Article(id=1241394834733322471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692460800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-20, revisedDate=1701705600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773901192601, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773901192601, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773901192601, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901192601, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241394830056681606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773901191486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901239759, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=152, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241394834947231979, articleId=1241394834733322471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Creep constitutive model of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy based on damage mechanics, columnId=1228282192162390694, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Experimental Research·Testing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The creep behavior of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy under different temperatures and stresses was studied by the uniaxial tensile creep test. Based on continuum damage mechanics, a constitutive model describing the creep behavior of aluminum alloy at high temperature was established. The model took into account the precipitation coarsening, dislocation multiplication/annihilation and microvoid formation during the creep process, and introduced the corresponding damage factor evolution formula to reflect these three damage processes. In addition, the model took into account the additional damage caused by stress increase to reveal the effect of stress on the creep damage. Based on the comparative analysis of the test results and the predicted results, it was verified that the established physical constitutive model can accurately describe the creep behavior of 7050 aluminum alloy under different temperatures and stresses.

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ZHAO Peng, E-mail:
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通过单轴拉伸蠕变试验,研究了7050-T7451铝合金在不同温度和应力下的蠕变行为。基于连续介质损伤力学,建立了描述铝合金高温蠕变行为的本构模型。该模型考虑了蠕变过程中的沉淀相粗化、位错增殖/湮灭和微孔洞形成等微观组织演化过程,并通过相应的损伤因子演化公式来反映这3个损伤过程,还考虑了应力增加所带来的额外损伤,以揭示应力对蠕变损伤的影响。基于试验结果和预测结果的对比分析,验证了所建立的物理本构模型可以较准确地描述7050铝合金在不同温度和应力条件下的蠕变行为。

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赵鹏,男,1978年生,山东潍坊人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为高温强度与可靠性;E-mail:
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李杰,男,1998年生,山东日照人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为金属材料蠕变变形的数字孪生仿真方法;E-mail:

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李杰,男,1998年生,山东日照人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为金属材料蠕变变形的数字孪生仿真方法;E-mail:

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李杰,男,1998年生,山东日照人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为金属材料蠕变变形的数字孪生仿真方法;E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=qdn7Mhssn42vItIbJvxXiA==, figureFileBig=Sw7NwBt9iMvCeVic9K3bRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400388386091936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834733322471, language=CN, label=图10, caption=7050铝合金在150、200 ℃下,不同应力条件下蠕变曲线的试验和CDM预测对比, figureFileSmall=qdn7Mhssn42vItIbJvxXiA==, figureFileBig=Sw7NwBt9iMvCeVic9K3bRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400388474172325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834733322471, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main chemical components of commercial 7050 aluminum alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZnMgCuZrSiFeTiMnAl
5.931.912.450.110.050.140.030.01余量
Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1241400388583224235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834733322471, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

商用7050铝合金的主要化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ZnMgCuZrSiFeTiMnAl
5.931.912.450.110.050.140.030.01余量
Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1241400388742607791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834733322471, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Creep test parameters of 7050 aluminum alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蠕变温度
Creep temperature/℃
应力
Stress/MPa
150230250270
200100110120
), ArticleFig(id=1241400388855854003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834733322471, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

7050铝合金蠕变试验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蠕变温度
Creep temperature/℃
应力
Stress/MPa
150230250270
200100110120
), ArticleFig(id=1241400388981683130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834733322471, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

CDM final parameters of 7050 aluminum alloy under different temperature conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
值Value
150 ℃200 ℃
A/s-19.0×10-121.42×10-10
K1/MPa2.69×1042.69×104
K2/MPa3232
B1/h-1230230
B2/h-16.596.59
m1.441.44
H*0.290.29
C18.59.8
d0/nm5.014 25.014 2
Kr/(m3/s1)7.72×10-311.25×10-30
D1(230 MPa)
1.12(250 MPa)
1.20(270 MPa)
1(100 MPa)
1.46(110 MPa)
1.62(120 MPa)
), ArticleFig(id=1241400389094929343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834733322471, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

