Article(id=1241394835215667445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694016000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-07, revisedDate=1700582400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773901192716, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773901192716, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773901192716, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901192716, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241394830056681606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773901191486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901239759, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241394835421188353, articleId=1241394835215667445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Vibration characteristic analysis of the rotor system of spherical hybrid sliding bearing, columnId=1228282191914926752, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Vibration·Noise·Monitoring·Diagnosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the medium and high speed of spherical hybrid sliding bearings, the dynamic pressure effect causes the fluid in the wedge space to whirl, and the vibration characteristics of the rotor may be affected by the oil whirl, so the rotation accuracy of the main shaft is reduced. The spherical hybrid sliding bearings with the orifice throttle was divided into cylindrical and conical whirl. The lubrication mathematical model and rotor dynamic model were established and solved simultaneously, the journal center trajectory and vibration amplitude were obtained. The influence of the centroid offset distance and initial deflection angle on the vibration characteristics of the rotor system were studied.The results show that,compared with the pure cylindrical whirl, the stability of the journal center trajectory decreases and the vibration amplitude increases after considering the conical whirl.With the increase of the centroid offset distance, the stability and vibration amplitude of the journal center trajectory decrease greatly.With the increase of the initial deflection angle, the stability and vibration amplitude of the journal center trajectory decrease only slightly.It can be concluded that changing the distance of the centroid offset has more influence on the stability of the journal center trajectory and the vibration characteristics of the rotor system than changing the initial deflection angle.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SHEN Jingfeng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rui ZHU, Jingfeng SHEN, Mingming LU, Chunxing GU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241394849182700295, articleId=1241394835215667445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=CN, title=液体动静压球轴承转子系统振动特性分析, columnId=1228282192078504611, journalTitle=机械强度, columnName=振动·噪声·监测·诊断, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

液体动静压球轴承在中高速下,动压效应使楔形空间内的流体发生涡动,转子的振动特性可能受到油膜涡动影响,主轴回转精度因此降低。针对小孔节流的液体动静压球轴承,将涡动形式分为柱面涡动与锥面涡动,建立润滑数学模型与转子动力学模型并联立求解,得到轴心轨迹与振动幅值;探究形心偏移距离、初始偏转角度对转子系统振动特性的影响。结果表明,与纯柱面涡动相比,综合考虑锥面涡动之后,轴心轨迹稳定性下降,振动幅值增加;随着形心偏移距离的增加,轴心轨迹的稳定性与振动幅值大幅度下降;随着初始偏转角度的增加,轴心轨迹的稳定性与振动幅值仅会小幅度下降。由此得出,改变形心偏移距离比改变初始偏转角度对轴承转子系统的轴心轨迹稳定性及转子系统的振动特性影响更大。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
沈景凤,女,1968年生,安徽合肥人,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为机械设计及理论;E-mail:
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朱锐,男,1999年生,江苏南通人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为轴承-转子系统动力学分析;E-mail:

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朱锐,男,1999年生,江苏南通人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为轴承-转子系统动力学分析;E-mail:

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朱锐,男,1999年生,江苏南通人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为轴承-转子系统动力学分析;E-mail:

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deflection angles, figureFileSmall=4CrpHe6dd+/T7wsD9Q0O+g==, figureFileBig=DQD0zhLjz4BScEbebzNmtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397982658723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394835215667445, language=CN, label=图15, caption=量纲一轴心位置随不同初始偏转角度变化, figureFileSmall=4CrpHe6dd+/T7wsD9Q0O+g==, figureFileBig=DQD0zhLjz4BScEbebzNmtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400398079127717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394835215667445, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic parameters of the spherical hybrid sliding bearing

