Article(id=1241394834016096478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695312000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-22, revisedDate=1700150400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773901192429, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773901192429, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773901192429, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901192429, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241394830056681606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773901191486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901239759, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241394834276143330, articleId=1241394834016096478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Low-cycle fatigue reliability analysis of engine pistons based on PC-Kriging model, columnId=1228282192162390694, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Experimental Research·Testing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Low-cycle fatigue is a typical failure mode of engine pistons. In order to study the influence of multi-source uncertainty factors on the reliability of low-circumference fatigue of pistons and improve the efficiency of the reliability analysis, a new reliability calculation method is constructed based on the polynomial-chaos-based Kriging (PC-Kriging) model and the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and the accuracy and efficiency of this method are proved by numerical examples.Taking the piston group structure of a certain diesel engine as the research object, a finite element model of the piston is established based on the thermal-mechanical coupling analysis, and the reliability analysis of the piston for low-cycle fatigue is carried out by using this method, taking into account the critical dimensions, the material properties, and the uncertainty of the load. The results of the reliability analysis show that, compared with the same type of method, this method is more efficient in calculation, requiring only 20+93 finite element calculations, and the probability of fatigue failure is 1.053% when the expected design life of the piston is 1.4×104. The sensitivity analysis shows that, the height of the piston, the piston diameter,the elasticity modulus of the material, and the parameters of the fatigue calculation model have a greater influence on the reliability. The analysis results can provide a guidance for the reliability design of the piston.

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DU Zunfeng, E-mail:
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低周疲劳是发动机活塞的典型失效模式,为研究多源不确定性因素对活塞低周疲劳可靠性的影响,提高可靠性分析效率,基于Polynomial-Chaos-based Kriging(PC-Kriging)模型和蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo Simulation, MCS),构建了一种新的可靠性计算方法,并通过数值算例证明了该方法的准确性和高效性。以某型柴油发动机活塞组结构为研究对象,基于热-机耦合分析建立活塞有限元模型,综合考虑关键尺寸、材料属性及载荷的不确定性,运用该方法对活塞进行了低周疲劳可靠性分析。可靠性分析结果表明,与同类型方法相比,该方法计算效率更高,仅需要有限元计算20+93次,当活塞的期望设计寿命为1.4×104时,其疲劳失效概率为1.053%;灵敏度分析结果表明,活塞高度、活塞直径、材料弹性模量和疲劳计算模型参数对可靠性的影响较大,分析结果可为活塞的可靠性设计提供指导。

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杜尊峰,男,1984年生,山东泰安人,教授;主要研究方向为机械结构设计及可靠性分析;E-mail:
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李卫,男,1987年生,山东潍坊人,高级工程师;主要研究方向为机械结构疲劳寿命预测分析;E-mail:

