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The slat of aircraft is subjected to the combined action of thermal load and aerodynamic force during its service, which has an impact on the safety of the structure. The typical aluminum alloy structure widely used in slat structure is taken as the main research object, and the stress distribution and structural strength under the combined action of heat and force were studied by experiment and finite element method. Firstly, in order to explore the influence of temperature on material properties, the linear tensile test of 2024-T62 rectangular thin plate and the high temperature tensile failure test of perforated thin plate were carried out under four different temperature conditions. The test shows that the high temperature environment has a reduction effect on the elastic modulus of the material, and at 190 °C, the bearing strength of the test piece decreased by 15%. Therefore, considering the reduction effect of temperature on material parameters can establish a more accurate model for predicting structural strength. Secondly, aiming at the thermal stress problem of aluminum alloy parts and structures, the test and simulation of aluminum alloy sheet and simplified slat structure under the combined action of heat and force were carried out respectively. A set of modeling method and thermal stress measurement test technology under the combined action of heat and force were established. The maximum error between the simulation and test results of aluminum alloy sheet is 10%. The thermal stress simulation of the simplified slat structure has a good trend compared with the experimental results, and the maximum error is 20%. In addition, through the experiment, it is also found that the thermal stress is particularly sensitive to the setting of boundary conditions. For the model with complex constraints, it is necessary to expand the modeling range to the stable boundary conditions to simulate the actual thermal stress.

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HE Zhiquan, E-mail:
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飞机缝翼在服役过程中会受到热载荷和气动力的共同作用,并对结构的安全产生影响。以缝翼结构中广泛使用的典型铝合金结构作为主要研究对象,采用试验和有限元方法研究其在热力作用下的应力分布及结构强度。首先,为了探究温度对材料特性的影响,分别进行了4组不同温度状态下2024-T62矩形薄板的线性拉伸试验和开孔薄板的高温拉伸破坏试验,试验表明,高温环境对材料弹性模量有折减作用,并且在190 ℃环境下,试验件的承载强度下降了15%。因此,考虑温度对材料参数的折减作用可以建立更为精确地预估结构强度的模型。其次,针对铝合金零件及结构的热应力问题,分别以铝合金薄板和简化的缝翼结构为对象,进行热力共同作用下的试验和仿真,建立了一套热力共同作用下的建模方法及热应力测量的试验技术,铝合金薄板的仿真与试验结果对比误差最大为10%;简化的缝翼结构热应力仿真与试验结果对比的趋势较好,最大误差为20%。此外,通过该试验还发现热应力对边界条件的设置尤为敏感,对于约束复杂的模型,需要扩大建模范围至边界条件稳定处才能模拟实际热应力的作用。

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何志全,男,1989年生,上海人,在读博士研究生,高级工程师;主要研究方向为飞机结构强度设计与试验验证;E-mail:

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2.上海飞机设计研究院,上海 201210, bio={"content":"

何志全,男,1989年生,上海人,在读博士研究生,高级工程师;主要研究方向为飞机结构强度设计与试验验证;E-mail:

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何志全,男,1989年生,上海人,在读博士研究生,高级工程师;主要研究方向为飞机结构强度设计与试验验证;E-mail:

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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=热力共同作用), Keyword(id=1241400390994940110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=热应力), Keyword(id=1241400391074631890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=结构强度), Keyword(id=1241400391192072409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=有限元分析)], refs=[Reference(id=1241400397705826816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1948, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=4, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=SCHLAFF B A, SELNA J, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SCHLAFF B ASELNA J. 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Effect of different temperature and strain rates on thin plate aluminum alloy LY12CZ[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials200121(1):27-31.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Effect of different temperature and strain rates on thin plate aluminum alloy LY12CZ, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241400402004988537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=126, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Hughes Technical Center, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hughes Technical Center. Metallic materials properties development and standardization:MMPDS-11[S]. Columbus:FAA,2016:126-133., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241400386871939102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241400386880327711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, companyId=1241400386871939102, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241400386888716321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, companyId=1241400386871939102, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京航空航天大学 航空学院,南京 210016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241400386993573926, 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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Numerical model of aluminum alloy thin plate with openings, figureFileSmall=HpNjiXm5+MeZRnvQY4vh4A==, figureFileBig=Kpepruw1J0fndb92ag57yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400391955435773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图3, caption=铝合金开孔薄板数值模型, figureFileSmall=HpNjiXm5+MeZRnvQY4vh4A==, figureFileBig=Kpepruw1J0fndb92ag57yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400392039321856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=von Mises stress nephogram when the specimen is destroyed(145 ℃), figureFileSmall=ld9tApl6iwecWzXIUZy0jQ==, figureFileBig=XY/IpYwd4x+C1qUP3ULjQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400392131596554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图4, caption=试验件破坏时von Mises应力云图(145 ℃), figureFileSmall=ld9tApl6iwecWzXIUZy0jQ==, figureFileBig=XY/IpYwd4x+C1qUP3ULjQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400392228065550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Numerical model of aluminum alloy rectangular thin plate, figureFileSmall=+14hhaimMkbHwuVTuXBM0g==, figureFileBig=gT6EeffWZ+UUVy2V0dFyWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400392324534551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图5, caption=铝合金矩形薄板数值模型, figureFileSmall=+14hhaimMkbHwuVTuXBM0g==, figureFileBig=gT6EeffWZ+UUVy2V0dFyWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400392412614943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Numerical model of conventional aluminum alloy bolted joint structure, 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ArticleFig(id=1241400392806879551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Stress nephogram under the most severe working conditions, figureFileSmall=Qr9M4bpLslp1gZUPS5hkyw==, figureFileBig=0Co08v8eiGQ3WjNnT7MZOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400392894959941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图8, caption=最严酷工况下应力云图, figureFileSmall=Qr9M4bpLslp1gZUPS5hkyw==, figureFileBig=0Co08v8eiGQ3WjNnT7MZOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400393004011852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Finite element model including triangular table and fixture bottom column, figureFileSmall=7zSvKPpb1qzrTei2BW/ocQ==, figureFileBig=+xcIZujZ0YxkkRupXnzsAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400393117258066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图9, caption=包含三角台和夹具底柱的有限元模型, figureFileSmall=7zSvKPpb1qzrTei2BW/ocQ==, figureFileBig=+xcIZujZ0YxkkRupXnzsAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400393230504282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Stress nephogram under the most severe working conditions after expanding the modeling range, figureFileSmall=s1AMGPh/3JZeMD1OPOef4Q==, figureFileBig=Q22nI9IZ37CsgqJISRjZ5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400393343750496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图10, caption=扩大建模范围后最严酷工况下应力云图, figureFileSmall=s1AMGPh/3JZeMD1OPOef4Q==, figureFileBig=Q22nI9IZ37CsgqJISRjZ5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400393482162537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Displacement nephogram of the triangular table under the most severe working conditions, figureFileSmall=L5SGVpnc5eCQO+cA6v9GKg==, figureFileBig=vGaMM1yWomP7/z6tbuLd3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400393566048623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图11, caption=最严酷工况下三角台位移云图, figureFileSmall=L5SGVpnc5eCQO+cA6v9GKg==, figureFileBig=vGaMM1yWomP7/z6tbuLd3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400393675100534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Number of the holes on the specimen, figureFileSmall=ycjlpIlfZVOk7pgj33q5rQ==, figureFileBig=EQ5vM5rcG4L58+BU2+oXCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400395143106937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图12, caption=试验件上孔的编号, figureFileSmall=ycjlpIlfZVOk7pgj33q5rQ==, figureFileBig=EQ5vM5rcG4L58+BU2+oXCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400395239575935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Stress-strain curves under different temperature conditions, figureFileSmall=tWx+TdAfFdPKK4sGWYU10Q==, figureFileBig=bkAJ1NdQ+ei/gfAiIoSclA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400395331850631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图13, caption=各温度状态下应力-应变曲线, figureFileSmall=tWx+TdAfFdPKK4sGWYU10Q==, figureFileBig=bkAJ1NdQ+ei/gfAiIoSclA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400395440902541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Damage of aluminum alloy thin plate with openings, figureFileSmall=7u5b5lkJutC6ud8ymT5VVQ==, figureFileBig=IX1s2Xd/Bi3qyyWz5nlcZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400395562537364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图14, caption=铝合金开孔薄板破坏情况, figureFileSmall=7u5b5lkJutC6ud8ymT5VVQ==, figureFileBig=IX1s2Xd/Bi3qyyWz5nlcZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400395659006361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Position of strain gauges pasting, figureFileSmall=1+ot837fE0MOLsJyb87JdA==, figureFileBig=gNkLNFPMtCqSJExPoq7eDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400395738698141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图15, caption=应变片粘贴位置, figureFileSmall=1+ot837fE0MOLsJyb87JdA==, figureFileBig=gNkLNFPMtCqSJExPoq7eDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400395830972833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Stress-strain curve of the first test under the condition of temperature difference of 40 ℃+20 kN(tension load), figureFileSmall=gMZCIFm9cOB0dG8QMuAGEQ==, figureFileBig=N42OtI3zf66+3drAsFuBFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400395914858916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图16, caption=温差40 ℃+20 kN(拉载)工况下第1组试验应力-应变曲线, figureFileSmall=gMZCIFm9cOB0dG8QMuAGEQ==, figureFileBig=N42OtI3zf66+3drAsFuBFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400396049076652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Coordinates and physical picture of strain gauge pasting position, figureFileSmall=3mN9f0xEQHPEVdnoFrsfwg==, figureFileBig=6JxLltq7KeUChiBFFF/CLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400396120379824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图17, caption=应变片粘贴位置坐标及实物图, figureFileSmall=3mN9f0xEQHPEVdnoFrsfwg==, figureFileBig=6JxLltq7KeUChiBFFF/CLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400396200071605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Comparison of simulation and test results under seven working conditions, figureFileSmall=IeQo3rUNvBSkcjP9RenqPA==, figureFileBig=dSsyIcOHrqrm7GQX0IEixg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400396283957690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=图18, caption=7个工况下仿真与试验对比结果, figureFileSmall=IeQo3rUNvBSkcjP9RenqPA==, figureFileBig=dSsyIcOHrqrm7GQX0IEixg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400396380426688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Test project planning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验类别
Test classification
序号
Order number
试验条件
Test condition
试验件数目
Number of test pieces
试验件材料
Test pieces material
铝合金矩形薄板在不同温度状态下的线性拉伸试验
Linear tensile test of aluminum alloy rectangular thin plate under different temperature conditions
1室温Room temperature12024-T62
2100 ℃
3120 ℃
4130 ℃
铝合金开孔薄板在不同温度状态下的强度试验
Strength test of aluminum alloy open-hole thin plate under different temperature conditions
5室温Room temperature22024-T62
6145 ℃2
7160 ℃2
8190 ℃2
铝合金矩形薄板在热力共同作用下的应力-应变试验
Stress-strain test of aluminum alloy rectangular thin plate under the combined action of heat and force
9温差40 ℃+20 kN(拉载)
Temperature difference 40 ℃+20 kN(tensile load)
12024-T62
10温差70 ℃+20 kN(拉载)
Temperature difference 70 ℃+20 kN(tensile load)
1
铝合金螺栓连接结构在不同温度状态下的热应力试验
Thermal stress test of aluminum alloy bolted joint structure under different temperature conditions
11温差45 ℃ Temperature difference 45 ℃1(装配件)
1(assembly parts)
2024-T3
Q235
12温差80 ℃ Temperature difference 80 ℃
13温差110 ℃ Temperature difference 110 ℃
温差45 ℃+5 kN(压载)
14Temperature difference 45 ℃+5 kN
(compressive load)
15温差45 ℃+10 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 45 ℃+10 kN
(compressive load)
16温差80 ℃+5 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 80 ℃+5 kN
(compressive load)
17温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 80 ℃+10 kN
(compressive load)
), ArticleFig(id=1241400396481089989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验项目规划

