Article(id=1241394836343935255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694793600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-16, revisedDate=1698163200000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773901192985, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773901192985, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773901192985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901192985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241394830056681606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773901191486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901239759, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=110, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241394839334474087, articleId=1241394836343935255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Stability analysis of a shipborne large aperture telescope tracking rack, columnId=1228282192162390694, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Experimental Research·Testing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to gain insight into the stability of the tracking frame structure of shipborne large-aperture telescopes,the stability of typical ground-level telescope tracking frames was studied. According to the external load borne by the equipment in the case of ship, the external load was parameterized and entered into the finite element software. The pretreatment software and finite element software were used to analyze the structural deformation under static wind load. Then,the natural frequency of the structure was solved, and a simple response spectrum analysis calculation was proposed instead of the tedious random response analysis to analyze the stability of the equipment under dynamic wind load and wave excitation. According to the stress and deformation values obtained from the results, it was ensured that the shipborne telescope tracking frame theoretically meets the strength requirements and design accuracy requirements under shipborne conditions. Under the static wind load, the maximum stress value of the tracking frame structure is about 14.07 MPa, which was less than the yield strength of steel 355 MPa, the maximum deformation variable was about 0.02 mm, which was less than the design accuracy error coaxiality ϕ0.1 mm, and the natural frequency 1st-6th order mode value was 40.15, 49.65, 66.86, 82.93, 91.38,115.89 Hz. Under dynamic wind load, the peak value of structural stress was 3.92 MPa and the maximum deformation variable was 0.01 mm, and under the excitation of ocean waves, the peak of structural stress was 5.88 MPa and the maximum deformation variable was 0.02 mm, which was less than the yield strength and design accuracy error coaxiality of steel. The error between the modal value obtained by the modal test and the calculated modal value is within 10%. Combining theoretical simulation and practical tests, the tracker structure can work normally under shipborne conditions.

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LI Yingjie, E-mail:
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为深入了解船载大口径望远镜跟踪架结构的稳定性,以典型的地平式望远镜跟踪架为基础,对其稳定性进行研究。根据设备在船载、舰载情况下所承受的外部载荷,将外部载荷参数化并输入有限元软件。利用前处理软件联合有限元软件对其在静态风载下的结构变形进行分析。然后对结构固有频率进行求解,提出一种计算简单的响应谱分析,计算代替冗杂的随机响应分析,进而对动态风载和海浪激励下的设备进行稳定性分析。根据分析结果得出的应力和形变值,确保船载望远镜跟踪架在理论上满足船载条件下的强度要求和设计精度要求。在静态风载作用下,求解得到跟踪架结构的最大应力值约为14.07 MPa,小于钢的屈服强度355 MPa;最大形变量约为0.02 mm,小于设计精度误差同轴度ϕ0.1 mm;求解1~6阶固有频率模态值为40.15、49.65、66.86、82.93、91.38、115.89 Hz;在动态风载作用下,求解得到结构应力峰值为3.92 MPa,最大形变量为0.01 mm;在海浪激励作用下,结构应力峰值为5.88 MPa,最大形变量为0.02 mm;均小于钢的屈服强度和设计精度误差同轴度。模态测试试验得到的模态值与计算模态值误差均在10%内,结合理论仿真和实际试验,该跟踪架结构可在船载条件下正常工作。

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李英杰,男,1999年生,安徽铜陵人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为精密机械设计制造技术;E-mail:

杨立保,男,1972年生,河北唐山人,博士,研究员,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为大口径光电跟踪系统关键技术以及空间光学载荷机构;E-mail:

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李英杰,男,1999年生,安徽铜陵人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为精密机械设计制造技术;E-mail:

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李英杰,男,1999年生,安徽铜陵人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为精密机械设计制造技术;E-mail:

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杨立保,男,1972年生,河北唐山人,博士,研究员,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为大口径光电跟踪系统关键技术以及空间光学载荷机构;E-mail:

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杨立保,男,1972年生,河北唐山人,博士,研究员,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为大口径光电跟踪系统关键技术以及空间光学载荷机构;E-mail:

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Modal values of the first 6 orders of the telescope tracking rack structure