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李卫,男,1987年生,山东潍坊人,高级工程师;主要研究方向为机械结构疲劳寿命预测分析;E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, companyId=1241400392500695336, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.天津大学 建筑工程学院,天津 300354)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241400396380426687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sample point distribution of MCS sampling, figureFileSmall=HvX2XjLYdRJN0OWx1THdow==, figureFileBig=Fwli2hOWiDj2RfFi0xYD+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400396481089988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MCS抽样的样本点分布, figureFileSmall=HvX2XjLYdRJN0OWx1THdow==, figureFileBig=Fwli2hOWiDj2RfFi0xYD+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400396657250764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flow chart for the realization of the proposed method, figureFileSmall=ceFLxpAm0XtG+menYg8PnQ==, figureFileBig=jsVPanJsC8G4YXGiKFOWfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400396757914063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=图2, caption=所提方法实现流程图, figureFileSmall=ceFLxpAm0XtG+menYg8PnQ==, figureFileBig=jsVPanJsC8G4YXGiKFOWfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400396845994453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of sample point distribution for different learning functions in example 1, figureFileSmall=y9iJneCwEM6GRZ6dSGQJfw==, figureFileBig=xLoj8bSxLvePteMfxnqdJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400396959240664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=图3, caption=算例1中不同学习函数样本点分布对比, figureFileSmall=y9iJneCwEM6GRZ6dSGQJfw==, figureFileBig=xLoj8bSxLvePteMfxnqdJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397043126749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Nonlinear system, figureFileSmall=cnlBzF7Eb1DrHs4lNhjVwg==, figureFileBig=+sr2dNIgoKpt8NR7/MkkNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397135401442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=图4, caption=非线性系统, figureFileSmall=cnlBzF7Eb1DrHs4lNhjVwg==, figureFileBig=+sr2dNIgoKpt8NR7/MkkNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397210898918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption= Comparison of the results of 30 runs for different methods, figureFileSmall=FKM93NbDBMHjMmWRKAH7tw==, figureFileBig=U/S0H+CiA9VYCPFFX83pJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397290590699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同方法运行30次的结果对比, figureFileSmall=FKM93NbDBMHjMmWRKAH7tw==, figureFileBig=U/S0H+CiA9VYCPFFX83pJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397391254001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Low-cycle fatigue reliability and sensitivity analysis process of the piston, figureFileSmall=DwllGRtxbra53CGNUgXdZg==, figureFileBig=XFbO1B9OZGCDL1KnX6hI+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397491917303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=图6, caption=活塞的低周疲劳可靠性及灵敏度分析流程, figureFileSmall=DwllGRtxbra53CGNUgXdZg==, figureFileBig=XFbO1B9OZGCDL1KnX6hI+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397592580603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Temperature field distribution of the piston, figureFileSmall=dChl+cqf2FMw5H/L3WF8JA==, figureFileBig=WxR5bPHtYogmIkJ13MKLMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397718409728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=图7, caption=活塞温度场分布, figureFileSmall=dChl+cqf2FMw5H/L3WF8JA==, figureFileBig=WxR5bPHtYogmIkJ13MKLMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397810684422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Coupling strain fields distribution of piston, figureFileSmall=p9sXSozXt6F51Q5pF/MQxg==, figureFileBig=F9Cgxb4/e6XhMPCod+nSqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397894570509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=图8, caption=活塞耦合应变场分布, figureFileSmall=p9sXSozXt6F51Q5pF/MQxg==, figureFileBig=F9Cgxb4/e6XhMPCod+nSqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400397999428117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of random factors on the fatigue reliability of the piston, figureFileSmall=s0hhTQ8DIKBVnA7+pLlwnQ==, figureFileBig=UpwGuQd0AoRL8sXYxE6kdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400398079119897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=图9, caption=随机因素对活塞疲劳可靠性影响, figureFileSmall=s0hhTQ8DIKBVnA7+pLlwnQ==, figureFileBig=UpwGuQd0AoRL8sXYxE6kdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241400398200754720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Common related functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数类型
Function type
R(Xi, Xj, θ)
指数函数
Exponential function
exp(-θ |Xi-Xj)
高斯函数
Gaussian function
exp[-θ(Xi-Xj)2], 0<θ<2
Matérn函数
Matérn function
), ArticleFig(id=1241400399668761124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见的相关函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数类型
Function type
R(Xi, Xj, θ)
指数函数
Exponential function
exp(-θ |Xi-Xj)
高斯函数
Gaussian function
exp[-θ(Xi-Xj)2], 0<θ<2
Matérn函数
Matérn function
), ArticleFig(id=1241400399765230124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of calculation results for example 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法
Method
样本点数
Number of sample points
相对误差
Relative error/%
MCS1×1063.131 07
AK-SS12+383.133 600.080 8
AK-MCS-EFF12+283.110 550.655 4
AK-MCS-U12+443.126 570.143 7
所提方法
Proposed method
12+263.127 200.123 6
), ArticleFig(id=1241400399874282032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

算例1计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法
Method
样本点数
Number of sample points
相对误差
Relative error/%
MCS1×1063.131 07
AK-SS12+383.133 600.080 8
AK-MCS-EFF12+283.110 550.655 4
AK-MCS-U12+443.126 570.143 7
所提方法
Proposed method
12+263.127 200.123 6
), ArticleFig(id=1241400399958168116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Distribution information of random variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量
Variable
分布类型
Distribution type
均值
Average value
标准差
Standard deviation
c1正态分布
Normal distribution
10.1
c2正态分布
Normal distribution
0.10.01
M正态分布
Normal distribution
10.05
R正态分布
Normal distribution
0.50.05
t1正态分布
Normal distribution
10.2
F1正态分布
Normal distribution
10.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400050442806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