7050铝合金不同温度条件下CDM最终参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
值Value
150 ℃200 ℃
A/s-19.0×10-121.42×10-10
K1/MPa2.69×1042.69×104
K2/MPa3232
B1/h-1230230
B2/h-16.596.59
m1.441.44
H*0.290.29
C18.59.8
d0/nm5.014 25.014 2
Kr/(m3/s1)7.72×10-311.25×10-30
D1(230 MPa)
1.12(250 MPa)
1.20(270 MPa)
1(100 MPa)
1.46(110 MPa)
1.62(120 MPa)
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基于损伤力学的7050-T7451铝合金蠕变本构模型
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李杰 , 赵鹏 , 张剑睿 , 胡越 , 轩福贞
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(5): 152-158
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(5): 152-158
基于损伤力学的7050-T7451铝合金蠕变本构模型
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李杰 , 赵鹏 , 张剑睿, 胡越, 轩福贞
作者信息
  • 华东理工大学 机械与动力工程学院,上海 200237
  • 李杰,男,1998年生,山东日照人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为金属材料蠕变变形的数字孪生仿真方法;E-mail:

通讯作者:

赵鹏,男,1978年生,山东潍坊人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为高温强度与可靠性;E-mail:
Creep constitutive model of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy based on damage mechanics
Jie LI , Peng ZHAO , Jianrui ZHANG, Yue HU, Fuzhen XUAN
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.017
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通过单轴拉伸蠕变试验,研究了7050-T7451铝合金在不同温度和应力下的蠕变行为。基于连续介质损伤力学,建立了描述铝合金高温蠕变行为的本构模型。该模型考虑了蠕变过程中的沉淀相粗化、位错增殖/湮灭和微孔洞形成等微观组织演化过程,并通过相应的损伤因子演化公式来反映这3个损伤过程,还考虑了应力增加所带来的额外损伤,以揭示应力对蠕变损伤的影响。基于试验结果和预测结果的对比分析,验证了所建立的物理本构模型可以较准确地描述7050铝合金在不同温度和应力条件下的蠕变行为。

金属蠕变  /  连续损伤模型  /  沉淀粗化  /  微孔洞损伤  /  位错演化

The creep behavior of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy under different temperatures and stresses was studied by the uniaxial tensile creep test. Based on continuum damage mechanics, a constitutive model describing the creep behavior of aluminum alloy at high temperature was established. The model took into account the precipitation coarsening, dislocation multiplication/annihilation and microvoid formation during the creep process, and introduced the corresponding damage factor evolution formula to reflect these three damage processes. In addition, the model took into account the additional damage caused by stress increase to reveal the effect of stress on the creep damage. Based on the comparative analysis of the test results and the predicted results, it was verified that the established physical constitutive model can accurately describe the creep behavior of 7050 aluminum alloy under different temperatures and stresses.