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阶数
Order
频率
Frequency/Hz
振型
Mode shapes
140.15四通及立柱沿水平轴方向摆动
Cross and columns swing along the horizontal axis
249.65四通及立柱沿垂直于水平轴方向摆动
Cross and columns swing along the direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis
366.86四通及立柱沿垂直轴摆动
Cross and columns swing along the vertical axis
478.93左、右立柱沿垂直于水平轴方向摆动
Left and right columns swing perpendicular to the horizontal axis
587.38四通沿垂直于水平轴旋转趋势
Cross rotates the trend along a perpendicular horizontal axis
6113.89四通沿水平轴摆动
Cross oscillates along the horizontal axis
), ArticleFig(id=1241400387589174137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394836343935255, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

望远镜跟踪架结构前6阶模态值

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阶数
Order
频率
Frequency/Hz
振型
Mode shapes
140.15四通及立柱沿水平轴方向摆动
Cross and columns swing along the horizontal axis
249.65四通及立柱沿垂直于水平轴方向摆动
Cross and columns swing along the direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis
366.86四通及立柱沿垂直轴摆动
Cross and columns swing along the vertical axis
478.93左、右立柱沿垂直于水平轴方向摆动
Left and right columns swing perpendicular to the horizontal axis
587.38四通沿垂直于水平轴旋转趋势
Cross rotates the trend along a perpendicular horizontal axis
6113.89四通沿水平轴摆动
Cross oscillates along the horizontal axis
), ArticleFig(id=1241400387673060222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394836343935255, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Locations of the test points

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编号
Number
坐标
Coordinate/mm
传感器编号
Sensor number
传感器灵敏度
Sensor sensitivity
(2 000,250,4 500)14798096.7
103.1
100.9
(2 000,-250,4 500)14797995.1
97.3
101.2
(2 000,950,2 180)14797896.7
95.3
99.1
(2 000,-950,2 180)14834297.7
99.0
101.8
(-2 000,250,4 500)14835098.1
100.0
94.8
(-2 000,-250,4 500)14797698.6
100.0
103.0
(-2 000,950,2 180)14797796.7
97.0
99.7
(-2 000,-950,2 180)14835196.4
100.6
99.3
(1 450,1 450,4 400)4925498.4
(1 450,-1 450,4 400)49695100.3
(-1 450,1 450,4 400)4984099.4
(-1 450,-1 450,4 400)49252100.3
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测试点位置

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编号
Number
坐标
Coordinate/mm
传感器编号
Sensor number
传感器灵敏度
Sensor sensitivity
(2 000,250,4 500)14798096.7
103.1
100.9
(2 000,-250,4 500)14797995.1
97.3
101.2
(2 000,950,2 180)14797896.7
95.3
99.1
(2 000,-950,2 180)14834297.7
99.0
101.8
(-2 000,250,4 500)14835098.1
100.0
94.8
(-2 000,-250,4 500)14797698.6
100.0
103.0
(-2 000,950,2 180)14797796.7
97.0
99.7
(-2 000,-950,2 180)14835196.4
100.6
99.3
(1 450,1 450,4 400)4925498.4
(1 450,-1 450,4 400)49695100.3
(-1 450,1 450,4 400)4984099.4
(-1 450,-1 450,4 400)49252100.3
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Relative error of calculated modal and test modal

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阶数
Order
试验模态
Test modal/Hz
计算模态
Calculated modal/Hz
相对误差
Relative error/%
142.8440.156.27
251.4349.653.42
368.6266.862.56
477.6078.931.71
586.5887.380.92
6112.55113.891.19
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计算模态与试验模态的相对误差

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阶数
Order
试验模态
Test modal/Hz
计算模态
Calculated modal/Hz
相对误差
Relative error/%
142.8440.156.27
251.4349.653.42
368.6266.862.56
477.6078.931.71
586.5887.380.92
6112.55113.891.19
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船载大口径望远镜跟踪架的稳定性分析
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李英杰 1, 2 , 杨立保 1 , 陈涛 1 , 李洪文 1
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(5): 110-118
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(5): 110-118
船载大口径望远镜跟踪架的稳定性分析
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李英杰1, 2 , 杨立保1 , 陈涛1, 李洪文1
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,长春 130033
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 李英杰,男,1999年生,安徽铜陵人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为精密机械设计制造技术;E-mail:

    杨立保,男,1972年生,河北唐山人,博士,研究员,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为大口径光电跟踪系统关键技术以及空间光学载荷机构;E-mail:

Stability analysis of a shipborne large aperture telescope tracking rack
Yingjie LI1, 2 , Libao YANG1 , Tao CHEN1, Hongwen LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun 130033, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.013
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为深入了解船载大口径望远镜跟踪架结构的稳定性,以典型的地平式望远镜跟踪架为基础,对其稳定性进行研究。根据设备在船载、舰载情况下所承受的外部载荷,将外部载荷参数化并输入有限元软件。利用前处理软件联合有限元软件对其在静态风载下的结构变形进行分析。然后对结构固有频率进行求解,提出一种计算简单的响应谱分析,计算代替冗杂的随机响应分析,进而对动态风载和海浪激励下的设备进行稳定性分析。根据分析结果得出的应力和形变值,确保船载望远镜跟踪架在理论上满足船载条件下的强度要求和设计精度要求。在静态风载作用下,求解得到跟踪架结构的最大应力值约为14.07 MPa,小于钢的屈服强度355 MPa;最大形变量约为0.02 mm,小于设计精度误差同轴度ϕ0.1 mm;求解1~6阶固有频率模态值为40.15、49.65、66.86、82.93、91.38、115.89 Hz;在动态风载作用下,求解得到结构应力峰值为3.92 MPa,最大形变量为0.01 mm;在海浪激励作用下,结构应力峰值为5.88 MPa,最大形变量为0.02 mm;均小于钢的屈服强度和设计精度误差同轴度。模态测试试验得到的模态值与计算模态值误差均在10%内,结合理论仿真和实际试验,该跟踪架结构可在船载条件下正常工作。

船载望远镜  /  跟踪架  /  有限元分析  /  模态测试

In order to gain insight into the stability of the tracking frame structure of shipborne large-aperture telescopes,the stability of typical ground-level telescope tracking frames was studied. According to the external load borne by the equipment in the case of ship, the external load was parameterized and entered into the finite element software. The pretreatment software and finite element software were used to analyze the structural deformation under static wind load. Then,the natural frequency of the structure was solved, and a simple response spectrum analysis calculation was proposed instead of the tedious random response analysis to analyze the stability of the equipment under dynamic wind load and wave excitation. According to the stress and deformation values obtained from the results, it was ensured that the shipborne telescope tracking frame theoretically meets the strength requirements and design accuracy requirements under shipborne conditions. Under the static wind load, the maximum stress value of the tracking frame structure is about 14.07 MPa, which was less than the yield strength of steel 355 MPa, the maximum deformation variable was about 0.02 mm, which was less than the design accuracy error coaxiality ϕ0.1 mm, and the natural frequency 1st-6th order mode value was 40.15, 49.65, 66.86, 82.93, 91.38,115.89 Hz. Under dynamic wind load, the peak value of structural stress was 3.92 MPa and the maximum deformation variable was 0.01 mm, and under the excitation of ocean waves, the peak of structural stress was 5.88 MPa and the maximum deformation variable was 0.02 mm, which was less than the yield strength and design accuracy error coaxiality of steel. The error between the modal value obtained by the modal test and the calculated modal value is within 10%. Combining theoretical simulation and practical tests, the tracker structure can work normally under shipborne conditions.

