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Single tube towers are widely used as the foundation for carrying 5G communication equipments. Due to construction needs, the mounted equipments often changes with the changes in 5G construction. Due to the small damping of the single tube tower, the increase of mounted equipments may cause an excessive vibration, reducing its load capacity.Therefore, the control of tower top vibration is particularly crucial. A particle damping tuned mass damper (PDTMD) method was proposed to control the problem of excessive vibration at the top of 5G communication towers. Based on a collision theory, a mathematical model using PDTMD to control the vibration of the communication tower was established. The vibration response of the tower under effects of PDTM was verified by the detailed calculation, and the damping mechanism of PDTMD was analyzed. The damping effectiveness of PDTMD was compared with the traditional tuned mass damper (TMD).The results show that the particle damping has good energy dissipation ability. Compared with traditional tuned mass dampers,PDTMD has better damping effect and higher robustness. Finally, based on the actual signal tower, the usage parameters of PDTMD in complex environments were optimized. Effects of gaps between damping particles and honeycomb structures,particle materials, and particle mass ratios on the damping effect of dampers were analyzed.

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LUO Yuanyi, E-mail:
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单管塔广泛地应用于5G通信设备的搭载基础,由于建设的需求,其挂载设备常常会随着5G建设的变化而变化,由于其阻尼很小,挂载设备的增加会导致其顶部振动过大,降低塔体的搭载能力。所以,对塔体顶部振动的控制显得尤为关键。因此,提出了一种用颗粒阻尼调谐质量阻尼器(Particle Damping Tuned Mass Damper, PDTMD)来控制5G通信塔的顶部振动过大问题的方法。基于碰撞理论建立了利用PDTMD控制通信塔振动的数学模型,详细核算了增加PDTMD后的铁塔在风载荷下的振动响应,分析了PDTMD的阻尼机制;对比了PDTMD与传统调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper, TMD)的阻尼效果。研究发现,颗粒阻尼具有良好的能量耗散能力,与传统的TMD相比,PDTMD具有更好的阻尼效果,更高的鲁棒性。最后,基于实际信号塔,对复杂环境下PDTMD的使用参数进行了优化。分析了阻尼颗粒与蜂窝结构之间的缝隙、颗粒的材质、颗粒的质量占比等对阻尼器减振效果的影响。

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罗元易,男,1989年生,云南昭通人,博士,工程师;主要研究方向为振动与噪声控制;E-mail:

肖望强,男,1981年生,河北邢台人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为振动与噪声控制;E-mail:

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figureFileBig=3+FEpGveIbvWCm5fpIE8SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400404706120358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394836041945366, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同碰撞间隙下的结构阻尼比, figureFileSmall=xdcOX1eI2rjY1a9cyYe6vQ==, figureFileBig=3+FEpGveIbvWCm5fpIE8SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400404798395050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394836041945366, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameter of mounted devics

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设备类型
Device type
中心标高
Center elevation /m
高Height/mm宽Width/mm迎风面积
Windward area/m2
数量Quantity质量Mass/kg
天线Antennae29.52 0004000.80340
27.52 0004000.80340
25.52 0004000.80340
阻尼器Damper26345
), ArticleFig(id=1241400404882281133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394836041945366, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

挂载设备参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备类型
Device type
中心标高
Center elevation /m
高Height/mm宽Width/mm迎风面积
Windward area/m2
数量Quantity质量Mass/kg
天线Antennae29.52 0004000.80340
27.52 0004000.80340
25.52 0004000.80340
阻尼器Damper26345
), ArticleFig(id=1241400404970361521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394836041945366, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mechanical parameters of the tower body

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序号
Order number
项目Project参数
Parameter
1塔身(12边型)体型系数
Tower body(12 side shape)size coefficient
1
2天线体型系数Antenna body size coefficient1.3
3空气密度Air density/(kg/m3)1.25
4风压高度变化系数Change coefficient of wind pressure height第1层平台
1st floor platform
1.382
5第2层平台
2nd floor platform
1.35
6第3层平台
3rd floor of the platform
1.318
7风振系数
Vibration factor
第1层平台
1st floor platform
2.79
8第2层平台
2nd floor platform
2.823
9第3层平台
3rd floor of the platform
2.805
), ArticleFig(id=1241400405071024820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394836041945366, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

