Article(id=1241394838155882809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693324800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-30, revisedDate=1697990400000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773901193417, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773901193417, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773901193417, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901193417, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241394830056681606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773901191486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901239759, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241394838936023386, articleId=1241394838155882809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Fault diagnosis of rolling bearing based on channel and spatial reconstruction networks, columnId=1228282191914926752, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Vibration·Noise·Monitoring·Diagnosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since the fault vibration data collected in the real engineering may be accompanied by noise, traditional diagnostic models are difficult to identify fault categories. To address this problem, a rolling bearing fault diagnosis research method based on channel and spatial reconstruction and progressive convolutional neural networks (CSRP-CNN) was proposed.The model utilized channel and spatial reconstruction convolution(CSConv)to reduce the redundant information of channels and space in fault features, and reduced the complexity and computation to improve the performance; using the convolutional block attention module (CBAM), attention enhancement operation was carried out in the channel and spatial dimensions to make the model pay attention to the important fault feature information; and the progressive convolutional network structure was used in the shallow layer of the network, which would fuse the previous fault feature information with the current input to obtain the richer feature information. The performance of CSRP-CNN was evaluated by two different datasets of Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) and machinery fault simulator magnum (MFS-MG). After the noise and ablation tests, it is verified that CSRP-CNN has strong robustness and the effects of CSConv, CBAM and progressive convolutional neural network (PCNN) on the model noise immunity performance.

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YAO Dechen, E-mail:
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由于在实际工程中采集到的故障振动数据可能会伴随噪声,传统的诊断模型难以识别故障类别,针对此问题,提出一种基于通道和空间重组卷积与渐进式卷积神经网络(Channel and Spatial Reconstruction and Progressive Convolutional Neural Networks, CSRP-CNN)的滚动轴承故障诊断研究方法。所提模型利用通道和空间重组卷积(Channel and Spatial Reconstruction Convolution, CSConv)减少故障特征中通道和空间的冗余信息,降低复杂性和计算量以提高性能;使用卷积注意力模块(Convolutional Block Attention Module, CBAM)在通道和空间维度进行注意力增强操作,使模型关注重要的故障特征信息;在网络浅层采用渐进式卷积网络结构,将之前的故障特征信息与当前的输入进行融合,获取更加丰富的特征信息。通过凯斯西储大学(Case Western Reserve University, CWRU)和机械故障综合模拟试验平台(Machinery Fault Simulator Magnum, MFS-MG)两种不同的数据集对CSRP-CNN进行性能评估。经过噪声测试和消融试验,验证了CSRP-CNN具有较强的鲁棒性,以及CSConv、CBAM和渐进式卷积神经网络(Progressive Convolutional Neural Network, PCNN)对所提模型抗噪性能的影响。

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姚德臣,男,1981年生,山东德州人,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为机械系统动力学建模分析、旋转机械监测与诊断的理论与应用研究、轨道交通关键系统状态检测装备研发;E-mail:
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周涛,男,2000年生,安徽安庆人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为故障诊断;E-mail:

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周涛,男,2000年生,安徽安庆人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为故障诊断;E-mail:

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figureFileBig=B3NcNF1QMRIjyZcOzj8oZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400391053669337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838155882809, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

CWRU data set working condition categories

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转速
Rotational speed/(r/min)
工况
Working condition/hp
故障直径
Fault diameter/mils
1 79207,14,21
1 77217,14,21
1 75027,14,21
1 73037,14,21
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CWRU数据集工况类别

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转速
Rotational speed/(r/min)
工况
Working condition/hp
故障直径
Fault diameter/mils
1 79207,14,21
1 77217,14,21
1 75027,14,21
1 73037,14,21
), ArticleFig(id=1241400391208858595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838155882809, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

CWRU fault categories

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轴承状态
Bearing condition
故障直径
Fault diameter/mils
标签
Label
健康Health0
内圈
Inner ring
71
142
213
外圈
Outer ring
74
145
216
滚动体
Rolling element
77
148
219
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CWRU故障类别