Shipborne telescope  /  Tracking rack  /  Finite element analysis  /  Modal testing
李英杰, 杨立保, 陈涛, 李洪文. 船载大口径望远镜跟踪架的稳定性分析. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (5) : 110 -118 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.013
Yingjie LI, Libao YANG, Tao CHEN, Hongwen LI. Stability analysis of a shipborne large aperture telescope tracking rack[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (5) : 110 -118 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.013
大口径望远镜是指口径较大的望远镜,其可以收集到更多的光线,从而提高地面望远镜的分辨率和灵敏度,能够更好地观测遥远的天体和更细节的星图。而大口径望远镜在船载、舰载条件下将具有更强的机动性。
随着我国科技的不断发展,需要越来越多地进行海上布控,而船载设备能够比地基设备提供更灵活的布站方式,同时海洋航区的布控相较于陆地也更为经济合理。然而,船载设备的结构稳定性会受到多种环境因素影响,包括盐雾腐蚀、季节温差、昼夜温差、台风强风、海浪冲击以及航速等。其中,海浪冲击和航速通常会对设备造成更为严重的振动损害。为确保船载设备在这些环境激励下正常工作,对跟踪架结构进行环境稳定性分析就显得十分重要。
在设计大口径望远镜时,由于所需参数不便进行试验验证,因此在设计阶段就需要了解系统性能的优劣,而有限元分析为解决这类问题提供了有效的方法。有限元分析可以对结构进行力学计算、模拟环境激励、对比分析系统性能,以判断其是否符合设计要求,同时为设计提供指导和改进意见。国外对1 m口径以上望远镜的有限元分析技术处于领先地位,在大口径望远镜设计和装配过程中,有限元分析技术被广泛运用。例如,30 m口径望远镜在概念设计阶段就对其即将所处的热环境进行了分析,并对整体系统进行了热性能分析[1]。日本对国家大望远镜进行了动态、静态风载的有限元分析[2]。欧洲南方天文台的甚大望远镜在设计时对其地理位置的地震频响应进行了仿真分析[3]。巨型麦哲伦望远镜在安装时为研究风载对拼接主镜的影响,利用试验采集的风压数据进行了仿真计算[4]。在国内,也有很多学者运用有限元技术,在光机设备的研制过程中进行大量仿真分析。冯树龙等[5]基于温度和力学对望远镜进行了静力学分析。周超[6]根据大口径望远镜整体系统建立了相应的有限元模型,并研究了模型在重力、风载和地震波作用下的性能。赵勇志等[7]对1.2 m口径地基光电望远镜跟踪架结构进行了优化设计并进行了风载研究。伞晓刚[8]对米级口径的光电经纬仪关键部件进行了拓扑优化,并对优化后的模型进行了重力作用下的分析、风载作用下的分析、模态分析和热分析。王国明等[9]对焦面机构进行了有限元分析与优化设计,利用Ansys参数化设计语言建立了LAMOST望远镜焦面机构的有限元模型,并根据设计指标采用子结构近似法对机构静力学特性和动力学特性进行了优化,得到了最优的结构尺寸参数。ZUO等[10]利用仿真软件对LAMOST望远镜的焦平面进行了热分析,考察了其温度特性,提取了热载荷下的镜面变形,并将其镜面变形数据导入Matlab软件中进行了分析,结果表明,焦平面在规定的热载荷作用下的变形满足使用要求。
本文对船载2.5 m口径望远镜的地平式跟踪架在动态、静态风载和海浪激励条件下的稳定性问题进行了研究,通过有限元分析技术和机械结构设计技术相结合的方法,确保船载设备的结构稳定性。
跟踪架结构是望远镜的基础和核心,其可以完成观测所需的俯仰和方位运动,并为光电系统元件提供机械接口和承载平台。