塔体力学参数

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序号
Order number
项目Project参数
Parameter
1塔身(12边型)体型系数
Tower body(12 side shape)size coefficient
1
2天线体型系数Antenna body size coefficient1.3
3空气密度Air density/(kg/m3)1.25
4风压高度变化系数Change coefficient of wind pressure height第1层平台
1st floor platform
1.382
5第2层平台
2nd floor platform
1.35
6第3层平台
3rd floor of the platform
1.318
7风振系数
Vibration factor
第1层平台
1st floor platform
2.79
8第2层平台
2nd floor platform
2.823
9第3层平台
3rd floor of the platform
2.805
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Equivalent damping ratio of dampers under different gaps

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碰撞间隙
Collision clearance/mm
00.30.61.01.52.54.0
等效阻尼比
Equivalent damping ratio
0.010.060.050.090.1120.0850.062
), ArticleFig(id=1241400405226214074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394836041945366, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同间隙下阻尼器的等效阻尼比

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碰撞间隙
Collision clearance/mm
00.30.61.01.52.54.0
等效阻尼比
Equivalent damping ratio
0.010.060.050.090.1120.0850.062
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Particle parameters with damping

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颗粒材料Particle materialsμd/mmλ/%
铝、铁、铜、铅、钨Aluminum, iron, copper, lead, tungsten160.5
铁合金颗粒Iron alloy particles0.5、0.75、1、1.25、2.5、560.5
铅Lead120.25、0.5、1、2、4、6
), ArticleFig(id=1241400405343654592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394836041945366, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

阻尼颗粒参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒材料Particle materialsμd/mmλ/%
铝、铁、铜、铅、钨Aluminum, iron, copper, lead, tungsten160.5
铁合金颗粒Iron alloy particles0.5、0.75、1、1.25、2.5、560.5
铅Lead120.25、0.5、1、2、4、6
), ArticleFig(id=1241400405444317891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394836041945366, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Damping ratio measured by installing dampers with different mass ratios

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质量比Mass ratio0.81.226
阻尼比Damping ratio/%3.443.21.9
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安装不同质量比阻尼器测得的阻尼比

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质量比Mass ratio0.81.226
阻尼比Damping ratio/%3.443.21.9
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颗粒阻尼调谐质量阻尼器在5G通信塔横向振动抑制中的应用研究
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罗元易 1 , 肖望强 1 , 任志行 2
机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025,47(5): 90-101
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机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025, 47(5): 90-101
颗粒阻尼调谐质量阻尼器在5G通信塔横向振动抑制中的应用研究
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罗元易1 , 肖望强1 , 任志行2
作者信息
  • 1.厦门大学 航空航天学院,厦门 361102
  • 2.厦门环寂高科有限公司,北京 100020
  • 罗元易,男,1989年生,云南昭通人,博士,工程师;主要研究方向为振动与噪声控制;E-mail:

    肖望强,男,1981年生,河北邢台人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为振动与噪声控制;E-mail:

Research on the application of particle damping tuned mass damper in the lateral vibration suppression of 5G communication tower
Yuanyi LUO1 , Wangqiang XIAO1 , Zhixing REN2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
  • 2.Xiamen Ring Silence High-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.011
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单管塔广泛地应用于5G通信设备的搭载基础,由于建设的需求,其挂载设备常常会随着5G建设的变化而变化,由于其阻尼很小,挂载设备的增加会导致其顶部振动过大,降低塔体的搭载能力。所以,对塔体顶部振动的控制显得尤为关键。因此,提出了一种用颗粒阻尼调谐质量阻尼器(Particle Damping Tuned Mass Damper, PDTMD)来控制5G通信塔的顶部振动过大问题的方法。基于碰撞理论建立了利用PDTMD控制通信塔振动的数学模型,详细核算了增加PDTMD后的铁塔在风载荷下的振动响应,分析了PDTMD的阻尼机制;对比了PDTMD与传统调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper, TMD)的阻尼效果。研究发现,颗粒阻尼具有良好的能量耗散能力,与传统的TMD相比,PDTMD具有更好的阻尼效果,更高的鲁棒性。最后,基于实际信号塔,对复杂环境下PDTMD的使用参数进行了优化。分析了阻尼颗粒与蜂窝结构之间的缝隙、颗粒的材质、颗粒的质量占比等对阻尼器减振效果的影响。