Metal creep  /  Continuum damage model  /  Precipitation coarsening  /  Microvoid damage  /  Dislocation evolution
李杰, 赵鹏, 张剑睿, 胡越, 轩福贞. 基于损伤力学的7050-T7451铝合金蠕变本构模型. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (5) : 152 -158 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.017
Jie LI, Peng ZHAO, Jianrui ZHANG, Yue HU, Fuzhen XUAN. Creep constitutive model of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy based on damage mechanics[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (5) : 152 -158 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.017
7000系铝合金由于其优异的力学性能及低密度等优点,在航空航天领域得到广泛的使用。7050铝合金是7000系铝合金中典型的可热变形的铝合金,它具有小密度、超高比硬度和强度、较好的韧性和优异的热加工性能,在航空航天工业中,主要用于承载结构的制造。铝合金在高温环境下,极易发生蠕变行为,其性能随着服役时间的增加逐渐劣化,更有甚者,会导致结构破坏,发生灾难性事故。另外,为了满足飞机制造过程中复杂的整体壁板成形质量和使用寿命,蠕变时效成形技术逐渐发展起来,该热加工工艺将铝合金蠕变和人工时效同步进行。因此,研究铝合金高温蠕变性能有着重要意义。
目前为止,国内外学者对7000系高强度铝合金热变形行为进行了深入研究,并取得了一系列的成果。LI等[1]通过不同条件下的压缩试验研究了7050铝合金在不同温度下变形的微观结构演化过程。LEI等[2]利用蠕变时效试验研究不同初始温度的影响,发现不同初始温度的7050铝合金中存在明显不同的初始微观结构,初始沉淀的尺寸、连续性受到初始温度的影响很大。冯昊等[3]采用一系列压缩预变形研究了变形量对于7050铝合金升温时效析出的影响规律和机制,得到了析出相变化规律以及相变激活能。一般认为7000系铝合金的析出规律[4-5]为:过饱和固溶体→GP区→亚稳态η'→平衡相η(MnZn2)。LIN等[6]分析Al-Zn-Mg合金蠕变两阶段应力时效过程中的沉淀过程演化,研究发现沉淀形核主要发生在第1阶段,第1阶段的温度决定了沉淀相的密度;第2阶段主要是沉淀相的长大过程,并且外部应力越大,沉淀相的形核长大越快。CHEN等[7]对7050铝合金进行研究发现,应力会促进沉淀粗化,以及无沉淀带宽度增加,但是施加的应力不会产生应力导向效应,沉淀随机分布;还发现沉淀相的存在是由于蠕变变形和位错滑移引起的。LIN等[8]综合讨论了外加应力和蠕变时效温度对Al-Cu-Mg合金沉淀的影响,结果表明,沉淀过程对外施加应力和温度都非常敏感,外应力的增加或者温度的升高都会促进沉淀粗化。YANG等[9]研究了7050铝合金蠕变时微观结构的演化行为,发现蠕变过程产生的沉淀还受到位错的影响,沉淀尺寸较小时,位错可以通过切割方式穿过,当沉淀成长为稳态相时,沉淀相的大尺寸和不连贯性导致位错不能穿过,位错只能通过在沉淀物之间弯曲和在沉淀物周围弯曲来移动,这可能导致位错线曲率的突变。