地平式跟踪架由方位轴系和俯仰轴系组成,两者相互垂直。垂直于地面的轴系称为方位轴系,也可称为垂直轴系;平行于地面的轴系称为俯仰轴系,也可称为水平轴系。这种跟踪架结构左右对称,受力状况好,可靠性高,适用于船载大口径系统。地平式跟踪架的大型结构件由低到高依次为基座、转台、左右立柱、四通[11],如图1所示。其中,四通承载着主镜室以及次镜室。
根据望远镜跟踪架受力状况[12],对设备结构进行简化处理。圆角、倒角、螺栓和螺纹孔等对网格划分不利的元件可以省去,对结果分析不构成影响的元件也可以略去。同时,对望远镜跟踪架的各个大型结构件进行简化处理,以减小模型的复杂度。在简化后的模型基础上,对其进行网格划分,根据设备工作方式定义各个结构件间的连接方式以及各个结构件的材料属性。跟踪架的有限元模型如图2所示,共计5 264个单元和12 347个节点。
在海洋环境中,船载设备经常面临台风、强风等恶劣气象的影响,因此需要对其进行风载分析。在实际工程中,风载可以分为静态风载和动态风载。静态风载可借助线性静力学分析来解决,而动态风载则需要输入风的功率谱密度函数,以查看在给定频率范围内风载对结构的影响[13-14]
静态风载作用力的计算式[15]15-16
式中,P为平均风压;A为迎风面积,与结构面形有关;CD为空气阻力系数,与运动速度有关;ρ为空气密度;V为风的相对速度。
理论上,可以直接查阅我国各地区的基本风速和基本风压得到目标处参数,但设备的实际高度并非与规定的高度一致,所以需要根据实际环境地貌对不同高度的风压数值进行进一步修正。
基本风速是根据国家或者行业标准规定,针对某一特定地区,在固定高度上测量得到的风速数据中,去除因地形、建筑物等因素产生的涡流、喇叭声等随机因素后得到的一个固定数值。基本风压是在特定地区、特定高度下,按照规定的经验公式计算得到的在建筑结构面上所产生的垂直于建筑表面的风压力的标称数值,是根据所在地区的气象环境和建筑物的特性进行计算,得出的一个代表风压的参考数值[15]18-20
在任意高度、任意地面粗糙度类别条件下的风压计算式[15]25-26
式中,wz为高度z处风压;w0为标准高度处的风压;z为离地面的高度;z0为标准高度;δ为地面粗糙度指数。
我国海域的基本风压数值在500~800 Pa,本文取最大值;船载设备距海平面大约15 m;海面粗糙度分为以下几类:光滑水面、轻微波浪水面、中度波浪水面、强烈波浪水面、风暴波浪水面、海浪状况差的水面,本文地面粗糙度指数δ取值为1.05;则计算可得wz=1 640 Pa。
在静力风载荷作用下,输出的应力、位移云图如图3所示。形变量峰值区域出现在四通的上半部分,最大形变量约为0.03 mm,小于设计精度误差同轴度ϕ0.1 mm;最大应力值为14.07 MPa,小于钢的屈服强度355 MPa。所以结构强度和精度均满足设计要求,设备在静力风载荷情况下可以正常工作。
响应谱分析的基础是模态分析,其目的是得到结构的固有频率特性[16-17]。以基座底板为固定约束,对船载望远镜跟踪架的固有频率进行求解得到的前6阶谐振频率与振型如表1所示。由表1可知,前6阶固有频率分别为:第1阶谐振频率为40.15 Hz,形变主要在四通和左、右立柱的上半部分,形变的主要部分相对于基座左右摆动;第2阶谐振频率为49.65 Hz,形变主要集中在四通的上半部分,形变区域沿垂直于水平轴方向摆动;第3阶谐振频率为66.86 Hz,形变主要表现为四通及立柱沿垂直轴摆动;第4阶谐振频率为78.93 Hz,形变主要表现为左、右立柱沿垂直于水平轴方向摆动;第5阶谐振频率为87.38 Hz,形变表现为四通沿垂直于水平轴旋转趋势;第6阶谐振频率为113.89 Hz,形变表现为四通沿水平轴摆动。前3阶模态振型如图4所示。
在一般情况下,涉及随机载荷下的动态结构响应分析往往采用随机响应分析。随机响应分析需要采用蒙特卡洛方法等随机过程分析技术。这种分析使用较小步长和较高网格密度进行计算,需要进行大量采样、模拟、计算以及存储,导致求解时间较长。而响应谱分析主要用于结构在波谱下的响应分析,在实际工程应用中,也可用于分析结构在其他相应类型载荷作用下的情况,例如风载荷和波浪载荷。响应谱分析一般比随机响应分析所需的计算时间短。这是因为响应谱分析只需要对结构在一系列频率点的响应进行求解,并进行简单的加权处理,计算相对简单。因此本文对动态风载和海浪激励均采用响应谱分析[18]