随机变量分布信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量
Variable
分布类型
Distribution type
均值
Average value
标准差
Standard deviation
c1正态分布
Normal distribution
10.1
c2正态分布
Normal distribution
0.10.01
M正态分布
Normal distribution
10.05
R正态分布
Normal distribution
0.50.05
t1正态分布
Normal distribution
10.2
F1正态分布
Normal distribution
10.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400121745978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of calculation results for example 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法
Method
样本点数
Number of sample points
相对误差
Relative error/%
MCS1×1062.857 77
FORM483.108 318.7
AK-MCS-EFF12+34.53.032 096.1
AK-SS12+145.12.861 430.13
AK-MCS-U12+136.82.855 300.086
所提方法
Proposed method
12+31.92.831 180.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400188854846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

算例2计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法
Method
样本点数
Number of sample points
相对误差
Relative error/%
MCS1×1062.857 77
FORM483.108 318.7
AK-MCS-EFF12+34.53.032 096.1
AK-SS12+145.12.861 430.13
AK-MCS-U12+136.82.855 300.086
所提方法
Proposed method
12+31.92.831 180.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400285323841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Boundary condition of the temperature field of the piston

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域
Region
温度
Temperature/K
换热系数
Heat transfer coefficient/[W/(m2·K)]
活塞顶部
Piston top
953970
火力岸
Thermal shore
710690
第1环岸
First ring bank
4201 510
第1环槽
First ring groove
4201 370
第2环岸
Second ring bank
3901 510
第2环槽
Second ring groove
3901 370
第3环岸
Third ring bank
3901 510
第3环槽
Third ring groove
3901 370
活塞裙部
Piston skirt
320580
冷却腔
Cooling inner cavity
3701 800
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400369209924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

活塞温度场边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域
Region
温度
Temperature/K
换热系数
Heat transfer coefficient/[W/(m2·K)]
活塞顶部
Piston top
953970
火力岸
Thermal shore
710690
第1环岸
First ring bank
4201 510
第1环槽
First ring groove
4201 370
第2环岸
Second ring bank
3901 510
第2环槽
Second ring groove
3901 370
第3环岸
Third ring bank
3901 510
第3环槽
Third ring groove
3901 370
活塞裙部
Piston skirt
320580
冷却腔
Cooling inner cavity
3701 800
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400448901704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Pressure exerted in each region of the piston

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域Region压力Pressure
活塞顶部Piston topp
火力岸Thermal shorep
第1环岸First ring bank0.75p
第1环槽First ring groove0.75p
第2环岸Second ring bank0.25p
第2环槽Second ring groove0.25p
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400532787786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

活塞各区域施加的压力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域Region压力Pressure
活塞顶部Piston topp
火力岸Thermal shorep
第1环岸First ring bank0.75p
第1环槽First ring groove0.75p
第2环岸Second ring bank0.25p
第2环槽Second ring groove0.25p
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400633451084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Random variable distribution and distribution parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随机变量类型
Random variable type
随机变量
Random variable
分布类型
Distribution type
均值
Average value
变异系数
Coefficient of variation
结构不确定性
Structural uncertainty
活塞直径Piston diameter d/mm正态分布
Normal distribution
820.01
活塞高度Piston height H/mm690.01
活塞燃烧室高度Combustion chamber height of the piston h/mm7.30.01
材料不确定性
Material uncertainty
弹性模量Modulus of elasticity E/MPa正态分布
Normal distribution
5.03×1040.02
材料密度Material density ρ/(kg/m3)2.77×1030.05
载荷及模型不确定性
Uncertainty of the load and model
最大燃气压力
Maximum gas pressure p/MPa
正态分布
Normal distribution
210.05
疲劳计算模型参数
Parameter of fatigue calculation model λ
标准正态分布
Standard normal distribution
0
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400746697294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

随机变量分布及分布参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随机变量类型
Random variable type
随机变量
Random variable
分布类型
Distribution type
均值
Average value
变异系数
Coefficient of variation
结构不确定性
Structural uncertainty
活塞直径Piston diameter d/mm正态分布
Normal distribution
820.01
活塞高度Piston height H/mm690.01
活塞燃烧室高度Combustion chamber height of the piston h/mm7.30.01
材料不确定性
Material uncertainty
弹性模量Modulus of elasticity E/MPa正态分布
Normal distribution
5.03×1040.02
材料密度Material density ρ/(kg/m3)2.77×1030.05
载荷及模型不确定性
Uncertainty of the load and model
最大燃气压力
Maximum gas pressure p/MPa
正态分布
Normal distribution
210.05
疲劳计算模型参数
Parameter of fatigue calculation model λ
标准正态分布
Standard normal distribution
0
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400838971985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Piston fatigue reliability calculations results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法
Method
样本点数
Number of sample points
Ccovpf /%
AK-MCS-U20+5781.0183.12
所提方法
Proposed method
20+931.0533.07
), ArticleFig(id=1241400400994161238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394834016096478, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