另外,为了能够准确描述合金高温蠕变行为,在大量试验数据的基础上,建立了幂律方程、连续介质损伤力学(Continuum Damage Mechanics, CDM)模型和θ投影等蠕变本构模型。LIN等[10]研究了7075铝合金在不同温度和不同应力的蠕变行为,发现蠕变应变和蠕变温度-应力成正相关,分析了Bailey-Norton定律和θ投影法的问题,并提出了一种新的蠕变本构模型。KOCHANOV[11]最先提出CDM模型,通过对蠕变本构模型引入适当的损伤变量来预测合金的失效时间和断裂应变。LI等[12]76-77针对7075和2124铝合金的蠕变试验,基于CDM模型,考虑由于应力增加而带来的额外损伤,在CDM模型中引入应力指数预测所施加的应力对蠕变损伤的影响。HO等[13]在Kochanov模型的基础上,结合时效动力学,提出了一种统一蠕变时效本构模型,该模型良好地结合蠕变变形和时效硬化,可以描述沉淀长大过程对铝合金力学性能和蠕变变形的影响。由于位错对蠕变变形影响非常大,ZHAN等[14]在蠕变变形和时效硬化的基础,通过引入位错密度进一步改进统一蠕变时效本构模型。
然而,经典CDM蠕变模型的损伤参量反映的是多个劣化机制综合量化的结果,无法精确描述各个损伤机制的演化过程,因此需构建物理意义明确的CDM蠕变模型。基于此,本文综合考虑铝合金中沉淀相粗化、背应力、位错增殖/湮灭和微孔洞损伤等物理损伤过程,建立了描述7050铝合金的CDM蠕变本构模型,在考虑传统的沉淀相粗化和微孔洞损伤的基础上加入位错演化损伤项,并综合考虑了位错演化对整个蠕变过程的影响。
本文所研究的7050铝合金的热处理方式为T7451,其成分如表1所示。蠕变试样为板状试样,其尺寸如图1所示。恒应力单轴蠕变试验是在RDL100型电子蠕变试验机上进行的,试验数据由计算机自动获取记录,恒应力单轴拉伸蠕变试验参数如表2所示。所有试验均持续到试样断裂为止,试验完成之后,所有试样炉冷却至室温。
图2图3分别为7050-T7451铝合金在150 ℃和200 ℃下不同应力的拉伸蠕变曲线和蠕变速率曲线。由图2可知,外加应力越大,试样越早进入第3阶段。铝合金开始进入第3阶段时的蠕变应变,随着外加应力的减小而减小,蠕变时间随着外加应力的减小而增加(绿色虚线代表着蠕变第2、3阶段的转变点)。由图3可知,随着外加应力的增加,稳态蠕变速率越大,并且稳态蠕变阶段越短,蠕变断裂时间提前,蠕变寿命变短。这是因为随着外加应力的增加,微孔洞生长速率增加,进而导致较大的蠕变损伤。在150 ℃时,230、250、270 MPa的稳态蠕变速率分别为:1.130×10-8、2.159×10-8、4.788×10-8 s-1。在200 ℃时,100、110、120 MPa的稳态蠕变速率分别为:2.370×10-9、1.933×10-8、2.439×10-8 s-1
图3(b)可以明显地观察到,100 MPa时的蠕变速率明显低于110、120 MPa时的蠕变速率,孔洞的长大只有同时满足热力学条件和动力学条件才能发生,可能是施加应力过低,导致100 MPa应力下,微孔洞不能长大聚合形成微裂纹,这就导致宏观上表现为蠕变速率远低于其他两个应力下的曲线,蠕变寿命大幅度明显变长。
SHIBLI等[15]发展的基于CDM的蠕变本构的主方程为
式中,为与可动位错相关的常数;QC为蠕变激活能;Rg为气体常数,其值为8.314 J/(mol·K);T为温度;σ为外施加应力;σB为背应力;σ0为参考应力,虽然其具有应力单位,但其值和MkT/(λb2)相等。其中,M为泰勒因子;k为玻耳兹曼常数;λ为第二相粒子间距;b为伯格斯矢量。
由于本文主要考虑微观演化影响,因此将模型框架简化为
式中,A为与温度相关的参数,其单位与相同,其值和相等。
本研究关注的为商用7050铝合金,其热处理方式为T7451,属于时效处理中的过时效处理。工程实践及研究表明,金属材料在高温服役过程中,会由于材料组织的退化造成蠕变强度下降。铝合金主要的蠕变机制如下:
1)沉淀相粗化。铝合金在蠕变过程中依照沉淀尺寸[16]349可以分为3种类型的沉淀:①粗大的不溶沉淀,其尺寸通常在1 μm以上;②均质化过程中出现的中间沉淀,其尺寸为0.05~0.5 μm,中间沉淀能抑制再结晶和晶粒生长;③蠕变过程中时效沉淀,其尺寸低于0.05 μm。时效沉淀物可以增强铝合金的性能。图4为7050铝合金初始态和蠕变断裂后组织中粗大不溶相的扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)图。