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参数Parameter数值Value
轴承半径Bearing radius R/m0.03
初始油膜厚度Initial oil film thickness C/m3.0×10-5
小孔直径Orifice diameter d/m1×10-3
供油压力Oil supply pressure Ps/MPa2.5
润滑油黏度Lubricant viscosity ƞ/(Pa·s)4×10-3
润滑油密度Lubricant density ρ/(kg/m3820
流量系数Flow coefficient K00.6
转子x方向的转动惯量
Moment of inertia in x-direction Jxx/(kg·m2
5.725 6×10-4
转子y方向的转动惯量
Moment of inertia in y-direction Jyy/(kg·m2
5.725 6×10-4
转子z方向的转动惯量
Moment of inertia in z-direction Jzz/(kg·m2
1.726 3×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241400398154625192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394835215667445, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

动静压球轴承基本参数

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参数Parameter数值Value
轴承半径Bearing radius R/m0.03
初始油膜厚度Initial oil film thickness C/m3.0×10-5
小孔直径Orifice diameter d/m1×10-3
供油压力Oil supply pressure Ps/MPa2.5
润滑油黏度Lubricant viscosity ƞ/(Pa·s)4×10-3
润滑油密度Lubricant density ρ/(kg/m3820
流量系数Flow coefficient K00.6
转子x方向的转动惯量
Moment of inertia in x-direction Jxx/(kg·m2
5.725 6×10-4
转子y方向的转动惯量
Moment of inertia in y-direction Jyy/(kg·m2
5.725 6×10-4
转子z方向的转动惯量
Moment of inertia in z-direction Jzz/(kg·m2
1.726 3×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241400399647797420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394835215667445, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of vibration amplitudes of different centroid offset distances

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形心偏移距离
Centroid offset distance z/μm
x方向振幅
Amplitude in x-direction/μm
y方向振幅
Amplitude in y-direction/μm
x方向振幅增加百分比
Percent increase in amplitude in x-direction/%
y方向振幅增加百分比
Percent increase in amplitude in y-direction/%
0.118 50.370 50.000.00
0.50.121 50.376 52.531.62
1.00.123 00.379 53.802.43
2.00.127 50.385 57.594.05
5.00.145 50.411 022.7810.93
10.00.195 00.483 064.5630.36
), ArticleFig(id=1241400399748460720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394835215667445, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同形心偏移距离振动幅值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形心偏移距离
Centroid offset distance z/μm
x方向振幅
Amplitude in x-direction/μm
y方向振幅
Amplitude in y-direction/μm
x方向振幅增加百分比
Percent increase in amplitude in x-direction/%
y方向振幅增加百分比
Percent increase in amplitude in y-direction/%
0.118 50.370 50.000.00
0.50.121 50.376 52.531.62
1.00.123 00.379 53.802.43
2.00.127 50.385 57.594.05
5.00.145 50.411 022.7810.93
10.00.195 00.483 064.5630.36
), ArticleFig(id=1241400399865901236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394835215667445, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of vibration amplitudes with different initial deflection angles

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初始偏转角度
Initial deflection angle/rad
x方向振幅
Amplitude in x-direction/μm
y方向振幅
Amplitude in y-direction/μm
x方向振幅增加百分比
Percent increase in amplitude in x-direction/%
y方向振幅增加百分比
Percent increase in amplitude in y-direction/%
0.118 50.370 50.000.0
0.0010.121 50.375 02.531.21
0.0050.124 50.379 55.062.42
0.0100.127 50.385 57.594.05
0.0150.130 50.390 010.135.26
0.0200.133 50.396 012.666.88
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不同初始偏转角度振动幅值对比

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初始偏转角度
Initial deflection angle/rad
x方向振幅
Amplitude in x-direction/μm
y方向振幅
Amplitude in y-direction/μm
x方向振幅增加百分比
Percent increase in amplitude in x-direction/%
y方向振幅增加百分比
Percent increase in amplitude in y-direction/%
0.118 50.370 50.000.0
0.0010.121 50.375 02.531.21
0.0050.124 50.379 55.062.42
0.0100.127 50.385 57.594.05
0.0150.130 50.390 010.135.26
0.0200.133 50.396 012.666.88
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液体动静压球轴承转子系统振动特性分析
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朱锐 , 沈景凤 , 卢明明 , 顾春兴
机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025,47(5): 1-11
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机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025, 47(5): 1-11
液体动静压球轴承转子系统振动特性分析
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朱锐 , 沈景凤 , 卢明明, 顾春兴
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学 机械工程学院,上海 200093
  • 朱锐,男,1999年生,江苏南通人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为轴承-转子系统动力学分析;E-mail:

通讯作者:

沈景凤,女,1968年生,安徽合肥人,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为机械设计及理论;E-mail:
Vibration characteristic analysis of the rotor system of spherical hybrid sliding bearing
Rui ZHU , Jingfeng SHEN , Mingming LU, Chunxing GU
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.001
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液体动静压球轴承在中高速下,动压效应使楔形空间内的流体发生涡动,转子的振动特性可能受到油膜涡动影响,主轴回转精度因此降低。针对小孔节流的液体动静压球轴承,将涡动形式分为柱面涡动与锥面涡动,建立润滑数学模型与转子动力学模型并联立求解,得到轴心轨迹与振动幅值;探究形心偏移距离、初始偏转角度对转子系统振动特性的影响。结果表明,与纯柱面涡动相比,综合考虑锥面涡动之后,轴心轨迹稳定性下降,振动幅值增加;随着形心偏移距离的增加,轴心轨迹的稳定性与振动幅值大幅度下降;随着初始偏转角度的增加,轴心轨迹的稳定性与振动幅值仅会小幅度下降。由此得出,改变形心偏移距离比改变初始偏转角度对轴承转子系统的轴心轨迹稳定性及转子系统的振动特性影响更大。

液体动静压球轴承  /  油膜涡动  /  轴心轨迹  /  振动特性

Under the medium and high speed of spherical hybrid sliding bearings, the dynamic pressure effect causes the fluid in the wedge space to whirl, and the vibration characteristics of the rotor may be affected by the oil whirl, so the rotation accuracy of the main shaft is reduced. The spherical hybrid sliding bearings with the orifice throttle was divided into cylindrical and conical whirl. The lubrication mathematical model and rotor dynamic model were established and solved simultaneously, the journal center trajectory and vibration amplitude were obtained. The influence of the centroid offset distance and initial deflection angle on the vibration characteristics of the rotor system were studied.The results show that,compared with the pure cylindrical whirl, the stability of the journal center trajectory decreases and the vibration amplitude increases after considering the conical whirl.With the increase of the centroid offset distance, the stability and vibration amplitude of the journal center trajectory decrease greatly.With the increase of the initial deflection angle, the stability and vibration amplitude of the journal center trajectory decrease only slightly.It can be concluded that changing the distance of the centroid offset has more influence on the stability of the journal center trajectory and the vibration characteristics of the rotor system than changing the initial deflection angle.