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验类别
Test classification
序号
Order number
试验条件
Test condition
试验件数目
Number of test pieces
试验件材料
Test pieces material
铝合金矩形薄板在不同温度状态下的线性拉伸试验
Linear tensile test of aluminum alloy rectangular thin plate under different temperature conditions
1室温Room temperature12024-T62
2100 ℃
3120 ℃
4130 ℃
铝合金开孔薄板在不同温度状态下的强度试验
Strength test of aluminum alloy open-hole thin plate under different temperature conditions
5室温Room temperature22024-T62
6145 ℃2
7160 ℃2
8190 ℃2
铝合金矩形薄板在热力共同作用下的应力-应变试验
Stress-strain test of aluminum alloy rectangular thin plate under the combined action of heat and force
9温差40 ℃+20 kN(拉载)
Temperature difference 40 ℃+20 kN(tensile load)
12024-T62
10温差70 ℃+20 kN(拉载)
Temperature difference 70 ℃+20 kN(tensile load)
1
铝合金螺栓连接结构在不同温度状态下的热应力试验
Thermal stress test of aluminum alloy bolted joint structure under different temperature conditions
11温差45 ℃ Temperature difference 45 ℃1(装配件)
1(assembly parts)
2024-T3
Q235
12温差80 ℃ Temperature difference 80 ℃
13温差110 ℃ Temperature difference 110 ℃
温差45 ℃+5 kN(压载)
14Temperature difference 45 ℃+5 kN
(compressive load)
15温差45 ℃+10 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 45 ℃+10 kN
(compressive load)
16温差80 ℃+5 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 80 ℃+5 kN
(compressive load)
17温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 80 ℃+10 kN
(compressive load)
), ArticleFig(id=1241400396657250763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Material parameters of 2024-T62 at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度
Temperatures/℃
25~31145160190
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/MPa
72 400.068 780.068 056.066 246.0
泊松比
Poisson ratio
0.330.330.330.33
拉伸屈服强度
Tensile yield strength/MPa
338.0314.3304.0278.9
拉伸极限强度
Tensile ultimate strength/ MPa
427.5384.7372.0336.9
延伸率
Elongation
0.10.10.10.119
), ArticleFig(id=1241400396762108367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2024-T62在不同温度下的材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度
Temperatures/℃
25~31145160190
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/MPa
72 400.068 780.068 056.066 246.0
泊松比
Poisson ratio
0.330.330.330.33
拉伸屈服强度
Tensile yield strength/MPa
338.0314.3304.0278.9
拉伸极限强度
Tensile ultimate strength/ MPa
427.5384.7372.0336.9
延伸率
Elongation
0.10.10.10.119
), ArticleFig(id=1241400396833411538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Force transmission value and check of each hole under the most severe working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔编号
Number of holes
仿真传力值
Simulation force transmission value/kN
挤压屈服值
Extrusion yield value/kN
挤压极限值
Extrusion ultimate value/kN
温差110 ℃
Temperature difference 110 ℃
温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 80 ℃+10 kN
(compressive load)
温差110 ℃
Temperature difference 110 ℃
温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 80 ℃+10 kN
(compressive load)
屈服校核
Yield check
强度校核
Strength check
屈服校核
Yield check
强度校核
Strength check
19.68.512.215.1
27.57.9
39.58.4
47.86.68.514.9
51.62.8
68.06.8
711.48.4×
81.10.8
911.48.4×
), ArticleFig(id=1241400396971823578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

最严酷工况下各孔传力值及校核情况

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孔编号
Number of holes
仿真传力值
Simulation force transmission value/kN
挤压屈服值
Extrusion yield value/kN
挤压极限值
Extrusion ultimate value/kN
温差110 ℃
Temperature difference 110 ℃
温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 80 ℃+10 kN
(compressive load)
温差110 ℃
Temperature difference 110 ℃
温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 80 ℃+10 kN
(compressive load)
屈服校核
Yield check
强度校核
Strength check
屈服校核
Yield check
强度校核
Strength check
19.68.512.215.1
27.57.9
39.58.4
47.86.68.514.9
51.62.8
68.06.8
711.48.4×
81.10.8
911.48.4×
), ArticleFig(id=1241400397085069792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of failure peak load of simulation and test