图4可以观察到,粗大不溶沉淀的尺寸和形态并没有太大的变化。但是,由图4(b)可以明显看到,粗大不溶沉淀有脱落倾向,这是由于为了缓解应力集中现象,粗大的不溶沉淀也会从铝基体中分离或者自身断裂形成孔洞。这与文献[16]350结果一致。在蠕变过程中,粗大不溶沉淀和均质化的中间沉淀几乎不会发生粗化过程,因此在沉淀粗化损伤过程中忽略这2种沉淀,仅考虑时效沉淀,后续利用透射电子显微镜(Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM)进一步研究证明。
根据文献[17]491-496可知,对于过时效处理,7050铝合金晶内主要时效强化析出相为尺寸较大的平衡相η,伴随着少量的η'相,沉淀相分布不均匀。由于η'相含量稀少,在考虑粗化损伤时,可忽略不计。蠕变前期,时效强化相分散分布,在蠕变过程中,沉淀粗化,沉淀周围形成奥罗万环,使得沉淀之间的距离增加,导致激活面积增加。另外,由于沉淀粗化,沉淀尺寸增加,位错运动方式从切割沉淀到绕过沉淀,位错移动阻力减小。最终使得蠕变速率增加。沉淀粗化损伤定义为
式中,r0为初始沉淀半径;r为当前沉淀半径。在CDM方程中,以σ0(1-Dr)来描述沉淀粗化损伤效果,即
平均沉淀直径采用Ostwald定律来定义:
式中,d为当前沉淀直径;d0为初始沉淀直径;Kr为粒子粗化速率;t为蠕变时间。
2)空洞形核和长大。7050铝合金在高温蠕变过程中,蠕变变形的第1阶段和第2阶段通过空位的扩散空洞形核积累,虽然空洞的形核和长大是在整个蠕变变形过程中,但是,在蠕变前期,空洞过小还不至于使得材料有宏观上的变化,但是当进入第3阶段时蠕变加速,空洞继续长大、连接,并最终使得材料在宏观上表现为断裂。在CDM模型中引入蠕变损伤项Dcr解释蠕变孔洞损伤演化,Dcr定义为
式中,C为与蠕变延性相关的常数,其受温度影响较大,C=0.333/εf。其中εf为断裂时的应变值,取平均值作为优化的应变值。
3)背应力。背应力被认为是合金硬区域和软区域应力重新分配的结果,随着试样施加应力,背应力在软区域发展以抵消施加的应力[18],通过外加应力减去σH*来模拟,其中H*为可以产生的最大背应力。背应力产生的主要原因是几何必要位错和亚晶界非弹性弯曲。由于在整个蠕变过程中H *对于材料化学反应并不是很敏感,所以在整个过程中可以看作是一个常数,即
4)位错密度。研究表明,7050铝合金蠕变变形的主要机制是位错运动,位错密度的变化不仅决定材料的蠕变应变,还对沉淀相的长大有着重要的影响。可动位错密度还参与蠕变速率的决定过程中。对比图2图5[19]可以明显地看到,可动位错密度变化趋势和蠕变应变变化近似,这是由于可动位错密度对蠕变速率有着决定性影响。位错密度变化的主要影响因素通常是塑性变形、晶粒尺寸、动态回复、静态回复,以及动态再结晶的影响[20]95-99,为简化计算忽略晶粒长大对位错的影响并将动态回复和静态回复统一考虑,定义表达式为
式中,B1B2m为材料常数,使用参考文献[20]95-99中7050-T7451铝合金常数的值;Dρ为位错密度损伤项。
蠕变曲线第1阶段时间比较短,往往容易被忽略,但是对于整个蠕变阶段第1阶段非常重要。第1阶段蠕变变形产生硬化,使得位错源开动阻力和位错滑移阻力增加,蠕变速率逐渐减慢,形成减速阶段。在这个过程中,应变损伤非常小,但是损伤发生积累,为了更好地描述第1阶段蠕变变形,定义参考应力变化率计算式[21]
式中,K1K2为材料常数;K1决定变化速率,K2决定σ0的最大值。K1K2不会随着温度、应力和时间的变化而变化。
图6图7分别显示了在150、200 ℃不同应力下蠕变断裂时,7050铝合金微孔洞比较。由图6图7可以看出,施加的应力越大,微孔洞越大。由试验可知,外施加应力的增加导致蠕变试样寿命变短,但是微孔洞的尺寸却在增加,这说明导致微孔洞长大的主要原因是外施加应力。外施加应力促进位错的运动使得越来越多的位错参与到微孔洞的形成过程中。
图7可以明显观察到,100 MPa下的SEM图像相较于其他两个应力下的SEM图像,大部分孔洞并没有连接成为微裂纹,这可能是导致100 MPa应力下,铝合金蠕变寿命远超过其他两种应力的可能。图8所示为不同应力下微孔洞初始和断裂时平均面积,进一步证明了外施加应力越大,微孔洞面积的增加速率越快,并且断裂时平均面积越大。利用Image J图像处理工具测量在100、110、120 MPa应力下,微孔洞断裂时的平均面积分别为1.214、3.244、6.315 μm2,微孔洞平均面积随着外施加应力的增加而增加,材料在相同横截面积情况下,有效承载面积减小,微孔洞产生的影响更大,即微孔洞损伤和应力存在正相关关系。