Spherical hybrid sliding bearing  /  Oil whirl  /  Journal center trajectory  /  Vibration characteristic
朱锐, 沈景凤, 卢明明, 顾春兴. 液体动静压球轴承转子系统振动特性分析. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (5) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.001
Rui ZHU, Jingfeng SHEN, Mingming LU, Chunxing GU. Vibration characteristic analysis of the rotor system of spherical hybrid sliding bearing[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (5) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.001
液体动静压球轴承以其承载力大、回转精度高、寿命长等优势,应用于众多精密、超精密机床[1]。转子系统在中高速运行时,动压效应导致楔形空间内的流体发生涡动,使转子同时发生柱面涡动和锥面涡动,从而改变转子系统的振动特性,降低主轴回转精度,影响机床加工工件表面的加工质量。由于转子的轴心轨迹与振动幅值能够反映转子轴系的振动特性,所以本文以小孔节流的液体动静压球轴承为研究对象,通过研究转子轴心轨迹与振动幅值的变化,分析转子系统的振动特性。
轴心轨迹可以综合反映轴承工作状态,非线性轨迹法考虑转子在运行时受到自身重力、油膜力、不平衡力,以及外载荷的影响,通过龙格-库塔法求解非线性运动方程,得到完整的轴心轨迹,轨迹形状和轴心振动幅值的变化可以用来判断轴承是否为最佳稳定形态[2]。MERUANE等[3]针对滑动轴承,提出一种识别轴承线性、非线性刚度及阻尼系数的通用框架,能够确定不同条件下轴承的非线性动态响应。ENE等[4]针对三叶结构的滑动轴承,分析了小扰动下转子的稳定性与涡动频率。林禄生等[5]针对深浅腔液体动静压轴承,建立相应的计算流体动力学(Computation Fluid Dynamics, CFD)模型,结合动网格技术与转子动力学求解出转子轴心轨迹。胡斌梁等[6]针对液体静压轴承,建立轴承转子系统的动力学模型,采用欧拉算法计算出转子轴心轨迹,分析了不同结构参数对主轴轴心轨迹的影响。王攀等[7]针对典型结构的动静压轴承,采用6自由度模型及动网格的计算方法,得到轴心轨迹的瞬态变化过程。SINGH等[8]针对液体动压滑动轴承建立数学模型,采用有限元法离散化雷诺方程,之后通过龙格-库塔法求解出线性与非线性轴颈运动轨迹。CHEN等[9]针对受滑移影响的滑动轴承,建立轴心轨迹计算模型,结果表明,转子的回转精度会随着滑移长度的增加而降低。胡灿等[10]针对液体静压主轴,根据可控节流器的工作原理与特性,建立相关的转子动力学模型,通过数值模拟的方法揭示可控节流器提升主轴回转精度的机制。熊万里等[11]针对液体静压主轴,建立了流固热耦合仿真模型,通过数值模拟得到轴心轨迹,揭示供油压力、动不平衡、轴颈圆度误差对转子回转精度的影响。RÉDL等[12]针对不同润滑剂润滑的滑动轴承,将试验测量数据代入仿真模型中对比轴心轨迹的稳定性。
综上所述,本文考虑在中高速下转子系统受到柱面涡动跟锥面涡动的共同影响,推导并建立相应的润滑数学模型与转子动力学模型。与纯柱面涡动对比,分析两种涡动共同影响下转子系统振动特性的不同;并探究形心偏移距离、初始偏转角度对转子系统振动特性的影响规律,为液体动静压球轴承更广泛地应用于精密、超精密机床提供参考。
液体动静压球轴承的轴系结构如图1所示,主要由主轴、外置节流器、凹半球、凸半球、油腔及液压回路等部件构成。液体动静压球轴系只需一套供油系统,当轴承开始工作时,由纯静压效应来提供轴承承载能力,一定压力为Ps的压力油经过小孔节流器流入油腔内,流量为Q,由于小孔节流器存在阻力Rg,所以损耗在节流器上的压力为Δ=QRg,则油腔内的压力为Pi=Ps-Δ,油腔中的压力油经过间隙重新流回油箱,形成完整的液压回路。当主轴有一定转速后,外载荷和主轴自身重力使得转子偏心,此时的动压效应与静压效应同时提供轴承承载能力。
