼的变化。首先求解系统的扭转刚度,通过式(4)可得
计算系统的扭转刚度并填写在表6中,计算出系统扭转刚度的平均值,转台的转动惯量为。测量系统的扭转刚度
计算3种回转半径下0°状态进行测量时的缩减频率,分别为0.029、0.014、0.009 5。根据文献[22],在对非定常气动力的升力分量进行准定常近似时,缩减频率的阈值在0~1,当缩减频率小于0.01时,流动可以认为处于准稳定状态;当缩减频率处于0.001~0.1时,流动可认为处于弱非定常状态,此时可以通过动态系数进行修正;当缩减频率大于0.1时,流动的非定常特性不可被忽略。
以此准则作为参考,取缩减频率接近0.01时的状态进行近似处理。即选择800、1 200 mm回转半径下的实测空气阻尼,如表7所示。
根据仿真结果计算阻尼板在振动过程中的平均阻力系数,计算出等效阻尼比。
以阻尼板替换第1类计算模型中的平板,同时等效替换弹簧刚度,计算出运动过程中的最大雷诺数为16 000。进而对阻尼板进行绕流仿真,取雷诺数200~16 000内5个工况的雷诺数,计算对应工况的阻力系数,其结果如表8所示。
计算出平均阻力系数,代入式(25)得到该计算模型的等效阻尼系数为ζeq=0.017和ζeq=0.044,ζeq间的误差分别为0.014与0.003。
缩减频率大于0.01时使用准定常假设存在较大误差,二者之间的误差可归因为将非定常气动力近似为准定常气动力导致了非定常损耗,这一规律与缩减频率表征非定常性的规律一致。
使用计算出的等效空气阻尼比和分离出的轴承阻尼比对回转半径为1 200 mm的转动惯量测量结果进行修正。以90°状态为只有轴承阻尼的状态,计算出轴承阻尼比为ζbe=0.143,在式(24)中代入ζbe=0.143、ζeq=0.044,得到补偿后的周期为2.005 s,转动惯量的相对误差为0.2%。证明了在缩减频率较小时使用气动力仿真结果进行等效补偿的方法能有效地提高转动惯量的测量精度。
建立了基于准定常气动力的空气阻尼补偿模型,研究了平板型被测样件的阻力特征,设计了验证试验,证明了分析结果的有效性。得出以下结论:
1)使用气动力仿真对转动惯量测量结果进行修正,该修正模型补偿了空气阻尼对扭摆法测量结果的影响,补偿后的周期更接近理论振动周期,误差约为0.1%。
2)使用准定常近似的方法简化了修正模型,这一方法只能应用于准定常状态。准定常性可由缩减频率判断,在缩减频率小于0.01时,使用等效线性化的方法近似计算空气阻力的阻尼效应可达到较好的结果,其与从测量结果中分离出的空气阻尼比间的误差约为7%。
3)非定常性较强的气动阻力的准定常化会导致计算出的空气阻力小于真实阻力,这一误差还需要进一步分析。
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.08.015
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
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    中国机械总院集团郑州机械研究所有限公司,郑州 450052
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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