活塞低周疲劳可靠性计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法
Method
样本点数
Number of sample points
Ccovpf /%
AK-MCS-U20+5781.0183.12
所提方法
Proposed method
20+931.0533.07
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基于PC-Kriging模型的发动机活塞低周疲劳可靠性分析
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李卫 1, 2 , 李连升 1, 2 , 杜尊峰 3 , 樊涛 3
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(5): 131-139
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(5): 131-139
基于PC-Kriging模型的发动机活塞低周疲劳可靠性分析
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李卫1, 2 , 李连升1, 2, 杜尊峰3 , 樊涛3
作者信息
  • 1.潍柴动力股份有限公司,潍坊 261061
  • 2.内燃机可靠性国家重点实验室,潍坊 261061
  • 3.天津大学 建筑工程学院,天津 300354
  • 李卫,男,1987年生,山东潍坊人,高级工程师;主要研究方向为机械结构疲劳寿命预测分析;E-mail:

通讯作者:

杜尊峰,男,1984年生,山东泰安人,教授;主要研究方向为机械结构设计及可靠性分析;E-mail:
Low-cycle fatigue reliability analysis of engine pistons based on PC-Kriging model
Wei LI1, 2 , Liansheng LI1, 2, Zunfeng DU3 , Tao FAN3
Affiliations
  • 1.Weichai Power Company Limited, Weifang 261061, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Engine Reliability, Weifang 261061, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.015
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低周疲劳是发动机活塞的典型失效模式,为研究多源不确定性因素对活塞低周疲劳可靠性的影响,提高可靠性分析效率,基于Polynomial-Chaos-based Kriging(PC-Kriging)模型和蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo Simulation, MCS),构建了一种新的可靠性计算方法,并通过数值算例证明了该方法的准确性和高效性。以某型柴油发动机活塞组结构为研究对象,基于热-机耦合分析建立活塞有限元模型,综合考虑关键尺寸、材料属性及载荷的不确定性,运用该方法对活塞进行了低周疲劳可靠性分析。可靠性分析结果表明,与同类型方法相比,该方法计算效率更高,仅需要有限元计算20+93次,当活塞的期望设计寿命为1.4×104时,其疲劳失效概率为1.053%;灵敏度分析结果表明,活塞高度、活塞直径、材料弹性模量和疲劳计算模型参数对可靠性的影响较大,分析结果可为活塞的可靠性设计提供指导。

疲劳可靠性  /  活塞  /  PC-Kriging模型  /  学习函数  /  灵敏度分析

Low-cycle fatigue is a typical failure mode of engine pistons. In order to study the influence of multi-source uncertainty factors on the reliability of low-circumference fatigue of pistons and improve the efficiency of the reliability analysis, a new reliability calculation method is constructed based on the polynomial-chaos-based Kriging (PC-Kriging) model and the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and the accuracy and efficiency of this method are proved by numerical examples.Taking the piston group structure of a certain diesel engine as the research object, a finite element model of the piston is established based on the thermal-mechanical coupling analysis, and the reliability analysis of the piston for low-cycle fatigue is carried out by using this method, taking into account the critical dimensions, the material properties, and the uncertainty of the load. The results of the reliability analysis show that, compared with the same type of method, this method is more efficient in calculation, requiring only 20+93 finite element calculations, and the probability of fatigue failure is 1.053% when the expected design life of the piston is 1.4×104. The sensitivity analysis shows that, the height of the piston, the piston diameter,the elasticity modulus of the material, and the parameters of the fatigue calculation model have a greater influence on the reliability. The analysis results can provide a guidance for the reliability design of the piston.