振动控制  /  颗粒阻尼  /  调谐质量阻尼器  /  通信单管塔

Single tube towers are widely used as the foundation for carrying 5G communication equipments. Due to construction needs, the mounted equipments often changes with the changes in 5G construction. Due to the small damping of the single tube tower, the increase of mounted equipments may cause an excessive vibration, reducing its load capacity.Therefore, the control of tower top vibration is particularly crucial. A particle damping tuned mass damper (PDTMD) method was proposed to control the problem of excessive vibration at the top of 5G communication towers. Based on a collision theory, a mathematical model using PDTMD to control the vibration of the communication tower was established. The vibration response of the tower under effects of PDTM was verified by the detailed calculation, and the damping mechanism of PDTMD was analyzed. The damping effectiveness of PDTMD was compared with the traditional tuned mass damper (TMD).The results show that the particle damping has good energy dissipation ability. Compared with traditional tuned mass dampers,PDTMD has better damping effect and higher robustness. Finally, based on the actual signal tower, the usage parameters of PDTMD in complex environments were optimized. Effects of gaps between damping particles and honeycomb structures,particle materials, and particle mass ratios on the damping effect of dampers were analyzed.

Vibration control  /  Particle damping  /  Tuned mass damper  /  Communication single pipe tower
罗元易, 肖望强, 任志行. 颗粒阻尼调谐质量阻尼器在5G通信塔横向振动抑制中的应用研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (5) : 90 -101 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.011