动态风载下的分析需要输入风的功率谱密度函数,以查看在给定频率范围内风载的影响。常见的风谱模型有以下几种:
Jenssen谱模型:描述了风速在频域上的能量分布情况,一般用于海洋领域的计算和分析,包括海洋工程、海洋天气学等。
Compton-Belkovich谱模型:用于描述行星大气层内声波、重力波和可压缩湍流引起的风速波动的功率谱密度函数。
Mikkelsen-Thomse(M⁃T)谱模型:由丹麦风力工程研究中心提出的一种风速谱密度函数。该模型可用于描述风速的时序、概率分布、频谱及相关性等特性,是风力学研究中应用较广泛的一种风谱模型。
本文中采用M-T谱,模型表达式[19-20]
式中,Sv(fw)为频率为fw时风速振幅的功率谱密度,g2/Hz(g=9.8 m/s2);A为与对应风速频谱密度函数相关的常数,也称为速度谱常数,取值范围通常为0.4~1.4;fb为频率的特征值,取值范围通常为0.03~0.07 Hz,具体数值取决于具体的风场和分析对象;p为功率谱指数,取值范围通常为2 ~ 4,根据实测数据研究,我国海域的功率谱指数p值通常在3.2左右;β为阻尼系数,取决于风场,取值范围通常在0.001 08~0.001 40。以上具体数值均为在大量实测数据的基础上得出的,并考虑了我国近海地区的气象、海洋等特殊环境因素。得到谱密度函数为
将功率谱密度函数输入有限元软件进行响应谱分析,输出的应力、位移云图如图5所示。模型在M-T谱的作用下,应力峰值约为3.92 MPa,远小于材料的屈服强度;形变量最大区域出现在整个模型的上半部分,最大形变量约为0.01 mm,小于设计精度误差同轴度ϕ0.1 mm。在动态风载激励下,结构强度和精度均满足设计要求,设备在动态风载荷作用下可以正常工作。
海浪载荷为动态随机分布,不同于其他静力载荷,不能以力、载荷或者力矩的方式代入,也不能以压强等面作用力的形式输入,应以频谱载荷或幅值曲线的形式输入有限元软件,才能进行有效的计算。在有限元分析中,可用海浪加速度谱密度的形式输入。目前,国际上采用的标准波谱主要有Pierson-Moskowitz单参数谱(P-M谱)、Jonswap谱、Bretschneider双参数谱等。
P-M谱为描述海浪加速度谱密度的一种经典模型,其表达式[21]249-252
式中,a为波高的尺度因子,取值为0.008 1;g为重力加速度;fs为海浪的频率;fp为波浪的峰值频率。P-M谱为经验谱,其只包含海浪频率一个参数,适用于平稳的风浪,不足以表征复杂海浪的特征[21]249-252
Jonswap谱基于P-M谱进行修正,其表达式[22]
式中,γ为带尾系数;βγ系数的增长系数,两者均取决于海浪的谱类型,适用于描述海面波浪在风速较高时的功率谱密度分布,具有较好的实用性和较高的精度。该谱密度函数的特点是在高频段有一个明显的峰值,用于描述强风条件下的海浪。
Bretschneider双参数谱改进了前两者,对成长中的海浪也适用,其表达式[23]426-432
式中,Hs为海浪的有义波高。
Bretschneider双参数谱拥有2个未知变量,更能表征海浪的特性,相比于其他海浪的谱形式,具有谱形更陡峭、切割频率更明确的特点,并且其囊括了充分发展的海浪以及正在形成的海浪。因此,选择Bretschneider双参数谱更能够表征外部激励的准确性[23]426-432
不同海况下的有义波高和谱峰频率会有所不同。此处,谱峰频率fp取值为0.4 Hz,有义波高Hs取值为4 m。将fpHs代入Bretschneider双参数谱,得到海浪的功率谱密度函数为
将功率谱密度函数输入有限元软件进行响应谱分析,输出的应力、位移云图如图6所示。
模型在Bretschneider双参数谱作用下,应力峰值约为5.88 MPa,远小于材料的屈服强度;形变量最大区域出现在整个模型的上半部分,最大形变量约为0.02 mm,小于设计精度误差同轴度ϕ0.1 mm。在海浪激励下,结构强度和精度均满足设计要求,船载设备在海浪载荷的作用下可以正常工作。
进行跟踪架结构组件的振动测试有两个目的:①与有限元模型分析结果对比,改进分析模型;②识别并掌握结构的关键动态特性,提高后续设计水平。
32通道LMS模态分析仪,8个三向加速度传感器,4个单向加速度传感器。