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轴承状态
Bearing condition
故障直径
Fault diameter/mils
标签
Label
健康Health0
内圈
Inner ring
71
142
213
外圈
Outer ring
74
145
216
滚动体
Rolling element
77
148
219
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Parameters of ER-12K

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节圆直径
Pitch diameter D/mm
滚动体个数
Number of rolling element Z
接触角
Contact angle θ/(°)
33.477 280
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ER-12K参数

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节圆直径
Pitch diameter D/mm
滚动体个数
Number of rolling element Z
接触角
Contact angle θ/(°)
33.477 280
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Test results at rotational speed 1 792 r/min

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-10-50510无噪声
No noise
CSRP-CNN63.298.3100.0100.0100.0100.0
MobileNetV314.433.782.397.599.099.4
ShuffleNetV222.156.783.293.599.0100.0
ResNet1827.268.996.699.6100.0100.0
ResNet3427.167.397.499.5100.0100.0
BR-VGGNet38.493.299.6100.0100.0100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241400391712175097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838155882809, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

转速1 792 r/min下的试验结果

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-10-50510无噪声
No noise
CSRP-CNN63.298.3100.0100.0100.0100.0
MobileNetV314.433.782.397.599.099.4
ShuffleNetV222.156.783.293.599.0100.0
ResNet1827.268.996.699.6100.0100.0
ResNet3427.167.397.499.5100.0100.0
BR-VGGNet38.493.299.6100.0100.0100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241400391766701050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838155882809, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Test results at rotational speed 1 772 r/min

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-10-50510无噪声
No noise
CSRP-CNN63.798.1100.0100.0100.0100.0
MobileNetV313.231.083.196.599.899.6
ShuffleNetV222.746.886.094.898.499.5
ResNet1825.973.297.999.499.9100.0
ResNet3427.973.197.399.6100.0100.0
BR-VGGNet47.494.099.9100.0100.0100.0
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转速1 772 r/min下的试验结果

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-10-50510无噪声
No noise
CSRP-CNN63.798.1100.0100.0100.0100.0
MobileNetV313.231.083.196.599.899.6
ShuffleNetV222.746.886.094.898.499.5
ResNet1825.973.297.999.499.9100.0
ResNet3427.973.197.399.6100.0100.0
BR-VGGNet47.494.099.9100.0100.0100.0
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Test results at rotational speed 1 750 r/min

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-10-50510无噪声
No noise
CSRP-CNN70.598.6100.0100.0100.0100.0
MobileNetV314.444.484.799.7100.0100.0
ShuffleNetV224.150.286.597.399.499.9
ResNet1826.780.199.5100.0100.0100.0
ResNet3429.781.798.8100.0100.0100.0
BR-VGGNet38.493.299.6100.0100.0100.0
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转速1 750 r/min下的试验结果

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-10-50510无噪声
No noise
CSRP-CNN70.598.6100.0100.0100.0100.0
MobileNetV314.444.484.799.7100.0100.0
ShuffleNetV224.150.286.597.399.499.9
ResNet1826.780.199.5100.0100.0100.0
ResNet3429.781.798.8100.0100.0100.0
BR-VGGNet38.493.299.6100.0100.0100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241400392148381709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838155882809, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Test results at rotational speed 1 730 r/min

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-10-50510无噪声
No noise
CSRP-CNN69.999.3100.0100.0100.0100.0
MobileNetV313.438.298.2100.0100.0100.0
ShuffleNetV224.057.690.796.199.9100.0
ResNet1828.687.699.7100.0100.0100.0
ResNet3427.686.299.8100.0100.0100.0
BR-VGGNet57.098.1100.0100.0100.0100.0
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转速1 730 r/min下的试验结果

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-10-50510无噪声
No noise
CSRP-CNN69.999.3100.0100.0100.0100.0
MobileNetV313.438.298.2100.0100.0100.0
ShuffleNetV224.057.690.796.199.9100.0
ResNet1828.687.699.7100.0100.0100.0
ResNet3427.686.299.8100.0100.0100.0
BR-VGGNet57.098.1100.0100.0100.0100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241400392337125396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838155882809, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Results of noise test for MFS-MG data set