Yuanyi LUO, Wangqiang XIAO, Zhixing REN. Research on the application of particle damping tuned mass damper in the lateral vibration suppression of 5G communication tower[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (5) : 90 -101 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.011
随着国家通信基站建设共享基础方针的提出,中国铁塔股份有限公司对站点进行统一规划,基站的共享程度已达到了前所未有的高度,大多数存量塔都已经达到挂载能力上限。随着5G技术的全面建设,需要加挂的设备越来越多。然而,对于城市热点区域,存在土地资源稀缺、新建站点协调困难、耗资巨大且工期长等问题。但在现有通信铁塔上加挂新的设备是一种必然选择,加挂新的设备会导致迎风面积的增加,风激励增大,如何控制铁塔顶部的振动显得尤为关键。目前工程中提升杆塔承载能力的主要方法有替换构件、杆体加强等;但是单管塔、立杆等悬臂结构,构件常常与主体结构一体化成形,地锚螺栓等深埋于混凝土结构中,无法替换。通信塔是典型的高耸杆件结构,体量小,自重轻。通信设备常常挂在塔顶,导致其重心高,且杆塔的结构柔度较大,自振频率低、阻尼小,过载后在风载荷的扰动下结构的响应非常明显。为此,通过适当的阻尼装置来控制铁塔的水平振动以提高铁塔的挂载能力是一种较为理想的方法。
在细高建筑物顶部设置调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper, TMD)以抵抗风载荷或地震等引起的结构振动是一种成熟稳定且可靠的技术。该技术通过惯性力和阻尼来减小主结构的动力响应,能有效抑制结构对风和谐波激励的响应。潘汉明等[1]对圆锥单管塔调谐弹簧质量阻尼器(Tuned Spring Mass Damper,TSMD)系统进行了研究,研究发现,在通信塔上增加带斜拉弹簧类的调谐质量阻尼器可以有效地控制铁塔的风振。屠海明等[2]总结了单管塔结构阻尼比对风荷载的影响规律。MURTAGH等[3]采用简单线性随机振动模型定性研究了TMD对风力机塔架前、后方向振动的影响。在类似的高耸结构上,TMD的应用非常广泛[4-8]。但传统TMD受限于结构尺寸,其阻尼比较小,减振频带非常窄,一旦错开调谐频率,其减振效果便会明显下降[9-11]。为了克服传统TMD的缺点,一些学者研究了碰撞调谐质量阻尼器。ZHANG等[12-13]以赫兹接触力学模型模拟碰撞力,开展在地震荷载下用摆式调谐质量阻尼器(Pendulum Tuned Mass Damper,PTMD)对输电线塔的减振效果分析并进行碰撞刚度、碰撞间隙等参数优化,仿真分析对比位移、速度、加速度的最大值和均方根,其控制效果优于传统TMD。LI等[14]将PTMD运用于交通信号灯杆的自由振动和强迫振动中,结果表明,自由振动时主结构的水平和竖向阻尼比分别由0.5%、1%增加到4%;简谐激励下PTMD能够将主结构的加速度减少55%,有效抑制风致交通信号灯杆的振动。虽然碰撞调谐质量阻尼器的减振效果及鲁棒性都优于传统的TMD,但是其减振效果与碰撞刚度、碰撞间隙等密切相关。另外,设置的黏弹性耗能材料在长期的碰撞下可靠性低,产品一致性差,而颗粒材料由于其特殊的排布方式,在颗粒之间形成力链,可以有效弥补碰撞间隙的不确定性,且颗粒材料也具有很好的阻尼性能,将颗粒阻尼器与TMD耦合设计,将会有效拓宽调谐质量阻尼器的作用频带[15-16]
本文将TMD与颗粒材料耦合,研究了基于颗粒阻尼的多重碰撞调谐质量阻尼器的减振效果,建立了基于颗粒阻尼调谐质量阻尼器(Particle Damping Tuned Mass Damper, PDTMD)的铁塔的数学模型,分析风载荷作用下的铁塔响应情况。
安装在铁塔上的阻尼系统如图1所示,主要包括3个阻尼器及2套夹具,3套阻尼器之间呈120°夹角布置,以便控制由不同方向的风脉动引起的铁塔振动。将PDTMD外形设置成酒瓶形式,在阻尼器的连接外壳顶部与阻尼颗粒填充盒之间设置了连接绳,连接绳底部与螺纹杆连接,填充了阻尼颗粒的重物中部设置了螺纹孔,重物与螺纹之间利用螺纹连接,调节重物在螺纹杆上的位置,可以调节阻尼器的作用频率。将填充颗粒的重物内部设置成蜂窝状空腔结构,每个蜂窝空腔中设置1个或多个阻尼颗粒。结合传统TMD理论,得到设置在铁塔上的PDTMD的力学模型如图1所示。图1中,mscsks分别为受控铁塔的质量、阻尼系数和刚度;mtctkt分别为填充了阻尼颗粒的TMD的质量、阻尼系数和刚度;mp为所有颗粒的总质量;d为颗粒运动间距。