图2所示,随着转子运动,油液进入轴承的间隙中,主轴顺着转子转动的方向发生偏移,油液在楔形面内受到挤压而产生油膜压力,在轴承间隙最小处油膜压力最大,形成动压效应。在中高速运行时,动压效应明显,且转子系统容易产生载荷的扰动,油液从楔形面的大口进、小口出,楔形面内油液存在速度梯度,产生油膜涡动。如图3图4所示,发生柱面涡动时,楔形面中心线处的速度即为平均速度;发生锥面涡动时,楔形面内油膜涡动情况变得更加复杂,流体的速度梯度变大,流体平均速度处不再是楔形面的中心线。
基于流体力学与液体润滑理论,通过简化的纳维-斯托克斯方程和无滑移的边界条件,推导出球坐标系下液体动静压球轴承的量纲一雷诺方程[13],为
式中,φ为周向角;H为量纲一油膜厚度;为量纲一油膜压力;θ为轴向角;ω为旋转角速度;η为压力油黏度;R为轴承半径;Ps为供油压力;C为油膜初始厚度;τ为量纲一的时间。
为了方便划分求解域网格,利用参数变换式a=-ln tan(θ/2),把球坐标系转换为笛卡儿坐标[14],笛卡儿坐标系下的量纲一雷诺方程为
式中,Λ=6ωηR2/PsC2
与单独考虑柱面涡动不同,在综合考虑转子的锥面涡动后,转子的形心会偏离轴承中心一段距离z,并且会增加两个偏转角度变量,因此,根据转子系统特点,建立新的坐标系。如图5所示,将最初的坐标系O-XYZ平移一段距离z,得到新的坐标系e-X1Y1Z1;将坐标系e-X1Y1Z1X1轴旋转一个微小的角度θx,旋转角速度为,得到坐标系e-X2Y2Z2,旋转矩阵是T1;再将坐标系e-X2Y2Z2Y2轴旋转一个角度θy,旋转角速度为,得到坐标系e-X3Y3Z3,旋转矩阵是T2;最后将坐标系e-X3Y3Z3Z3轴旋转固定角度φφ=ωt,其中,t为时间)得到坐标系e-X4Y4Z4,旋转矩阵是T3。则总的旋转矩阵可用T=T1T2T3表示:
在求解雷诺方程的过程中,油膜厚度是重要参数;在运行中,转子的实际油膜厚度是柱面和锥面涡动效应的叠加。在只考虑柱面涡动时,油膜厚度跟转子的形心偏移距离无关,仅是周向角的函数,油膜厚度计算式为
式中,(xy)为轴心位置坐标。
当同时考虑锥面涡动时,转子轴心线与轴承孔中心线不再平行,此时某一点的油膜厚度不仅跟周向位置有关,还与形心偏移距离有关,即z的大小有关。根据式(3)可以发现,垂直于z轴截面上节点的油膜厚度取决于转子截面的形心坐标。通过上面的旋转矩阵,可以得出转子形心坐标(0,0,z)对应到惯性坐标系上的坐标为(y-zθxz),此时油膜厚度计算式为
式中,θx为绕x轴的初始偏转角;θy为绕y轴的初始偏转角;z为轴心偏移距离。
量纲一的油膜厚度计算式为
式中,(XY)为量纲一的轴心位置,X=x/CY=y/CZ=z/C
油膜厚度随时间的变化表达式为
式中,为水平方向量纲一轴心速度,为竖直方向量纲一轴心速度,为绕x轴的偏转角速度,为绕y轴的偏转角速度,
利用有限差分法,将式(2)整理成差分形式,则得到封油边处压力表达式,为
式中,ABC'DEF均为系数。
本文研究的液体动静压球轴承有4个油腔,4个油腔对称分布,流经每个油腔的流量计算式为
式中,k为流量系数;d为小孔直径;Ps为供油压力;Pi为油腔压力;ρ为油液密度。
在已知供油压力时,可以通过流量连续定理求解油腔压力,即单位时间内流入油腔的压力油流量与流出油腔的压力油流量相等,结合图6所示油腔流量示意图,推导出以下计算式:
式中,Q1Q2Q3Q4为流出油腔的流量;Qout为单位时间内流出油腔的压力油流量;Qin为单位时间内流入油腔的压力油流量。
在笛卡儿坐标系下,液体动静压球轴承在单位时间内流经封油边单位宽度截面的周向和轴向体积流量计算式分别为
式中,qφ为单位时间内流经封油边单位宽度截面的周向体积流量;qa为单位时间内流经封油边单位宽度截面的轴向体积流量;r为轴承转子半径;P为油膜内任意一点的压力。
对式(10)进行积分可得单位时间内流经周向和轴向切面的平均体积流量,再进行量纲一化可得
根据油腔位置的不同,可以分别求出4个油腔量纲一流量。为了提高计算的准确性与运算效率,采用松弛迭代法,其计算式为