Fatigue reliability  /  Piston  /  PC-Kriging model  /  Learning function  /  Sensitivity analysis
李卫, 李连升, 杜尊峰, 樊涛. 基于PC-Kriging模型的发动机活塞低周疲劳可靠性分析. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (5) : 131 -139 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.015
Wei LI, Liansheng LI, Zunfeng DU, Tao FAN. Low-cycle fatigue reliability analysis of engine pistons based on PC-Kriging model[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (5) : 131 -139 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.015
活塞作为发动机关键部件之一,在发动机工作过程中,其所处的高温、高压环境及其所承受的交变载荷使活塞极易发生疲劳失效[1],而活塞的可靠性直接关系到发动机的可靠性,因此,对活塞进行疲劳可靠性及参数灵敏度分析是保障发动机安全、优化活塞结构的重要举措。
通过整理现有研究可以发现,在活塞疲劳寿命研究方面,TAHAR ABBES等[2]基于有限元仿真分析,研究了某柴油机活塞稳态工况下的热-机耦合问题。李云强等[3]45-51考虑活塞进气冷却的影响,基于Manson-Coffin模型和材料低周疲劳试验,实现了活塞的低周疲劳寿命预测。CHEN等[4]4199-4207评估了活塞组不同区域的应力及疲劳寿命。综上,目前有关活塞疲劳寿命的研究,大多是基于确定性参数的疲劳寿命预测,未考虑随机不确定性因素对活塞疲劳寿命预测的影响。
结构可靠性是指结构在规定的时间内和规定的条件下完成规定功能的能力,考虑到机械结构的功能函数往往是隐式且高度非线性的,因此,基于代理模型的机械结构可靠性分析得到了快速发展[5]。Kriging模型估计方差小且无偏,适用于高度非线性、高维度的复杂结构系统,在可靠性领域备受关注。目前为提高Kriging模型在可靠性求解过程中的效率和精度,主要有以下4个研究方向:①通过对Kriging模型中相关参数θ进行优化以提升拟合精度:陈哲等[6]针对传统的梯度优化易使θ陷入局部最优,采用差分进化算法对参数θ进行全局寻优。②对Kriging模型的改进:HAN等[7-8]在更新Kriging模型的过程中,考虑新增样本点的梯度信息,构建了梯度增强Kriging(Gradient-Enhanced Kriging, GE-Kriging)模型;SCHÖBI等[9]将多项式混沌展开(Polynomial Chaos Expansion, PCE)与Kriging模型相结合,即通过PCE的最优截断集合作为Kriging模型的回归函数部分,提出了多项式混沌Kriging(Polynomial-Chaos-based Kriging, PC-Kriging)模型。③优化添加最佳样本点学习函数:目前应用最广泛的学习函数分别是BICHON等[10]2459-2468提出的预期可行性学习函数(Expected Feasibility Function, EFF)和ECHARD等[11]145-154提出的考虑样本点被错误估计概率最大的点的自适应U学习函数。④选择不同的抽样仿真方法与Kriging模型相结合进行可靠性分析:ZHANG等[12-13]提出了将Kriging模型与子集模拟(Subset Simulation, SS)抽样和重要性抽样(Importance Sampling, IS)相结合的可靠性计算方法。
综上所述,尽管目前基于代理模型的机械机构可靠性分析已广泛应用,但针对发动机活塞疲劳寿命可靠性的相关研究较少。本文考虑PC-Kriging模型相关函数和主动学习函数对模型拟合精度和拟合效率的影响,提出了一种PC-Kriging模型与改进主动学习函数相结合的结构可靠度计算方法,用以对活塞低周疲劳可靠性进行分析。首先通过数值算例验证该方法的正确性及高效性;再利用该方法和活塞的热-机耦合分析,综合考虑关键尺寸、材料属性及载荷的不确定性,构建PC-Kriging模型进行低周疲劳可靠性分析;最后,基于失效概率的全局灵敏度分析方法,研究了不同随机因素对活塞低周疲劳失效概率的影响。