虽然PDTMD中的颗粒与受控结构的摩擦与碰撞过程中存在高度非线性,但如果将颗粒与受控铁塔之间的碰撞及摩擦力都看作是铁塔的作用外力,并确保铁塔的结构处于弹性状态,则认为作用于铁塔上的颗粒可以等效为颗粒对重物结构的脉冲积累,并通过整体的等效TMD反作用于铁塔上,设某个颗粒与能量面之间的脉冲函数的脉动量为Ci,与碰撞颗粒的质量及碰撞前后有关。设颗粒数量为j,则颗粒体系的总体脉冲量为
由于颗粒与能量面、颗粒与阻尼器外壳的作用时间较短,可以将碰撞过程中的作用力等效为具有一定周期的脉动力,周期函数表达式为
式中,T为颗粒的运动周期;ε为脉冲力相位;n为周期个数;t为脉冲时间。
在水平方向上,颗粒分层摩擦与碰撞,颗粒之间的摩擦为上、下层颗粒以及颗粒与底层的摩擦,系统的振动方程[17]
其中,。式中,xt分别为填充了阻尼颗粒的蜂窝等效质量的位移、速度和加速度;xp分别为填充在蜂窝结构中颗粒的位移、速度和加速度;Fs为颗粒滚动克服摩擦所需要的力,此处设计的颗粒层数为1,则有
那么,颗粒体系的总体摩擦力为
式中,μf为滚动摩擦因数;r为颗粒半径;g为重力加速度。
在竖直方向上,在外部激励下,颗粒之间的力链出现局部断裂重组的现象,颗粒与颗粒之间出现极为细微的位移。由于横向颗粒之间的排列没有预应力的作用,颗粒之间的摩擦极为细小,本文忽略不计,但是存在重力加速度的影响,则有
其余参数与水平方向一致。
本次假设其边界条件为
进行拉氏变换有
求解得
式中,s为复频率。
设传递到TMD重物上的激励为
式中,ω为角频率。
为此,可以得到时域下重物及颗粒的振动关系为
式中,xa、xb、xc分别为简谐激励响应、脉冲周期响应、摩擦力响应;x1为复合了颗粒的重物的位移响应;x2为颗粒的振动。
H(t)为Heaviside函数,
其中,
通过以上可以发现,设置在重物中的阻尼颗粒,其阻尼效应主要表现为阻尼颗粒对重物的脉冲激励和摩擦效应,为此,给定摆动系统一定的激励,则可以求得PDTMD的等效阻尼比。
5G通信塔的力学模型如图2所示,信号塔的基础预埋到地面下约9 m处,为计算方便,忽略地下部分,假设信号塔与地面刚性连接。忽略塔顶的照明灯及爬梯等迎风面积较小的附属部件,只考虑挂载天线的影响。通信塔的主体结构及挂载的设备基本风压为qi,设挂载的设备数量为i,每个挂载设备的迎风面积为si。设塔体基础为坐标原点,y向为竖直方向。
本次设计的阻尼器悬挂在通信塔的顶部,采用一定的夹具与塔体相连,阻尼器单摆结构为局部坐标,其中zr为阻尼器的竖直方向,yr为阻尼器单摆摆动方向,在该方向上设置阻尼颗粒质量块。
作用在结构上的自然风力包括顺风向风力、横风向风力和垂直向风力,其中顺风向风力起主导作用,垂直向与横风向风力对高耸结构的实际影响可忽略不计。对顺风向风力,可分解为周期在10 min以上的平均风和周期在几秒至几十秒区间内的脉动风。平均风在一定的时间间隔内,其大小和方向不随时间变化,其对结构的作用相当于静力载荷;脉动风的周期较短,接近塔机结构的自振周期,易使结构在顺风方向产生随机振动。本文只考虑风载荷下铁塔的稳定性,忽略其余载荷的影响。铁塔属于典型的竖向悬臂结构,由于频谱相对稀疏,第1阶振型占据主导地位,因此,本文只考虑结构第1阶振型的影响,作用在铁塔上的风速可以考虑为两部分:静载荷风速以及脉动风速。高度z处的静载荷风速可表示为
式中,h为所处位置的高度;为初始平均风速;R为地面粗糙度。
对于湍流分量,可以用IEC Kaimal来表示[18],首先,定义功率密度函数为
式中,v0为基本风压;Lu为积分比例参数,定义为Lu=8.1Δu,湍流尺度Δu=0.7 min (60 m,h);f为频率;σu为标准差,其计算式为
式中,TI为湍流强度。
定义点和点之间的相关函数为
式中,A为相关系数;SiiSjj分别为i点和j点的自相关函数;Liji点与j点的距离;aLc为相关尺寸参数。取铁塔高度为30 m,地面粗糙度为B类,铁塔结构截面为12边形,基于快速傅里叶逆变换的仿真方法可以生成如图3所示的n×n网格,表示5G通信塔风速场[19-21]。根据实际监测的天线位置的风压,v0=26.8 m/s,TI=14%,得到时程脉动风谱如图4所示。