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-202468
CSRP-CNN82.288.290.292.293.695.6
MobileNetV364.866.870.474.074.479.0
ShuffleNetV246.049.253.254.054.859.6
ResNet1865.069.872.476.679.681.8
ResNet3461.268.071.477.279.479.6
BR-VGGNet79.286.288.291.092.694.0
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MFS-MG数据集的噪声测试结果

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-202468
CSRP-CNN82.288.290.292.293.695.6
MobileNetV364.866.870.474.074.479.0
ShuffleNetV246.049.253.254.054.859.6
ResNet1865.069.872.476.679.681.8
ResNet3461.268.071.477.279.479.6
BR-VGGNet79.286.288.291.092.694.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241400392563617824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394838155882809, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Comparison of the parameters of the models used in the test

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模型 ModelCSRP-CNNMobileNetV3ShuffleNetV2ResNet18ResNet34BR-VGGNet
尺寸 Size/MB7.616.831.4944.6985.1237.15
参数 Parameter/MB1.924.210.3711.2022.39.29
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试验所用模型的参数对比

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模型 ModelCSRP-CNNMobileNetV3ShuffleNetV2ResNet18ResNet34BR-VGGNet
尺寸 Size/MB7.616.831.4944.6985.1237.15
参数 Parameter/MB1.924.210.3711.2022.39.29
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Ablation test

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-28
通道和空间重组卷积与渐进式卷积神经网络
CSRP-CNN
82.295.6
无通道和空间重组卷积
No CSConv
67.293.6
无卷积注意力模块
No CBAM
77.495.2
无渐进式卷积神经网络
No PCNN
74.091.8
空间和通道重组卷积
SCConv
79.494.6
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消融试验

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模型
Model
RSNR/dB
-28
通道和空间重组卷积与渐进式卷积神经网络
CSRP-CNN
82.295.6
无通道和空间重组卷积
No CSConv
67.293.6
无卷积注意力模块
No CBAM
77.495.2
无渐进式卷积神经网络
No PCNN
74.091.8
空间和通道重组卷积
SCConv
79.494.6
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基于通道和空间重组网络的滚动轴承故障诊断
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周涛 , 姚德臣 , 杨建伟
机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025,47(5): 19-28
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机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025, 47(5): 19-28
基于通道和空间重组网络的滚动轴承故障诊断
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周涛 , 姚德臣 , 杨建伟
作者信息
  • 北京建筑大学 机电与车辆工程学院,北京 102616
  • 周涛,男,2000年生,安徽安庆人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为故障诊断;E-mail:

通讯作者:

姚德臣,男,1981年生,山东德州人,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为机械系统动力学建模分析、旋转机械监测与诊断的理论与应用研究、轨道交通关键系统状态检测装备研发;E-mail:
Fault diagnosis of rolling bearing based on channel and spatial reconstruction networks
Tao ZHOU , Dechen YAO , Jianwei YANG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical-Electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.003
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由于在实际工程中采集到的故障振动数据可能会伴随噪声,传统的诊断模型难以识别故障类别,针对此问题,提出一种基于通道和空间重组卷积与渐进式卷积神经网络(Channel and Spatial Reconstruction and Progressive Convolutional Neural Networks, CSRP-CNN)的滚动轴承故障诊断研究方法。所提模型利用通道和空间重组卷积(Channel and Spatial Reconstruction Convolution, CSConv)减少故障特征中通道和空间的冗余信息,降低复杂性和计算量以提高性能;使用卷积注意力模块(Convolutional Block Attention Module, CBAM)在通道和空间维度进行注意力增强操作,使模型关注重要的故障特征信息;在网络浅层采用渐进式卷积网络结构,将之前的故障特征信息与当前的输入进行融合,获取更加丰富的特征信息。通过凯斯西储大学(Case Western Reserve University, CWRU)和机械故障综合模拟试验平台(Machinery Fault Simulator Magnum, MFS-MG)两种不同的数据集对CSRP-CNN进行性能评估。经过噪声测试和消融试验,验证了CSRP-CNN具有较强的鲁棒性,以及CSConv、CBAM和渐进式卷积神经网络(Progressive Convolutional Neural Network, PCNN)对所提模型抗噪性能的影响。