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27 ℃破坏载荷
Failure load at 27 ℃
145 ℃破坏载荷
Failure load at 145 ℃
160 ℃破坏载荷
Failure load at 160 ℃
190 ℃破坏载荷
Failure load at 190 ℃
第1组试验结果
Test results of group 1/N
23 841.321 181.120 602.119 793.0
第2组试验结果
Test results of group 2/N
22 614.121 040.020 564.419 524.2
试验平均值
Test average/N
23 227.721 110.520 583.319 658.6
仿真结果
Simulation results/N
22 439.520 251.119 603.217 831.3
误差Error/%3.54.25.010.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241400397181538790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

破坏峰值载荷仿真与试验对比

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27 ℃破坏载荷
Failure load at 27 ℃
145 ℃破坏载荷
Failure load at 145 ℃
160 ℃破坏载荷
Failure load at 160 ℃
190 ℃破坏载荷
Failure load at 190 ℃
第1组试验结果
Test results of group 1/N
23 841.321 181.120 602.119 793.0
第2组试验结果
Test results of group 2/N
22 614.121 040.020 564.419 524.2
试验平均值
Test average/N
23 227.721 110.520 583.319 658.6
仿真结果
Simulation results/N
22 439.520 251.119 603.217 831.3
误差Error/%3.54.25.010.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241400397265424872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of test and simulation of aluminum alloy rectangular thin plate

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试验工况
Test conditions
应变片点位
Position of strain gauge
仿真应变
Simulation strain/10-6
试验应变
Test strain/10-6
误差
Error/%
纯加载20 kN
Pure force load 20 kN
A2 560.582 605.58-1.7
B2 560.582 459.544.1
A12 567.042 770.42-7.3
B12 557.492 688.65-4.9
C12 567.042 719.25-5.6
温差40 ℃+20 kN(压载)
Temperature difference
40 ℃+20 kN(compressive load)
A1 967.922 015.04-2.3
B1 967.921 871.255.2
温差70 ℃+20 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 70 ℃+20 kN(compressive load)
A11 378.801 534.49-10.1
B11 392.461 281.92-8.6
C11 378.801 470.65-6.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241400397340922348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

铝合金矩形薄板试验与仿真对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验工况
Test conditions
应变片点位
Position of strain gauge
仿真应变
Simulation strain/10-6
试验应变
Test strain/10-6
误差
Error/%
纯加载20 kN
Pure force load 20 kN
A2 560.582 605.58-1.7
B2 560.582 459.544.1
A12 567.042 770.42-7.3
B12 557.492 688.65-4.9
C12 567.042 719.25-5.6
温差40 ℃+20 kN(压载)
Temperature difference
40 ℃+20 kN(compressive load)
A1 967.922 015.04-2.3
B1 967.921 871.255.2
温差70 ℃+20 kN(压载)
Temperature difference 70 ℃+20 kN(compressive load)
A11 378.801 534.49-10.1
B11 392.461 281.92-8.6
C11 378.801 470.65-6.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241400397437391347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Numerical statistics of displacement under different loads

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累计施加载荷值
Cumulative applied load value/N
位移示数
Displacement/mm
ΔU/(mm/kN)
00
-1 0003.13.1
-2 0003.30.2
-3 0003.40.1
-4 0003.50.1
-5 0003.50
), ArticleFig(id=1241400397512888825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838592090443, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同载荷下的位移数值统计

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累计施加载荷值
Cumulative applied load value/N
位移示数
Displacement/mm
ΔU/(mm/kN)
00
-1 0003.13.1
-2 0003.30.2
-3 0003.40.1
-4 0003.50.1
-5 0003.50
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热力作用下铝合金结构应力及强度研究
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何志全 1, 2 , 邱慧慧 1 , 孙瑀珩 1 , 郭玉杰 1 , 魏小辉 1
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(5): 140-151
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(5): 140-151
热力作用下铝合金结构应力及强度研究
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何志全1, 2 , 邱慧慧1, 孙瑀珩1, 郭玉杰1, 魏小辉1
作者信息
  • 1.南京航空航天大学 航空学院,南京 210016
  • 2.上海飞机设计研究院,上海 201210
  • 何志全,男,1989年生,上海人,在读博士研究生,高级工程师;主要研究方向为飞机结构强度设计与试验验证;E-mail:

Stress and strength analysis of aluminum alloy structures under the effect of thermal and mechanical force
Zhiquan HE1, 2 , Huihui QIU1, Yuheng SUN1, Yujie GUO1, Xiaohui WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
  • 2.Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute, Shanghai 201210, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.016
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飞机缝翼在服役过程中会受到热载荷和气动力的共同作用,并对结构的安全产生影响。以缝翼结构中广泛使用的典型铝合金结构作为主要研究对象,采用试验和有限元方法研究其在热力作用下的应力分布及结构强度。首先,为了探究温度对材料特性的影响,分别进行了4组不同温度状态下2024-T62矩形薄板的线性拉伸试验和开孔薄板的高温拉伸破坏试验,试验表明,高温环境对材料弹性模量有折减作用,并且在190 ℃环境下,试验件的承载强度下降了15%。因此,考虑温度对材料参数的折减作用可以建立更为精确地预估结构强度的模型。其次,针对铝合金零件及结构的热应力问题,分别以铝合金薄板和简化的缝翼结构为对象,进行热力共同作用下的试验和仿真,建立了一套热力共同作用下的建模方法及热应力测量的试验技术,铝合金薄板的仿真与试验结果对比误差最大为10%;简化的缝翼结构热应力仿真与试验结果对比的趋势较好,最大误差为20%。此外,通过该试验还发现热应力对边界条件的设置尤为敏感,对于约束复杂的模型,需要扩大建模范围至边界条件稳定处才能模拟实际热应力的作用。