PC-Kriging模型主要利用PCE替代Kriging模型的回归基函数得到,对于任意已知的mn维样本点[X1, X2,…,Xm],其对应的真实响应值为[G(X1), G(X2),…,G(Xm)],则对任意输入向量X与其PC-Kriging模型的预测值可表示为
式中,A为多项式阶数;ψα(X)为多变量标准正交多项式,其系数为yαz(X)为均值为0的高斯随机过程,其方差为σ2,协方差可表示为
式中,R(Xi, Xj, θ)z(Xi)和z(Xj)的相关函数,θR(Xi, Xj, θ)的相关参数,需通过最大似然估计求出。
与Kriging模型类似,在PC-Kriging模型建模过程中,相关函数形式的选择均会对模型的预测精度产生重要影响,忽略相关函数选择不确定性可能会导致模型预测性能不佳。PC-Kriging模型中常用相关函数形式有指数函数、高斯函数、三次函数、Matérn函数等,因此,有必要在构建PC-Kriging模型的过程中,选择预测误差最小的相关函数进行拟合。另外,为了尽可能减少功能函数调用次数,本文选择全局留一交叉验证(Leave One Out Cross Validation,LOOCV)误差作为全局预测误差来对不同相关函数进行筛选。待选择的相关函数具体表达式如表1所示。
由于活塞的低周疲劳寿命Nf与随机因素之间的函数关系呈现出高度非线性、高维度和隐式等特点,且活塞的低周疲劳寿命Nf计算涉及大量的有限元分析计算,计算时间长,所以在构建代理模型时,需要在保证计算精度的情况下尽可能减少有限元分析次数,本文提出一种综合考虑样本点预测误差与样本点贡献的主动学习函数。
1)考虑到基于代理模型进行结构可靠性分析时,当样本点的预测值与真实值同正负时,即使预测误差较大,也不会影响可靠度的计算值。因此,仅需要关注代理模型对样本点的正负预测准确性即可,定义Kriging模型对样本点X预测符号错误的风险度量[14]
式中,G(X)为样本点X真实值;X预测值,则Kriging模型对样本点X预测符号错误的风险期望定义为
式中,σ(X)为Kriging模型的预测方差;Φ(·)、 φ(·)分别为标准正态分布的累积分布函数和概率密度函数。
2)样本点对于失效概率的贡献也是重要因素之一,以本文的算例1来说明样本点分布对失效概率求解的影响。假设x1x2相互独立且x1N(1.5, 1),x2N(2.5, 1),利用蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo Simulation, MCS)抽取5×105个样本点,如图1所示。由“3σ原则”可知,大量样本点位于3σ区间内,仅有少量样本点位于3σ区间外,对失效概率的影响仅为10-5量级。因此,为了避免样本点添加过程中抽取到边缘样本点,增加计算量,有必要考虑随机变量的概率密度函数对样本点抽取的影响。
3)结构可靠度的求解精度主要取决于极限状态函数附近的拟合精度,因此,在抽取样本点时,应该优先考虑极限状态函数附近的样本点。结合以上3个特点,本文提出一种主动学习函数表达式:
式中,f(X)为变量X的联合概率密度函数,根据式(5)选择fEIF(X)值最大的样本点Xbest1作为待添加样本点,更新Kriging模型,直到满足收敛要求,收敛准则如式(6)所示。
式中,K为已添加的样本点;k次迭代的平均概率;为添加第i个样本点后的失效概率。综合考虑计算精度和效率,参考文献[15]的分析及取值说明,本文设置ε=0.01,k=8。
基于自适应PC-Kriging模型和MCS抽样,结合本文提出的主动学习函数的可靠度计算方法,其主要流程如图2所示。
主要步骤如下:
1)采用MCS抽样构建候选样本池,根据随机变量的分布类型,抽取m个样本点作为样本池,Nmc=[X1, X2, X3,…,Xm]。
2)采用拉丁超立方抽样(Latin Hypercube Sampling,LHS)法生成试验设计(Design of Experiment, DoE)中的初始样本点[X1, X2,…,Xn],并根据功能函数计算其真实响应值[G(X1), G(X2),…,G(Xn)]。
3)根据DoE中的初始样本点及真实响应值构建不同相关函数的PC-Kriging模型,并计算LOOCV误差,选择最优的PC-Kriging模型,根据PC-Kriging模型去计算候选样本池中所有点的预测均值和标准差。
4)根据步骤3)中的结果,按照式(3)~式(5)计算fEIF(X),选择最优样本点Xbest1