故障诊断  /  通道和空间重组卷积  /  渐进式卷积神经网络  /  鲁棒性

Since the fault vibration data collected in the real engineering may be accompanied by noise, traditional diagnostic models are difficult to identify fault categories. To address this problem, a rolling bearing fault diagnosis research method based on channel and spatial reconstruction and progressive convolutional neural networks (CSRP-CNN) was proposed.The model utilized channel and spatial reconstruction convolution(CSConv)to reduce the redundant information of channels and space in fault features, and reduced the complexity and computation to improve the performance; using the convolutional block attention module (CBAM), attention enhancement operation was carried out in the channel and spatial dimensions to make the model pay attention to the important fault feature information; and the progressive convolutional network structure was used in the shallow layer of the network, which would fuse the previous fault feature information with the current input to obtain the richer feature information. The performance of CSRP-CNN was evaluated by two different datasets of Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) and machinery fault simulator magnum (MFS-MG). After the noise and ablation tests, it is verified that CSRP-CNN has strong robustness and the effects of CSConv, CBAM and progressive convolutional neural network (PCNN) on the model noise immunity performance.

Fault diagnosis  /  Channel and spatial reconstruction convolution  /  Progressive convolutional neural network  /  Robustness
周涛, 姚德臣, 杨建伟. 基于通道和空间重组网络的滚动轴承故障诊断. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (5) : 19 -28 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.003
Tao ZHOU, Dechen YAO, Jianwei YANG. Fault diagnosis of rolling bearing based on channel and spatial reconstruction networks[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (5) : 19 -28 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.003
目前旋转机械[1]被广泛运用在工业、医疗、军事和农业等领域,若出现故障,会直接影响到工程系统的安全性和稳定性。滚动轴承作为旋转机械中的重要部件之一,在旋转机械长期超负载运转和工作环境恶劣的情况下,极易出现损伤。因此,对滚动轴承的故障类型进行及时诊断、对轴承状态保持监测是十分重要的。