铝合金  /  温度依赖性  /  热力共同作用  /  热应力  /  结构强度  /  有限元分析

The slat of aircraft is subjected to the combined action of thermal load and aerodynamic force during its service, which has an impact on the safety of the structure. The typical aluminum alloy structure widely used in slat structure is taken as the main research object, and the stress distribution and structural strength under the combined action of heat and force were studied by experiment and finite element method. Firstly, in order to explore the influence of temperature on material properties, the linear tensile test of 2024-T62 rectangular thin plate and the high temperature tensile failure test of perforated thin plate were carried out under four different temperature conditions. The test shows that the high temperature environment has a reduction effect on the elastic modulus of the material, and at 190 °C, the bearing strength of the test piece decreased by 15%. Therefore, considering the reduction effect of temperature on material parameters can establish a more accurate model for predicting structural strength. Secondly, aiming at the thermal stress problem of aluminum alloy parts and structures, the test and simulation of aluminum alloy sheet and simplified slat structure under the combined action of heat and force were carried out respectively. A set of modeling method and thermal stress measurement test technology under the combined action of heat and force were established. The maximum error between the simulation and test results of aluminum alloy sheet is 10%. The thermal stress simulation of the simplified slat structure has a good trend compared with the experimental results, and the maximum error is 20%. In addition, through the experiment, it is also found that the thermal stress is particularly sensitive to the setting of boundary conditions. For the model with complex constraints, it is necessary to expand the modeling range to the stable boundary conditions to simulate the actual thermal stress.