材料常数对本构模型预测精度影响至关重要,为了使得试验数据和预测数据之间的误差达到最小,材料常数一般会经过多次优化,采用优化程序,在一定的范围内对参数进行优化,以得到确定值,优化程序的依据是使得预测值和试验值误差在1%以内。
参数A由最小蠕变速率确定[22]717,最小蠕变速率可以定义为KMC=Asinh(σ/σ0),蠕变速率已由试验数据计算得到。
对于粗化速率Kr的确定,根据文献[23]47-48得到,7050铝合金在120、165 ℃时的粗化速率分别为1.58、3.18 nm3/h。MURCHÚ等[22]717研究发现,确定7050铝合金在150 ℃时的粗化速率可以进行线性差值得到,200 ℃经过曲线外推获得。K1取铝合金的剪切模量,K2取参考应力σ0的最大值,d0由文献[23]47-48、[24]得到。由于利用上述方法求得的在150、230 MPa下参数值用来预测250 MPa条件下的曲线(图9),其预测值明显小于试验值,所以考虑应力增加所带来的额外损伤D[12]76-77,最终得到参数值如表3所示。
本文研究7050铝合金最终CDM蠕变本构模型为
在给定蠕变温度下,应力和应力额外损伤D之间的关系,利用线性拟合方法,得到关系为
模型的预测曲线和试验曲线对比如图10所示。结果表明,试验结果和预测结果吻合较好。这说明所建立的方程可以比较好地描述7050-T7451铝合金在第1、第2和第3阶段的蠕变行为。
在蠕变第3阶段初始段,材料微孔洞形成并快速长大合并,微裂纹开始产生并长大,这导致蠕变试验数据和CDM预测模型有所偏差,特别是在100 MPa应力下,试验数据和模型预测数据产生了非常大的偏差,除了微孔洞的原因外,可能是由于100 MPa应力下,蠕变断裂机制和其他两个应力不同,随着外加应力的增大,蠕变断裂机制逐渐从剪切转向微孔聚集,蠕变时间明显缩短[25]
通过单轴拉伸蠕变试验,研究了外加应力和蠕变温度对7050铝合金蠕变行为的影响,并基于宏观和微观试验结果,通过引入沉淀粗化、位错密度和孔洞损伤3个微观组织变量,建立了基于CDM本构模型描述7050铝合金的高温蠕变行为,得出主要结论如下:
1)蠕变温度和外施加应力对蠕变变形行为影响显著。
2)蠕变应变与蠕变温度和应力成正相关,并且随着温度和应力的增加而迅速增加。
3)该模型在一定的温度和应力下,可以较好地模拟试样的蠕变变形行为,说明模型具有一定的合理性和准确性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3702200)
  • 上海市自然科学基金项目(21ZR1418200)
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2025年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.017
  • 接收时间:2023-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-20
  • 修回日期:2023-12-05
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3702200)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3702200)
Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(21ZR1418200)
上海市自然科学基金项目(21ZR1418200)
作者信息
    华东理工大学 机械与动力工程学院,上海 200237

通讯作者:

赵鹏,男,1978年生,山东潍坊人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为高温强度与可靠性;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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