近年来,随着深度学习在图像识别和监测领域的迅速发展,国内外科研工作者开始将深度学习引入故障诊断方向。周付明等[2]提出一种新型的旋转机械故障诊断方法,使用最大相关和最小冗余来提取故障敏感特征,减少冗余信息,最后利用支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)分类器进行故障识别。刘恒畅等[3]提出一种基于可分离卷积模块的轴承故障诊断方法,相比于一些传统的故障诊断模型,使用多种评价指标对模型进行评估,可以对轴承不同部位的故障程度进行识别。SURENDRAN等[4]提出一种基于残差网络的智能工业故障诊断系统,利用连续小波变换对原始振动信号进行预处理,使用ResNetV2网络对故障特征进行提取,通过在不同的数据集上进行测试,验证了该模型具有良好的故障分类准确率。杨大炼等[5]提出一种基于局部双谱和卷积神经网络的故障诊断方法,使用局部双谱对输入的振动数据进行处理,采用卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network, CNN)搭建诊断模型,在降低特征的冗余信息的同时,提高了模型的训练速度。YAN等[6]提出一种在极低标签和速度波动下的机械半监督故障诊断方法,通过将带标签数据进行边缘传播,扩大带标签数据的数量,再使用图自注意力网络对扩大标签后的数据集进行训练。经过试验验证,标签传播策略和动态图注意力机制网络具有良好的故障分类效果。上述方法相比于传统故障诊断方法,在故障特征提取和识别准确率方面有着巨大优势,并且节省了大量的人力和时间。
带噪声的振动数据对于传统的故障诊断模型来说,很难获取数据中的故障特征,导致识别准确率低。陈露萌等[7]提出一种基于可微架构搜索(Differentiable Architecture Search, DARTS)算法的故障诊断方法,通过DARTS算法对CNN进行结构寻优,提升CNN对深度信息的提取能力和鲁棒性。JIN等[8]提出一种新型的CNN,能够进行多个输入,利用多标签分类器区分多个轴承故障,在不同数据集上实现了良好的跨域和抗噪效果。HAN等[9]结合CNN和Transformer模型架构的优点,提出一种新的特征提取框架,在噪声干扰的情况下,依旧保持较高的准确率和较强的鲁棒性。董荣等[10]提出一种基于并行大核注意力机制卷积神经网络,能够对故障特征图进行大范围的特征关系提取,可以快速且有效地检测出滚动轴承故障程度和故障位置。
本文提出一种基于通道和空间重组卷积与渐进式卷积神经网络(Channel and Spatial Reconstruction and Progressive Convolutional Neural Networks, CSRP-CNN)的滚动轴承故障诊断方法,使用通道和空间重组卷积(Channel and Spatial Reconstruction Convolution,CSConv)、卷积注意力模块(Convolutional Block Attention Module, CBAM)与渐进式卷积神经网络(Progressive Convolutional Neural Network, PCNN)构建用于故障诊断的网络模型,在美国凯斯西储大学(Case Western Reserve University, CWRU)和机械故障综合模拟试验平台(Machinery Fault Simulator Magnum, MFS-MG)数据集上进行噪声测试,相比于传统的故障诊断模型,具有更强的鲁棒性。
用于滚动轴承的故障诊断模型对采集到的振动数据特征进行训练和验证时,需要进行不断的迭代和信息交互,会出现重复且多余的空间和通道特征信息。这些冗余信息不仅会造成巨大的计算资源浪费,而且下层网络会提取到这些冗余信息,导致有用的特征信息被掩盖,降低了网络的精度和鲁棒性。本文采用CSConv,利用通道重组单元(Channel Reconstruction Unit, CRU)和空间重组单元(Spatial Reconstruction Unit, SRU)来减少空间和通道特征信息的冗余,减少计算量,提高模型的性能。CSConv模块如图1所示。
CRU利用分离、转换和融合3个步骤来减少通道维度的冗余信息和模型的计算量。分离操作使用分割比α(0≤α≤1)将特征通道信息C分为两个部分[(1-α)CαC],并引入一个挤压比r来控制特征通道,再通过两个1×1卷积将特征分为上部Xup和下部Xlow。转换操作将Xup通过有效的组卷积(Group-Wise Convolution, GWC)和点卷积(Point-Wise Convolution,PWC)计算来提取具有代表性的故障特征信息。最后经过加权处理得到高代表性的特征图Y1,将Xlow通过PWC计算后,与原来的特征进行特征连接,生成特征图Y2。式(1)、式(2)分别为Y1Y2的生成表达式:
通过特征融合操作,使用自适应机制合并特征图Y1Y2,利用全局平均池化层来获取特征图中的全局空间信息S1S2,再通过SoftMax函数获取重要特征向量β1β2,最后上部特征和下部特征通过加权求和得到通道定义特征Y。特征融合操作表达式为
式中,LPooling(∙)表示全局平均池化;e为自然常数。
CRU通过轻量级卷积运算提取了丰富的具有代表性的特征,同时通过少量的运算和特征重用方案处理冗余特征。如图1所示,通过串联CRU和SRU,构建CSConv模块。
SRU利用权重分离冗余特征信息,然后进行重组,从而抑制空间维度上的冗余并加强特征表示,有利于下层网络对通道有用信息的特征提取。SRU分为两个操作:分离和重组。分离操作的目的是将空间信息丰富的特征图与空间信息较少的特征图进行分离。使用组归一化层中的比例因子来评估不同特征图的信息,从而得到一个中间特征图Yout,再利用可训练参数γ测量每个批次和通道的空间像素的方差,从而获得归一化相关权重Wγ,如式(6)、式(7)所示:
式中,ε为保证除法稳定性的小数;μσ分别为Y的平均值和标准差;γβ为可训练仿射变换;ω为权重系数;LGN(∙)表示组归一化。
然后使用Sigmoid激活函数将Wγ重新加权的特征图的权重值映射到(0,1),并通过阈值实现门控效果。将阈值以上的权重参数设置为信息权重W1,阈值以下的设置为信息权重W2。获取W的过程表示为
式中,⊗为元素乘法;⊕为元素求和;∪为级联;GGate(∙)表示阈值门。
最后将输入特征Y分别乘以W1W2,得到两个加权特征:信息量大的特征、信息量小的特征。采用交叉重组操作将特征连接起来,以充分结合加权的两个不同的信息特征,并加强它们之间的信息流。获得空间定义特征图Yw,如式(9)所示:
SRU用于中间输入特征,将信息量大的特征与信息量小的特征分离出来,对它们进行重组,增强代表性的特征信息,抑制空间维度上的冗余特征。
CBAM是一个高效而简单的注意力机制模型[11],如图2所示。通过串联通道注意力模块(Channel Attention Module, CAM)和空间注意力模块(Spatial Attention Module, SAM)对输入的特征图进行自适应特征细化。在减少模型计算量和参数量的同时,能够提高模型的分类精度和泛化性,使模型对重要的通道和空间信息进行特征提取。
CAM将输入的特征F分别通过两个并行的池化层,来获取不同的故障特征信息。接着,分别送入一个两层共享的多层感知机(Multilayer Perceptron, MLP)中。最后,利用Sigmoid激活函数得到权重系数,权重系数乘以输入特征即可得到缩放后的新特征,如式(10)所示:
式中,fAvgpool(∙)表示平均池化;fMaxpool(∙)表示最大池化。
SAM通过最大池化和平均池化操作,分别对输入的特征F进行压缩处理,将压缩后的特征图进行合并连接,通过标准卷积进行卷积操作和Sigmoid激活函数处理,根据特征之间的空间关系生成空间注意力图,如式(11)所示:
PCNN如图3所示,采用不同尺度的卷积核对图片信息进行不同感受野的特征提取。卷积后经过实例增强归一化(Instance Enhancement Batch Normalization,IEBN)层[12]和激活函数ReLu。IEBN层为实例增强批量归一化,通过自注意力机制增强实例特定信息来帮助抑制图片中的噪声,并通过简单的线性变化来重新校准每个通道的信息,从而增强CSRP-CNN模型的表达能力。激活函数ReLu则能够提高网络模型的非线性拟合能力。图中a的作用是为了进行信息的连接传输,这里使用CBAM作为连接器,将上层重要的通道和空间特征信息传输到下一层网络,这样不仅可以保留之前的特征信息,还能获得丰富的特征信息,为后续网络的特征提取做好基础。
CSRP-CNN模型整体框架如图4所示。在网络浅层使用3×3、5×5、7×7的卷积对特征图进行信息提取,使用CBAM对特征图中的通道和空间特征信息进行着重提取。堆叠三次后,进行特征融合,然后进入CSConv模块和最大池化层。利用CSConv模块中的CRU和SRU重组单元,减少通道和空间中的冗余信息,防止冗余信息对后续的特征提取带来多余操作,降低计算量和参数量。利用最大池化层进行稀释处理,缓解过拟合现象。堆叠两次后通过全连接层对故障特征图进行特征降维处理,最后输出概率最大的故障类型。利用二维混淆矩阵、二维T分布随机邻域嵌入(T-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding, T-SNE)、接受者操作特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic, ROC)曲线和准确率曲线对CSRP-CNN故障诊断模型的结果进行可视化显示和性能评估。