Aluminum alloy  /  Temperature dependence  /  Combined action of thermal and force  /  Thermal stress  /  Structural strength  /  Finite element analysis
何志全, 邱慧慧, 孙瑀珩, 郭玉杰, 魏小辉. 热力作用下铝合金结构应力及强度研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (5) : 140 -151 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.016
Zhiquan HE, Huihui QIU, Yuheng SUN, Yujie GUO, Xiaohui WEI. Stress and strength analysis of aluminum alloy structures under the effect of thermal and mechanical force[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (5) : 140 -151 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.016
客机在服役过程中,高空低温环境会导致机翼出现结冰现象,因此需要开启热防冰系统,热气通过管道进入缝翼空腔,再通过缝翼通气孔进入机翼,保证机翼外表面的冰霜快速融解。但热防冰系统也会导致缝翼结构同时承受热载荷和气动力的作用。SCHLAFF等[1]基于某型运输机热防冰系统运行过程中获得的飞行数据分析发现,机翼前缘下方存在许多凹陷,这些凹陷并非撞击引起,而是高温和较大机械载荷共同作用导致,其会影响缝翼的气动外形以及结构的承载能力。因此,有必要开展缝翼典型零件及典型结构在热力共同作用下的应力分布和承载强度研究。
机械载荷和热环境共同作用下的强度问题求解方法有理论方法与数值解法,其中数值解法是比较常用的方法,国内外有很多学者进行了相关的研究。李丽霞等[2]利用有限元法进行了襟翼等效热力模拟计算。魏京芳等[3]针对固定前缘的高温问题,提出了Simulink仿真与计算流体动力学计算相结合的方法得到某架民用飞机固定前沿舱温度的方法,该方法计算得到的温度可直接用于尾舱结构的设计。李晏[4]利用Ansys对某型两冲程活塞的初始模型进行热应力耦合有限元计算,根据试验数据和常规经验确定了温度、静应力等边界条件,计算了活塞的温度场和最大应力,确定了活塞的型线和技术条件,在不考虑耦合和考虑耦合的情况下,计算出两种工况下的最大应力值有八倍差距。航空宇航领域对机械载荷和热环境共同作用温度的求解主要采用顺序耦合法,THORNTON等[5-6]使用有限元法进行热力共同作用分析时,对顺序耦合法的分析流程进行了说明。TAMMA等[7]采用顺序耦合法针对机翼热力学问题进行了有限元分析;BRISCHETTO等[8]对层合复材板进行力热联合载荷作用下的有限元顺序耦合分析,研究温度对其性能的影响。张斌兴[9]针对固体火箭发动机的热结构,建立发动机有限元分析模型,基于Ansys软件建立了发动机喷管的温度场,采用间接耦合的方法求得了发动机喷管的热应力。针对飞行器热-力耦合环境,国内外研究学者开展了大量地面结构热试验;BU[10]等对飞机前缘射流的热传递问题开展了相关试验研究。ASH等[11-12]应用理论推导和蒙特卡洛统计学方法,开展热流对不同结构表面温度分布的研究。并通过试验验证,其计算结果和试验结果保持一致性。杨志斌等[13]设计了热力耦合试验装置对襟翼进行了试验研究,采用石英灯作为热源,实现了高温条件下力载荷的施加和高温条件下位移的测量。张伟等[14]针对石英灯温度,设计了非线性比例-积分-微分(Proportional-Integral-Derivative, PID)控制器,有效提高了试验过程中加热温度控制的精度。宇文璋杰[15]针对固体火箭发动机壳体结构开展热力耦合试验,计算了固体火箭发动机壳体结构在不同高温工况下的强度和刚度。吴大方等[16]依托北京航空航天大学重点实验室,开展了包括材料超高温环境下力学性能测试、加热控制系统设计以及加热系统控制技术等系统性的热试验研究。侯玉柱等[17]对热试验加热技术不断改进,采用真空热试验加载方法,成功将试验加载最高温度提高至1 800 ℃。针对铝合金结构的研究主要集中于对其在高温环境下力学性能方面;LI等[18]研究了石墨烯增强铝基复合材料的高温力学性能,结果显示在300 ℃以上的高温环境下,该类材料的抗拉强度依然保持良好。MA等[19]研究了6082-T6铝合金柱在高温环境下的轴向压缩稳定性,给出了不同温度不同截面属性柱的轴向失稳系数。王新云[20]建立了2024铝合金的高温损伤模型,预测了该材料的拉伸断裂过程。徐绯等[21]研究了温度对LY12CZ铝合金薄板材料断裂韧性的影响,得出了随着温度升高,材料断裂韧性会逐步降低的结论。
综上所述,针对机械载荷和热环境共同作用下的结构强度问题有诸多研究,但针对前缘缝翼背景的研究较少。而对铝合金结构的研究也大多集中于材料或结构本身在高温环境下力学性能的研究,针对铝合金结构在热力共同作用下的强度及热应力研究鲜有报道。铝合金作为缝翼结构主要用材,以其为对象,研究并总结得到热力共同作用下的建模仿真、强度分析与热应力试验技术具有重要意义。本文通过热环境下的线性拉伸试验和拉伸破坏试验,验证温度对材料弹性模量及结构强度的影响;在考虑温度对材料性能影响的基础上,通过铝合金薄板建立一套热力共同作用下的建模和试验方法,并设计保留缝翼主要结构特征的铝合金螺栓连接结构,对其进行热力共同作用和纯温度作用下的仿真和试验,验证其建模方法和试验技术的合理性,为真实缝翼模型在热力共同作用下的研究提供参考。
以铝合金矩形薄板、铝合金开孔薄板及铝合金螺栓连接结构作为研究对象,分别开展不同温度状态下铝合金矩形薄板的线性拉伸试验、开孔薄板的高温强度试验、矩形薄板在热力共同作用下的应力-应变试验及螺栓连接结构在热力共同作用和纯温度作用下的热应力试验;所有试验件的尺寸如图1所示,单位为mm。铝合金矩形薄板和开孔薄板材料为2024-T62,厚度为2 mm;铝合金螺栓连接结构由圆弧形蒙皮、U形腹板、连接端盖及螺栓件组成,其中,蒙皮结构选用2024-T3材料,厚度为2 mm,腹板、连接端盖及螺栓件材料为Q235,其中腹板厚度为2 mm;具体试验项目规划如表1所示。其中,高温破坏强度试验的3个温度值是根据缝翼结构可能出现的温度而定的。