式中,s为松弛因子,一般在[0,2]内取值;k'为迭代次数,k'=0,1,2,…。
采用的收敛标准为
式中,δ为收敛精度。用δ判断迭代结果是否达到足够的精度,其中δ取值为1×10-5,即当精度小于1×10-5时停止求解。
油膜力可以反映油膜的承载能力。运用辛普森积分法对油膜压力分布的周向方向和轴向方向进行积分,则液体动静压球轴承的油膜力计算式为
油膜力矩通过油膜力跟力臂的乘积得到,力臂的大小是形心偏离距离,计算式为
图7所示,转子在运动时受到重力、油膜力跟外载荷的共同影响,因此转子动力学方程为
式中,qxqy均为不平衡载荷;M为主轴质量;g为重力加速度。
式(16)两边同时除以MCω2,可得量纲一运动方程,为
式中,
主轴质量的偏心程度用eb表示,不平衡载荷与eb的量纲一表达式为
式中,εb=eb/C
在综合考虑锥面涡动之后,还需要根据力矩平衡方程建立转子转动部分的动力学方程[15]。如图8所示,O点表示轴承中心;e点表示转子形心;b表示转子质心;dm表示质量单元;zρ1ρ2ρ3表示各点之间的距离。力矩平衡方程可以表示为
式中,a0为质量单元加速度;Ms为油膜力矩。将式(19)化简并且投影到O-XYZ坐标系:
式中,为转子的转动惯量;为叉乘算子;ωR为转子在O-XYZ坐标系下的角速度;为转子在O-XYZ坐标系下的角加速度;T为旋转矩阵;Ms为油膜力矩;Fe为合外力;ρc为定值,ρc=1×10-7 m。
对式(20)进行化简,并且将化简结果量纲一化,可得
式中,
液体动静压球轴承的润滑模型跟转子动力学方程需要联立求解[16],且轴心下一时刻的位置会随着转子运动而变化,从而改变油膜厚度;同时,油膜压力、油膜力、油膜力矩都会随着油膜厚度的改变而改变。故在编程求解时,给定转子在t=0时刻的姿态位置为(xyzθxθy),轴心初始速度设置为0,根据给定的初始状态求得初始油膜厚度H0,通过H0进一步求得初始时刻的油膜压力、油膜力及油膜力矩;使用龙格-库塔法求解转子动力学方程式(17)与式(21),得到下一时刻姿态位置;将新的姿态位置重新代入程序计算,重复上述过程便可得到完整的轴心轨迹图。计算流程如图9所示。
如果没有特别说明,本文中动静压球轴承的基本参数如表1所示。
假设轴承中心位置为轴心初始位置,转子不受不平衡载荷的影响,转子的偏转角度为0,转子转速n=1 500 r/min,转子质量为20 kg,油膜初始厚度C=25 μm,参数α=3.971 8,计算总时间τ=20π,将仿真出来的轴心位移、油膜力与文献[17]53-54的结果作对比。
转子从中心释放时,由于受到重力的作用,转子剧烈下降。如图10所示,仿真出来xy方向的轴心位移明显大于文献[17]53-54的结果。这是因为本文轴承宽径比为1,而文献[17]53-54宽径比为2,所以承载能力明显小于文献[17]53-54。但当转子稳定后,转子轴心位置不再变化,xy方向振动幅值均为0(不考虑不平衡载荷),x方向油膜力大小为0,y方向油膜力大小与重力相等,即Wy=196 N。综上所述,本文轴心位移、油膜力变化趋势与文献[17]53-54的趋势一致,说明本文建立的润滑模型与转子动力学模型是可行的。
不平衡半径通常用来表示不平衡量的大小,本文中的不平衡半径取0.3 μm,同时假设转子没有偏转角,转子转速n=3 000 r/min,转子质量为18 kg,参数α=3.971 8,计算总时间τ=40π。
图11可以看出,转子在自身油膜力、重力、不平衡载荷的作用下不断振荡,最后趋于稳定,转子的轨迹是一个收敛的椭圆,轴心平衡位置为X=0.280 3,Y=0.066 9,转子在稳定后围绕着平衡位置作小幅度的振动,x方向的振动幅值为0.118 5 μm,y方向的振动幅值为0.370 5 μm,此时系统比较稳定,回转精度高。
形心偏移距离的不同会改变转子的轴心轨迹与振动幅值。为探究其影响,在表1所列基本参数、转速、质量、不平衡半径不变的情况下,假设转子的初始偏转角度都为0.01 rad,改变形心偏移距离z(0.5、1、2、5、10 μm),与柱面涡动下的结果进行比较,分析转子轴心轨迹以及振动幅值的变化。