单位长度上5G通信塔的气动载荷[22]可以表示为
式中,ρair为空气密度;Cd,t为阻力系数;Dt为塔体外径;v为湍流风速;vt为塔体的振动速度。
铁塔上的挂载装置主要包括5G天线、射频单元、灯具等,各安装单元通过铁塔顶部的支臂固定在铁塔的一定高度,如图5所示。
设各安装单元与主塔之间的夹角为θ,各设备在水平面上迎风面积的宽度为di,则设备的气动载荷
为此,在设备挂载区域,其气动载荷
为研究设置了PDTMD的铁塔的阻尼效应,本文在单一方向上考虑铁塔为高耸单自由度结构,根据图2中的力学模型,即
式中,Ms为系统的质量矩阵;Cs为阻尼矩阵;Ks为刚度矩阵;F为外部激励幅值。
求解可得安装阻尼器后铁塔的响应幅值为
整理可得
设放大系数为
其中,
其中,
为此,在给定质量比μ'、频率比f",并通过计算阻尼颗粒的碰撞累积效应及摩擦阻尼效应,便可以求得铁塔顶部的位移方法系数及塔顶位移,从而计算增加阻尼器后的阻尼效果。
为验证PDTMD的阻尼效果,选取如图6所示的典型单管塔为分析实例,塔体总高度为30 m,塔体横截面为12边形,塔底内切圆直径为750 mm,塔顶内切圆直径为260 mm,在塔顶部设置了3个设备安装平台,安装设备参数如表1所示,塔体力学参数如表2所示,塔材质为碳钢,其密度为7 500 kg/m3,阻尼比ζ0=0.01。阻尼器安装在第2平台与第3平台之间,为较好地控制不同角度的激励,阻尼器被设置成3个,在圆周上呈120°夹角均匀分布,抗震设防烈度为7.0,塔周围风环境地形为B类。在30 m高度的位置,最大风压为1.0 kN/m2,风载荷采用式(23)~式(25)计算得到。
单管塔为典型的薄壳结构,采用shell单元划分结构模型,建立有限元分析方程,塔体上的挂载设备采用三维四面体网格进行划分,最后得到7 211个shell单元、6 512个四面体单元,在空间坐标系上对结构进行模态分析,计算得到结构的前3阶自然周期分别为1.67、0.33、0.14 s。其中,1阶振型为顶部自由摆动,2阶振型为铁塔中部弯曲,3阶振型为铁塔局部弯曲。
另外,对于脉动风激励下阻尼器的减振效果计算,由于风场固有的强随机性,本文采用TurbSim相同风场进行比较,在分析中考虑平均风速为,湍流强度TI=14%,考虑最不利条件,风向沿水平x方向。
从前文的分析来看,传统TMD核心部件主要由绳索、质量块组成,通过绳索及质量块的单摆模型改变绳索长度可实现TMD调谐频率的控制,但是其阻尼不可调。采用PDTMD,系统的阻尼会呈现分布式提高,下面讨论PDTMD和传统TMD在相同环境条件下对铁塔顶部顺向振动控制的影响。为较好地对比分析,保持PDTMD和传统TMD的总质量一致,均为45 kg,频率比为0.95。各参数设置为:阻尼颗粒的密度为7 250 kg/m3,表面摩擦因数为0.012,颗粒与六边形蜂窝的碰撞间隙为d/2,颗粒与蜂窝结构的碰撞恢复系数为0.7,平均风速,湍流强度TI=14%。
设来流方向为x水平方向,得到设置不同减振方式下的塔顶水平位移如图7所示。图7(a)为安装不同阻尼器前后塔顶位移对比,黑色线表示未增加阻尼器,在平均风速,湍流强度TI=14%条件下,塔顶30 m处的位移曲线;红色曲线为增加45 kg的传统TMD后,塔顶30 m处的位移曲线;蓝色曲线为增加PDTMD(阻尼器质量保持与传统一致,颗粒的碰撞间隙d/2=1.5 mm,颗粒直径为6 mm)后塔顶30 m处的位移曲线。可见,增加阻尼器后,塔顶的位移大幅度降低,这说明设置阻尼器是控制塔顶位移的有效途径。设置PDTMD后,塔顶的位移较安装传统TMD有所降低,这说明在相同质量下,颗粒阻尼器的阻尼效果较为明显。
图7(c)是频域下塔顶的响应曲线,可以看出增加阻尼器后,阻尼器具有明显的调谐作用,将原本铁塔顶部的1阶位移降低为其频率前、后2个峰值。对比PDTMD及传统TMD可以发现,PDTMD具有更好的调谐作用,降低后的2个频率峰值几乎呈对称关系,且振动幅值相当。安装传统TMD后,低频峰值高于高频峰值,对称度偏差。由此可以推测,采用蜂窝状结构设置的PDTMD,可以促进阻尼器的调谐作用,扩展了阻尼器的通用性。