以基座底板为固定约束,通过锤击测试,按次序激励各个传感器位置,得到频率响应函数。根据模态分析结果,为通过模态测试识别上述几阶模态,设计确定了如图7所示的传感器位置。共采用8个三向加速度传感器和4个单向加速度传感器,其中8个三向加速度传感器布置在转台和立柱上,4个单向加速度传感器布置在四通上,具体实施过程如图8所示。
8个三向加速度传感器和4个单向加速度传感器参数以及测试点位置坐标如表2所示。采用锤击测试方式,按次序依次激励各个传感器位置,得到频率响应函数。测试分别采用8个三向传感器,共进行了9次力锤敲击测试试验,前4次结果不对称,后5次结果与分析基本一致。
激励1:激励方向+y,测试点②与测试点④中间,敲击立柱侧面,硬塑料锤头。
激励2:激励方向+y,硬塑料锤头,测试点②与测试点④中间,立柱座外侧中部,沿+y方向。
激励3:激励方向+x,测试点⑤与测试点⑥中间,立柱座外侧中部,硬塑料锤头,沿+x方向。
激励4:激励方向+x,测试点⑤与测试点⑥中间,立柱座外侧中部,硬塑料锤头,沿+x方向。
图9可知,测得频率响应的峰值点为42.84、51.43、68.62、77.60、86.58、112.55 Hz。
模态的先后顺序是由结构的质量分布和刚度分布所决定的,和其他因素无关。计算模态与试验模态振型类似,但数值有出入,这是仿真或试验时的各种不可控因素所导致的。
影响计算模态精度的主要因素有如下几个方面:①几何模型尺寸:几何模型与实际结构在尺寸方面存在差异,必然影响几何模型的质量分布和刚度分布;②材料属性:计算中所赋予的材料属性是均匀分布的,但实际上可能是各向异性分布;③边界条件:计算模型中的边界条件与实际模型的边界条件有很大差异;④装配接触关系:计算模型中的装配或接触关系与实际有差异;⑤单元类型:计算所选择的单元类型不能准确地表达结构的力学行为。
影响试验模态精度的主要因素有如下几个方面:①激励能量:能量未能达到激起全部关心的模态临界值;②测点数量:测点数量不够或者位置不合适则不能区别模态;③试验数据不完整:除了测量自由度有限之外,频响函数的频带也是一定的,另外,计算中可以考虑任何方向,但测量可能很难做到[24]
综上所述,考虑到影响计算模态和试验模态精度的因素不可避免,相对误差控制在10%以内较为合理。表3所示为计算模态与试验模态的相对误差。
针对船载2.5 m口径望远镜地平式跟踪架在海上工况下发生的结构稳定性变化,采用有限元方法建立了跟踪架的结构模型。在此基础上,从固有频率、静态风载荷和动态风载荷,以及海浪激励等多个方面进行稳定性分析,得出结论如下:
1)利用静力学和动力学理论,结合有限元方法进行模拟和计算,得出模拟结果。模型的1~6阶振型固有频率分别为40.15、49.65、66.86、78.93、87.38、113.89 Hz。
2)在静态风载荷作用下,跟踪架结构的最大应力值大小为14.07 MPa,形变量最大值为0.03 mm;在动态风载荷作用下,结构最大应力值为3.92 MPa,最大形变量为0.01 mm。
3)在海浪激励作用下,结构应力峰值为5.88 MPa,形变量峰值为0.02 mm,均满足结构强度设计要求和精度要求。
4)模态测试测得的跟踪架设备的频率为42.84、51.43、68.62、77.60、86.58、112.55 Hz,与仿真结果的相对误差均小于10%。因此,设备的设计和结构满足船载环境下的使用需求。
  • 天文联合基金项目(U2031126)
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.013
  • 接收时间:2023-09-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-16
  • 修回日期:2023-10-25
基金
Astronomical United Fund(U2031126)
天文联合基金项目(U2031126)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,长春 130033
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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