针对表1中的前3项试验,均采用美国美特斯(Meters,简称MTS)疲劳试验机进行加载,同时采用与试验机配套的烘箱进行加热,选用电阻应变片测量试验应变以及热电偶监测试验件以及夹具区的温度。试验前,通过试验机夹头夹持住试验件的两端,完成试验平台搭建[图2(a)]。针对铝合金螺栓连接结构试验,采用MTS液压作动筒对试验件进行载荷加载和位移锁定,采用与试验件加载配套的环境箱进行加热,测量设备同上。试验前,试验件一端通过螺栓固定在三角台底座上,另一端通过螺栓与夹具底柱相连,夹具底柱表面带有螺纹,旋入液压作动筒安装孔实现载荷的施加和位移锁定,如图2(b)所示。
通过对结构进行网格依赖性分析,设定铝合金开孔薄板和矩形薄板试验件的全局网格尺寸为4 mm,螺栓连接结构件的网格设置为10 mm。采用Abaqus软件对开孔薄板在热环境下的极限破坏载荷进行求解,同时,采用Hypermesh联合Nastran对矩形薄板以及螺栓连接结构进行热力共同作用及纯温度作用下的结构应力分析。
在Abaqus中建立铝合金开孔薄板的有限元模型,如图3所示。采用S4壳单元模拟,对孔周围的网格加密处理,添加了5层washer单元,更准确地模拟孔边应力集中。在距离试验件两端中心20 mm的位置处创建2个参考点RP-1和RP-2,通过2个多点约束(Multipoint Constraint, MPC)单元分别将两端夹具区内的节点与2个参考点绑定,在一端参考点上施加固定约束,在另外一端参考点上分步施加集中载荷,对试验件进行非线性静力学分析。
通过查询MMPDS-11标准[22]126-133得到,2024-T62在常温、145、160、190 ℃ 4种温度状态下的材料参数如表2所示。以试验件在145 ℃下拉伸破坏的仿真结果为例,试验件破坏时的von Mises应力分布如图4所示,最大应力值为材料的真实抗拉极限强度423.2 MPa,中心孔两侧的单元优先失效。失效时约束端支反力为20.3 kN。
采用Hypermesh联合Nastran对铝合金矩形薄板在热力共同作用下进行有限元仿真,采用直接耦合方式;第1步:将薄板的一端固支,另一端约束除了加载方向的其他自由度并施加试验设定的集中载荷值20 000 N[图5(a)],对加载点处的加载方向位移进行求解,该值将作为第2步中的位移加载值,求解得到加载点处的位移值为0.590 1 mm[图5(b)];第2步:将薄板的一端固支,另一端施加第1步中得到的位移值,并在试验件表面施加温度载荷,完成热力共同作用下模型的创建,如图5(c)所示。
铝合金螺栓连接结构由4部分组成,采用壳单元对蒙皮和腹板结构建模,并对孔边的网格加密处理,添加一层washer单元,用于模拟螺栓的紧固作用。采用四面体CTETRA单元对两侧端盖建模;螺栓紧固件采用2个RBE2单元和1个CBAR单元模拟。CBAR单元的截面为圆形,直径为20 mm,与螺栓孔之间采用间隙配合的安装方式。针对表1中11,12,13这3组纯热工况,在端盖两端施加固定约束。热力共同作用下边界条件的施加与铝合金矩形薄板类似,最终有限元模型如图6所示。
薄壁试验件在压载工况下容易发生屈曲破坏,因此需要对该试验件进行屈曲分析,确定临界屈曲载荷;对试验中最严酷的工况进行校核,确保试验件受载小于临界屈曲载荷。在Abaqus中,使用特征值屈曲分析求解理论临界屈曲载荷,求解结果如图7所示。得到试验件1阶屈曲载荷为95 169 N,考虑实际试验件加工过程中的制造缺陷等因素,安全系数取1.5,得到该试验件的许用临界屈曲载荷值为63 446 N。屈曲失效优先发生在腹板中间区域以及蒙皮与腹板连接的3个螺栓之间的两个区域。
温差110 ℃和温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)为所有试验态中最严酷的工况,按照上述建模方式得到2种工况下试验件的应力分布情况如图8所示。温差110 ℃工况下,试验件受到的最大应力为411.59 MPa;约束端支反力为149 005.4 N;温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)工况下试验件受到的最大应力为302.26 MPa;约束端支反力为116 259.3 N;应力最大的位置均出现在孔边区域。根据该分析结果可知,热载荷作用时由于约束端限制热膨胀而产生的热作用力很大,温差110 ℃的纯温度载荷作用时产生的力,相当于在试验件上施加大小为149 005.4 N的压载,在理想的情况下,试验件两端均为固定支撑,根据上述求解得到的1阶屈曲载荷可知,此时试验件将产生屈曲失效。但在实际试验过程中,由于试验件两端的夹具也具有一定的变形能力,从而使得试验件上的热膨胀量得到一定释放,因此,将试验件两端简化为固定边界条件过于理想化。为了解决这一问题,需要将试验件的夹具区域纳入建模范围,更真实地还原试验件的边界约束。
真实试验时试验件左端是通过螺栓安装在三角台底座上,三角台通过螺栓固定在地轨上;右端通过螺栓与夹具底柱相连,夹具底柱与液压作动筒连接,实现力的加载和位移的锁定。包含三角台和夹具底柱的有限元模型如图9所示。三角台及夹具底柱的材料为45号钢,所有的螺栓紧固件采用Q235材料。在三角台底部4个角点位置施加固定约束,模拟试验中三角台的真实固定情况,在夹具底柱的端面,以中心节点为主节点,其他节点为从节点,创建一个RBE2单元。纯温度载荷作用时,在主节点位置施加固定约束;热力共同作用时,先作用y向压载,得到加载点的等效位移量,再进行位移加载和温度载荷共同作用求解。扩大建模范围后得到温差110 ℃和温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)2个工况下的应力分布如图10所示;对应工况下三角台的位移分布如图11所示。
扩大建模范围后,温差110 ℃下试验件上的最大应力下降到了395.78 MPa,三角台的最大位移量为1.23 mm;温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)下最大应力下降到了288.43 MPa,三角台的最大位移为0.979 mm;提取试验件两端的螺栓传力,分别为35 638.2 N和35 918.6 N,均在临界屈曲载荷之内,且热产生的作用与不包含夹具区域的建模仿真相比,分别下降了76.1%和69.1%。三角台底座在热支反力作用下产生的位移不容忽视,该位移使得试验件上的热膨胀得到一部分的释放,减小了作用在试验件上的热应力。可见,热对边界条件的设置很敏感;热分析时需要扩大建模范围至边界条件稳定处,才能真实地模拟实际结构中的热应力。
由于蒙皮和腹板较薄,其孔边受到挤压时,容易发生破坏,有必要对最严酷工况下的孔边传力进行校核。计算得,蒙皮上单个孔的挤压屈服载荷为12.2 kN,挤压破坏载荷为15.1 kN;腹板上单个孔的挤压屈服载荷为8.5 kN,挤压破坏载荷为14.9 kN。对试验件上的孔进行编号,如图12所示。温差110 ℃工况下,腹板上孔7,9的传力最大,为11.4 kN,在挤压破坏载荷范围内。因此,所有工况下试验件的孔边都是安全的,具体参见表3