颗粒阻尼是由填充在封闭空腔中的颗粒与蜂窝外壁的碰撞和膜材而产生的阻尼效应。由前文可知,颗粒的阻尼效应主要为颗粒的脉冲累积,而脉冲累积与碰撞间隙有一定的关系。保持颗粒直径为6 mm不变,改变蜂窝结构的尺寸,使得颗粒与蜂窝结构的碰撞间隙分别为0、0.3、0.6、1.0、1.5、2.5、4.0 mm,得到不同参数下塔顶的位移变化如图8所示。由图8可以看出,随着间隙逐渐提高,阻尼的减振效果越来越明显,但并不是间隙越大越好,当间隙为4.0 mm时,其阻尼效果变差,这说明间隙大到一定程度,在该风载荷的作用下,颗粒与蜂窝碰撞的机会变少,颗粒的碰撞累积效应变差。另外,也有可能是阻尼超过了阻尼器的最佳阻尼比。为此,本文针对不同间隙的阻尼器,采用标准等效的办法,得到不同间隙下的等效阻尼比,如表3所示。由表3可以看出,阻尼器的阻尼比与间隙之间存在最优碰撞间隙。
为探究颗粒参数对铁塔阻尼器的阻尼效果的影响规律,分别设置不同材质、不同表面摩擦因数μ、不同颗粒质量占比λ下PDTMD的阻尼减振效果,各颗粒的参数如表4所示。
设置阻尼器的质量比为1%,其中颗粒质量占比为0.5%,颗粒直径为6 mm,颗粒与蜂窝壁面之间的碰撞间隙为1.5 mm;分别设置:工况①:平均风速,湍流强度TI=10%;工况②:TI=14%。这2种工况得到的蜂窝中填充不同材质颗粒时的减振效果如图9所示。填充不同的颗粒,阻尼器的减振效果不同,在工况①时,低密度的铁合金颗粒和铝合金颗粒减振效果较好,这与鲁正等[23]研究高耸建筑用的调谐颗粒阻尼减振器试验得出的结论相似。相同填充质量下,密度较小的颗粒数目增多,颗粒与六边形蜂窝的碰撞次数增加,颗粒与重物组成的系统与主结构之间的动量交换次数增加,通过颗粒与蜂窝的摩擦与碰撞耗能总量增大。在工况②时,高密度的钨合金颗粒以及铜合金颗粒的减振效果更为明显。这主要是在剧烈激励下,塔顶的位移增大,颗粒与容器之间形成了剧烈的碰撞,能量交换密集,高密度颗粒由于其单一颗粒的碰撞和摩擦耗能大,减振效果明显。
通过改变填充颗粒的数量,调整PDTMD与铁塔之间的质量比,得到PDTMD的减振效果随质量比的变化如图10所示。由图10可知,随着质量比的增加,蜂窝结构中填充颗粒的数量增加,颗粒与蜂窝结构的碰撞及摩擦耗能增加,阻尼器的减振效果随之变好。但是当质量比增加到一定阈值后,阻尼器的减振效果增加不明显,随着阻尼颗粒的进一步增加,阻尼器的减振效果变差。这与阻尼器的最优配重有关,也和颗粒阻尼的表现形式相关,随着阻尼颗粒的增多,颗粒阻尼效应增强,导致蜂窝结构无法与铁塔之间形成良好的调谐作用。
设定与颗粒蜂窝腔体之间的质量比为1,在保证总质量不变的前提下,通过改变颗粒的数量并附加等质量的质量块(质量块与蜂窝之间为刚性连接)的方式改变蜂窝腔体与颗粒的质量比,研究其对减振系统减振性能的影响,得到阻尼器减振效果与腔体中颗粒质量比λ的变化关系如图11所示。由图11可知,在一定的范围内,阻尼器的减振效果随质量比的增大而增大,当颗粒的占比为0时,阻尼器转化为传统TMD,此时减振效果稍差。这主要是PDTMD其一方面通过颗粒的质量充当调谐的作用,另一方面通过颗粒与蜂窝结构之间的动量交换及碰撞摩擦耗能的方式耗散结构的能量,随着颗粒数目的增多,颗粒与蜂窝之间的摩擦和碰撞耗能增多,从而提升了减振效果。当然,也并不是阻尼比越大,阻尼器的阻尼效果就越明显,影响TMD减振效果的因素主要有调谐频率和最优阻尼比,所以,当颗粒的质量远远超过蜂窝结构的质量后,阻尼器的减振效果所有降低,这与阻尼器的最优阻尼比有关。所以,在后续的工程中,还需要根据最优阻尼比确定最佳的阻尼颗粒。
当处于非调谐频率时,传统的TMD对结构的控制很差。为了评估PDTMD对铁塔的减振性能,研究了PDTMD在非调谐频率下的鲁棒性能,依然采用塔顶的位移减少比例来衡量阻尼器的减振性能,其计算式为
式中,Dis1Dis2分别代表增加阻尼器前、后塔顶30 m处的位移最大值;vDis代表阻尼器的减振效果,是介于0~100%的百分数。
图12中,设传统阻尼器的阻尼比ξ为0.01,颗粒阻尼器的阻尼比ξ'随颗粒的设置而不同,设置在0.03~0.2。由图12可知,在最优频率比时,TMD和PDTMD在控制塔顶顺向振动方面都有较好的表现。当发生频率失调时,TMD和PDTMD的控制效果均降低。假定阻尼器的阻尼效果vDis在40%以上就可以满足铁塔的控制要求,可以看到,PDTMD的有效控制频率范围较TMD宽,TMD的控制频率比范围为0.9~1.05,PDTMD的频率比范围为0.65~1.4,这说明PDTMD具有扩宽有效频率范围的特点。