本文提出的CSRP-CNN模型使用二维图像作为输入,需要对滚动轴承的一维振动数据进行数据预处理。选取振动数据中的1 024个连续点,进行数据归一化操作,再对其进行噪声处理,最后做灰度图像处理,生成32×32的灰度图像。图5所示为MFS-MG数据集的4种故障轴承数据所生成的灰度振动图像样本,其中高斯白噪声的强度通过改变信噪比获得。
CWRU数据集由美国凯斯西储大学试验台的SKF型轴承驱动端采集获得,试验台如图6所示。驱动端轴承为SKF6205,采样频率为12 kHz。试验采用转速分别为1 730、1 750、1 772、1 792 r/min时驱动端加速度传感器所采集到的振动数据,如表1~表2所示。根据故障位置和故障直径,将轴承故障类型分为10类,构建5个带噪声数据集和1个无噪声数据集。带噪声数据集中添加信噪比为-10、-5、0、5、10 dB的高斯白噪声。
MFS-MG数据集中的振动数据由机械故障综合模拟试验平台测得,MFS-MG试验台如图7所示。试验台转速由速度控制器控制,在驱动电动机内部安装带有缺陷的滚动轴承(ER-12K)。图8所示为所使用的4种故障轴承。使用压电式加速度传感器采集振动数据,采集频率为25.6 kHz,构建6个带噪声数据集进行故障分类测试。表3所示试验所用轴承的基本数据[13-14]
在测试过程中,设定传感器的采样频率同样为25.6 kHz,并保持电动机转频为fr。依据轴承的基本技术参数和电动机的转频信息,可通过式(12)、式(13)推算轴承外圈故障特征频率fo和内圈故障特征频率fi
式中,Z为滚动体个数;d为滚动体直径;D为节圆直径;θ为接触角。
使用两种不同的数据集进行噪声测试,可以看出CSRP-CNN具有较强的抗噪性。为进一步确定各模块对所提模型抗噪性能的影响,通过消融试验观察模型性能变化。
通过将CSRP-CNN与ResNet18、ShuffNetV2、VGG-Net+Bn+ReLu(BR-VGGNet)、MobileNetV3和ResNet34做噪声对比试验,使用4种不同转速的CWRU数据来进行故障测试。由表4~表7中的数据试验结果可以得出,CSRP-CNN在0、5、10 dB、无噪声的情况下和对比模型的故障诊断识别率都接近100%,只有在-10、-5 dB噪声下不是100%。由于强噪声的影响,故障特征被掩盖,模型的特征提取能力受到了一定的影响,故障识别准确率降低。MobileNetV3和BR-VGGNet在-10 dB下,出现了过拟合的现象;ShuffleNetV2、ResNet18、ResNet34在-10、-5 dB强噪声中故障诊断识别率较低。本文所提出的CSRP-CNN模型在含有强噪声的数据集中仍具有较高的故障诊断识别准确率,并且在CWRU和MFS-MG数据集上具有良好的鲁棒性。
图9所示为信噪比RSNR=-5 dB时,CWRU数据集的可视化结果。通过二维T-SNE[15]可视化显示CWRU数据集在转速1 730 r/min下、RSNR=-5 dB时的故障诊断结果。可以看到,CSRP-CNN的可视化效果最好,各个故障的聚类紧密,类别辨识度高。MobileNetV3、ShuffleNetV2等对比模型故障类型交织在一起,说明对比模型的故障辨识度低,甚至不能辨别故障类别,从而进一步验证了CSRP-CNN模型的故障特征提取能力。
表8所示为MFS-MG数据集在不同噪声下的试验结果。可以看出,CSRP-CNN模型在不同噪声的数据集中故障诊断识别准确率均高于其他对比模型,准确率均在80%以上。如图10所示,利用混淆矩阵[16]可以直观地看出CSRP-CNN模型在RSNR=8 dB时的分类优势,CSRP-CNN模型对角线的方块颜色相比其他对比模型更深,代表故障识别效果更好。
表9展示的试验所用模型的参数对比可以看出,除ShuffleNetV2外,CSRP-CNN模型的尺寸和参数量相比其他对比模型都要小很多。ShuffleNetV2尺寸和参数量小是因为模型的层数较少,进而使得模型在进行训练时容易出现欠拟合,不能提取充足的特征信息,导致准确率较低。CSRP-CNN模型在实现模型轻量化的同时,对含有噪声的数据依然具有较高的故障识别准确率。
消融试验[17]在深度学习领域是一种常见的试验方法,通过移除或替换模型中的一些关键部分,观察模型性能的变化,从而评估模型各个部分对整体性能的影响。本节在其他参数不改变的条件下,分别移除CSConv、CBAM、PCNN以及使用空间和通道重组卷积(Spatial and Channel Reconstruction Convolution,SCConv)[18],与原CSRP-CNN模型在MFS-MG数据集上进行故障诊断分类,做精度对比。所使用的MFS-MG数据集分别添加信噪比为-2、8 dB的高斯白噪声。