图12可以看出,综合考虑锥面涡动之后,当转子形心偏移距离仅增加至0.5、1、2 μm时,转子的轴心轨迹与柱面涡动下的轴心轨迹相似,呈椭圆形;当形心偏移距离增加至5 μm时,转子的轴心运动由周期性运动变成准周期性运动,转子的稳定性下降;且形心偏移距离增加至10 μm时,转子的准周期性运动更加明显。
图13整理出不同形心偏移距离下转子的振动幅值及振动幅值变化情况结果,如表2所示,第1行为转子纯柱面涡动下的轴心振动幅值。
表2可知,随着形心偏移距离的增加,转子xy方向的振动幅值明显增加。当z取10 μm时,x方向的振动幅值与柱面涡动相比增加了64.56%,y方向振动幅值增加30.36%。这是由于随着转子形心偏移距离的增加,转子的锥面涡动效应明显增强,使得转子的振动幅值增加,回转精度降低。
综合考虑锥面涡动后,增加了两个偏转角度变量,为研究不同初始偏转角度对转子振动特性的影响,在基本参数、转速、质量、不平衡半径与上文不变的情况下,转子的形心偏移距离z=2 μm,改变转子的初始偏转角度θxθy(0.001、0.005、0.010、0.015、0.020 rad)。如图14所示,与柱面涡动的结果对比,并分析初始偏转角度的变化对转子振动特性的影响。
根据图15整理出不同初始偏转角度下转子的振动幅值与变化情况,如表3所示,第1行为转子纯柱面涡动下的轴心振动幅值。
表3可知,与纯柱面涡动相比,综合考虑了锥面涡动之后轴心xy方向的振幅变大;当初始偏转角度仅为0.001 rad时,xy方向的振幅增加很小,仅各增加2.53%与1.21%,轴心轨迹与纯柱面涡动下的轴心轨迹相似,由于动静压球轴承的刚度较大,所以随着初始偏转角度的增加,转子的锥面涡动效应仅会小幅增强,轴心收敛轨迹仅会小幅度变化;当初始偏转角度为0.02 rad时,xy方向的振幅各增加12.66%与6.88%。
基于小孔节流的液体动静压球轴承,考虑转子在中高速下同时受到柱面涡动跟锥面涡动的影响,推导并建立相应的润滑数学模型与转子动力学模型;通过联立求解润滑数学模型与转子动力学模型得到转子轴心轨迹与振动幅值变化情况;对比纯柱面涡动下的结果,以及形心偏移距离、初始偏转角度对转子振动特性的影响。得出以下结论:
1)与柱面涡动相比,两种涡动共同影响时,轴心轨迹的稳定性下降,轴心xy方向的振动幅值增加;且随着锥面涡动效应增强,振动幅值增加得会越明显,轴心轨迹的稳定性越来越低。
2)两种涡动共同影响时,随着形心偏移距离的增加,锥面涡动效应会大幅度增强,导致轴心轨迹稳定性大幅度降低,轴心振幅大幅度增加。
3)两种涡动共同影响时,随着初始偏转角度的增加,转子锥面涡动效应仅会有小幅度提升,轴心轨迹变化不明显,振动幅值小幅度增加。
  • 上海市扬帆计划项目(19YF1434500)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52305207)
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2025年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.001
  • 接收时间:2023-09-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-07
  • 修回日期:2023-11-22
基金
Shanghai Sailing Program(19YF1434500)
上海市扬帆计划项目(19YF1434500)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52305207)
国家自然科学基金项目(52305207)
作者信息
    上海理工大学 机械工程学院,上海 200093

通讯作者:

沈景凤,女,1968年生,安徽合肥人,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为机械设计及理论;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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