为验证理论计算的准确性,按照第4节中选定的30 m铁塔进行实际工程验证,如图13所示。设备的挂载参数以及塔体的力学参数如表1表2所示,铁塔顶部设置了3个景观平台,本次试验的阻尼器安装位置为第1平台和第2平台之间,3个阻尼器呈120°夹角的形式安装,便于控制不同方向的铁塔振动。为方便阻尼器的调试与安装,阻尼器与铁塔之间采用特殊的可调连接装置,该装置主要为固定在铁塔上的环形卡箍,卡箍上设置了连接挂钩,调整连接挂钩的位置,便可调整阻尼器的安装方向。
阻尼器的安装形式如图14所示。本次试验采用时域自由衰减法测试增加阻尼器前、后的阻尼比。首先,给铁塔顶部1个固定的脉冲激励,具体为在铁塔顶部固定1个锚索,锚索的另一端锚固在地面上。试验时,通过拉伸锚索给定铁塔顶部一定拉力,锚索上设置了拉力测试仪用于显示拉力的大小,然后突然释放固定锚索。移动视频检测系统测试锚索激励下铁塔顶部的位移曲线,并计算出铁塔的等效阻尼比η
式中,单个波形对数衰减率n为振动波形个数;Xi为第i个波峰幅值;Xi+n为第i+n个波峰幅值。
阻尼器内部填充颗粒直径为6 mm,设颗粒与蜂窝之间的碰撞间隙为0.3 mm,得到增加阻尼器前后铁塔顶部的振动加速度曲线如图15所示。由图15可知,增加阻尼器,塔顶的振动衰减值迅速降低,阻尼器很好地提高了铁塔的等效阻尼比。
分别设置颗粒与蜂窝之间的碰撞间隙为0、0.3、0.6、1.0、1.5、2.5、4.0 mm,得到不同阻尼的等效阻尼比如图16所示。在小间隙下,试验测试结果与理论仿真结果得到的结构阻尼比基本一致,在大间隙下,由于碰撞的随机性,仿真结果与试验测试结果有所差异。从试验测试结果来看,大间隙下,阻尼效果的表现与初始塔顶的位移幅值有较大的关系,在一定的位移幅值下表现明显,在过大或过小的振动幅值下表现都不明显。
改变颗粒与蜂窝腔体质量比,得到安装不同阻尼器后的塔顶阻尼比测试结果如表5所示。由表5可知,不同颗粒配重下颗粒的减振效果不同,颗粒存在最优的配置比例,过高或过低的颗粒配置比例都会影响最佳阻尼比,这与理论计算的趋势基本一致,当颗粒的配置比例过高时,在保证阻尼器总体质量不变的情况下,需要增加单个颗粒的密度及尺寸,这会导致颗粒过重,无法与蜂窝壁之间形成有效的耗能碰撞。
提出了一种利用蜂窝结构与颗粒阻尼耦合的调谐质量阻尼器来减轻5G通信塔的风振响应的方法,并建立了理论模型。进行了参数和稳健性分析,得出以下结论:
1)设计了一种基于蜂窝结构的用于铁塔结构的PDTMD,分析了该减振体系的减振机制,颗粒阻尼的阻尼效应可以等效为脉冲积累及摩擦耗能。
2)建立了基于该阻尼器的5G通信塔的振动数学模型,对比了传统TMD与PDTMD的阻尼减振效果,发现采用蜂窝状结构设置的PDTMD,促进了阻尼器的调谐作用。
3)讨论了阻尼颗粒与蜂窝结构之间的间隙、颗粒的材质、颗粒的质量占比等对阻尼器减振效果的影响,不同的振动烈度下,填充不同参数的颗粒,PDTMD的减振效果不同,恰当地增加阻尼颗粒的占比,可以有效地增加阻尼器的减振效果。
4)在非调谐作用下,通过增加阻尼颗粒的办法提高阻尼器的阻尼比,可以有效地扩宽调谐频率范围,提高阻尼器的鲁棒性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51875490)
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2025年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.011
  • 接收时间:2024-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-08
  • 修回日期:2024-05-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51875490)
国家自然科学基金项目(51875490)
作者信息
    1.厦门大学 航空航天学院,厦门 361102
    2.厦门环寂高科有限公司,北京 100020
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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