为了验证高温对材料弹性模量的折减作用,以铝合金矩形薄板为研究对象,在线弹性范围内,将试验件在常温、100、120、130 ℃ 4种温度环境下进行拉伸试验,得到应力-应变曲线,如图13所示。使用折减系数表征温度对材料弹性模量的削减作用,该值为高温下材料弹性模量占室温下材料弹性模量的百分比;试验得到100 ℃下2024-T62的弹性模量折减系数为97%,120 ℃下为96%,130 ℃下为95.7%。该试验结果与MMPDS-11手册[22]126-133中查询得到的理论折减系数吻合较好。高温下,充分考虑温度对材料弹性模量的折减作用,可以使仿真结果更为准确。
铝合金开孔薄板试验分为常温拉伸破坏和高温拉伸破坏2类状态;常温拉伸破坏时,在控制端施加1 mm/min的位移加载速率对试验件进行拉伸直至破坏,记录峰值载荷及力-位移曲线。高温拉伸破坏时,先将试验件加热到目标温度(145、160、190 ℃),待温度稳定时间超过15 min,夹持试验件的两端,需要保证开始加载前试验件是均匀受热,温度稳定的状态。然后通过1 mm/min的位移加载速率对试验件进行加载直至破坏,记录峰值载荷及力-位移曲线。试验件破坏情况如图14所示。各温度状态下试验件的峰值破坏载荷仿真与试验对比如表4所示。试验与仿真对比结果的误差最大为10.2%,吻合较好。说明所建立的有限元模型可以较为准确地估算试验件在高温下的强度值,且仿真值较试验结果更保守,计算结果合理。
根据仿真结果,选取应变片粘贴点位,如图15所示。室温下,将试验件按照5%Pmax逐级加载至20 kN,标记此刻试验应变值,接着通过位移控制固定试验件两端。将烘箱内升温至目标温度,达到稳定状态,在整个试验过程中对温度、应变进行测量。当试验件的温度达到目标温度,且稳定时间超过15 min,停止应变采集,将最后时刻应变值作为热力共同作用下的试验应变。重复试验3次。将采集得到的应变数据转换为应力-应变曲线,以温差40 ℃+20 kN(拉载)工况下第1组试验测得数据为例,如图16所示。其中“ByAy)-纯机械”表示纯机械加载时,试验件上BA)点位y向应力-应变曲线;“ByAy)-加热后”表示机械和热载荷共同作用下,试验件上BA)点位y方向应力-应变曲线。由图16可知,施加温度载荷后,试验件上的应力值下降;这是因为热应力产生的是一个y方向压应力,因此会抵消一部分由机械载荷产生的y方向拉伸应力,导致加热后总的y方向拉伸应力值下降。
分别提取2种工况下各应变片粘贴位置的应变值。将试验结果与仿真结果对比,如表5所示。纯机械载荷作用下的最大误差为5.6%;温差40 ℃+20 kN(拉载)工况下的最大误差为5.2%;温差70 ℃+20 kN(拉载)工况下的最大误差为10.1%。仿真与试验结果吻合较好,说明该建模方式可以较为准确地预估热力共同作用下的应力情况。
为了减少夹具区及螺栓连接区域对试验应变的影响,应变片的粘贴位置选择试验件蒙皮中间区域,如图17所示。
纯温度工况下,对试验件两端进行位移锁定前,需要对试验件进行预压,消除液装配间隙及紧固件安装间隙,通过预试验来确定预压载荷的大小。按阶梯加载方式施加机械载荷至5 kN(压载),得到每阶梯下累计施加的载荷值和液压作动筒位移值的关系,如表6所示。表6中,ΔU表示压载每增加1 kN,位移的改变量。试验表明,当累积施加载荷至5 kN时,可认为装配件的间隙已消除。此时,锁定液压作动筒位移,记录初始环境温度,对试验件进行加热,并记录应变数据。当监测到试验件温度达到目标温度(温差45 ℃/80 ℃/110 ℃),稳定时间超过15 min时,标注此时各点位的应变数值,作为该目标温度下热作用产生的应变值。
热力共同作用工况下,施加预压载荷5 kN消除间隙后,开始应变记录,首先均匀加载至目标载荷(-5 kN/-10 kN),然后锁定液压作动筒位移,开始加热。当试验件温度达到目标温度(温差45 ℃/80 ℃),稳定时间超过15 min时,标注此时各点位的应变数值,作为最终的应变值;每组试验重复3次。
图18所示为7个工况下,各点位的试验和仿真应变对比结果,各工况下的试验与仿真结果对比趋势较好,最大误差为20%,说明所建立的模型可以较为真实地反映结构在纯热以及热力共同作用下的热应力情况。
选用典型航空铝合金材料,充分考虑材料温度的依赖性,开展了铝合金矩形薄板在热环境下的线性拉伸试验、开孔薄板的热强度试验、矩形薄板在热力共同作用下的仿真与试验以及简化的前缘缝翼铝合金结构在纯热和热力共同作用下的仿真与试验,得出以下主要结论:
1)热环境会削弱结构的刚度和强度;铝合金矩形薄板在热环境下的线性拉伸试验表明,130 ℃环境下2024-T62材料的弹性模量折减系数为95.7%,高温环境使得铝合金材料的刚度下降;开孔薄板热强度试验表明,该结构在190 ℃环境下的结构强度降低了15.4%。在有限元模型中,考虑了材料非线性、几何非线性以及温度对材料性能的影响,建立了可预估温度对材料性能影响的有限元模型,有限元结果和试验结果对比,最大误差为10.2%。验证了建模的正确性,为复杂模型的有限元强度分析建模提供思路。
2)热力共同作用下的仿真分两步进行,第1步,通过力加载的方式得到力作用点处的加载方向位移;第2步,基于上一分析步得到的加载点处的位移,在试验件表面施加温度载荷,创建热力共同作用分析步。矩形薄板热力共同作用下的试验与仿真结果对比,最大误差为10.1%;铝合金螺栓连接结构在纯热和热力共同作用下的试验与仿真结果对比趋势较好,最大误差为20.0%,说明该种建模方法合理。为给定明确机械载荷的热力共同作用下结构的建模提供了思路。
3)针对螺栓连接件的热应力仿真与试验,研究表明,在有限元建模时,需要考虑试验件的支撑边界条件并扩大建模范围;将三角台底座的受载考虑在内后,试验件两端的受力较不考虑三角台底座时分别下降了76.1%(温差110 ℃)和69.1%[温差80 ℃+10 kN(压载)],该受载情况与真实试验受载情况较为接近,仿真和试验结果的对比趋势较好。
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.016
  • 接收时间:2024-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-11
  • 修回日期:2024-08-01
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    1.南京航空航天大学 航空学院,南京 210016
    2.上海飞机设计研究院,上海 201210
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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