表10所示,经过试验测试,原CSRP-CNN模型与无CSConv、无CBAM、无渐进式卷积神经网络以及使用SCConv相比,具有更好的故障识别准确率和抗噪性。在RSNR=-2 dB时,无CSConv模型与CSRP-CNN模型的准确率相差15百分点,无CBAM模型与CSRP-CNN模型的准确率相差4.8百分点,无PCNN模型与CSRP-CNN模型相差8.2百分点,使用SCConv模型与CSRP-CNN模型相差2.8百分点。其中,CSConv模块在较强噪声测试时对故障分类影响最大,无CSConv模型的识别准确率显著降低。
图11所示为RSNR =-2 dB时的各个模型的ROC曲线。RTP为真正类率,RFP为假正类率,如式(14)、式(15)所示。其中,NTP为真正类;NFN为假负类;NFP为假正类;NTN为真负类。CSRP-CNN模型的ROC曲线最靠近y轴,说明具有良好的可分离性度量,故障识别准确率更高,抗噪性能更好。
图12所示的准确率曲线对比可知,CSRP-CNN模型中的CSConv、CBAM、PCNN对模型的抗噪性能都有一定程度的影响。CSConv模块的效果要好于SCConv模块,即模块内部先经过CRU的效果比先经过SRU对模型性能的提升更大。在迭代30次以后,CSRP-CNN模型的准确率曲线高于其他对比模型。
由于滚动轴承的运行环境复杂,通过传感器采集到的振动数据大都伴随噪声,为提高滚动轴承的故障诊断精度。本文提出基于CSRP-CNN的滚动轴承故障诊断研究方法,通过在两种数据集上添加不同信噪比的噪声,进行噪声测试和消融试验,得到了以下结论:
1)PCNN模块能够交互各个分支上的特征信息,通过保留上一层的信息,获取更加丰富和重要的特征信息。使用IEBN层和ReLu激活函数,能够抑制模型出现过拟合现象,并且具有一定的抗噪效果。
2)CBAM能够通过对特征图中通道信息和空间信息的筛选,提取出重要的通道和空间特征,在减少模型参数量和计算量的同时,增强了模型的故障识别准确率。
3)CSConv模块在网络深层进行特征提取,通过CRU和SRU的串联操作,逐步减少了标准卷积中大量存在的通道和空间冗余信息,提高了网络模型的性能。经过试验测试,证明了CSConv模块对模型的鲁棒性和泛化性具有一定的提升和增强。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51975038)
  • 北京市自然科学基金(重点)项目(KZ202010016025)
  • 北京建筑大学青年教师科研能力提升计划(X21055)
  • 北京建筑大学研究生创新计划(PG2023134)
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2025年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.003
  • 接收时间:2023-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-30
  • 修回日期:2023-10-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China General(51975038)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51975038)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Key)(KZ202010016025)
北京市自然科学基金(重点)项目(KZ202010016025)
Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Young Teachers’ Scientific Research Ability Enhancement Program(X21055)
北京建筑大学青年教师科研能力提升计划(X21055)
Postgraduate Innovation Program of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture(PG2023134)
北京建筑大学研究生创新计划(PG2023134)
作者信息
    北京建筑大学 机电与车辆工程学院,北京 102616

通讯作者:

姚德臣,男,1981年生,山东德州人,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为机械系统动力学建模分析、旋转机械监测与诊断的理论与应用研究、轨道交通关键系统状态检测装备研发;E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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