5)根据停止准则判断是否需要更新PC-Kriging模型,若不满足,则将最优样本点Xbest1作为新的样本点加入DoE中,跳转到步骤3),否则,执行下一步。
6)基于PC-Kriging模型的预测均值,采用MCS计算失效概率和变异系数Ccovpf,当Ccovpf≤0.05时,执行下一步,否则,更新样本池Nmc,执行步骤1)。
7)结果收敛,根据式(8)输出结构失效概率
式中,I(∙)为失效指示函数。当X<0时,I(∙)=1;当X≥0时,I(∙)=0。
为验证本文方法的有效性,现通过两个数值算例进行验证,每一个算例均使用本文所提方法和常用的AK-MCS-U[11]145-154、AK-MCS-EFF[10]2459-2468、MCS、AK-SS[16]等方法进行计算比较,验证本文所提方法计算可靠度的有效性和正确性。
本算例功能函数如式(9)所示[10]2459-2468
式中,x1x2相互独立且均服从正态分布,x1N(1.5, 1),x2N(2.5, 1)。
首先根据变量分布函数和MCS抽样构建候选样本池,再利用LHS方法获得初始样本,并根据式(9)获得真实响应值,拟合初始的PC-Kriging模型,然后根据学习函数不断更新PC-Kriging模型直至收敛,输出求解结果。
图3展示了三类学习函数——U函数、EFF函数和本文所提主动学习函数的添加样本点分布,结合表2可以看出,虽然U函数在极限状态附近的拟合度最好,求解精度较高,但U函数的停止准则过于严苛,容易造成选点浪费和局部集中,导致调用功能函数次数最多,而EFF函数虽然调用功能函数次数较少,但在极限状态附近的拟合精度较差。本文所提主动学习函数分布最合理,在保证精度相近的情况下,调用次数最少,为12+26次。这是因为PC-Kriging模型作为一种改进Kriging模型,能更有效地模拟出功能函数的全局状态,同时,考虑样本点的贡献后,能减少更新PC-Kriging模型过程中的无效加点,在保证精度的同时使模型更快收敛。
6维随机非线性系统如图4所示[11]145-154[17],功能函数为
式中,。6个随机变量分布如表3所示。
与算例1的求解流程类似,首先根据变量[c1, c2, M, R, t1, F1]的分布函数,生成1×106个候选样本池,然后利用LHS方法在样本池中抽取12个样本点作为初始样本点进行迭代计算。同时,为减少随机性对结果的影响,分别对本文所提方法、AK-MCS-U、AK-MCS-EFF、MCS、FORM、AK-SS进行30次计算,30次计算结果的平均值如表4所示,30次计算结果的失效概率和调用功能函数的次数如图5所示。
结合表4图5可以看出,AK-MCS-U与AK-SS方法的精度虽然最高,但是其调用功能函数的次数最多,当功能函数的响应值需要大量有限元仿真计算时,计算成本较高,AK-MCS-EFF方法和传统的FORM法,在计算高维非线性可靠性时,虽然计算效率较高,调用功能函数次数较少,但精度较低,不能满足工程实际要求。而本文所提方法不但保持了高精度,而且使调用功能函数次数明显降低,计算30次的平均调用次数也最低。
柴油机在启停工况下的温度和应力大幅变化是导致活塞产生低周疲劳失效的主要原因。为了对活塞在启停工况下的低周疲劳寿命进行可靠性及灵敏度分析,首先需要在确定性条件下对活塞进行热-机耦合分析,并基于试验数据及其统计,分析其不确定因素,然后在考虑不确定性因素影响下结合本文所提的方法,完成活塞的低周疲劳寿命可靠性及灵敏度分析,具体分析流程如图6所示。
活塞的有限元分析主要包括活塞的温度场分析、机械应力分析以及热-机耦合分析。活塞有限元分析主要步骤是:以某四缸四冲程柴油发动机的铝合金活塞为例,首先构建活塞三维模型,本算例研究的活塞组主要包括活塞、活塞销和连杆组成的装配体。基于第3类热边界条件确定活塞的温度场,通过燃烧仿真与经验公式相结合获得不同部位的热边界条件[3]45-51[4]4199-4207,最终的温度场边界条件如表5所示,在Workbench中模拟得到活塞温度场如图7所示。
柴油机工作过程中,活塞主要受到缸内气体爆发压力、往复惯性力以及侧推力等机械载荷和燃烧室的热载荷的作用[3]45-51。活塞顶面、火力岸和活塞第1、第2道环处的加载载荷如表6所示,第3道活塞环受爆发压力影响较小,忽略不计。p为缸内最高爆发压力,可采用GT-power计算缸内瞬时压力曲线,得到p为17.78 MPa,并以面载荷形式均匀施加缸内爆发压力,往复惯性力以及侧推力的施加方式按照文献[3]45-51所述方式进行施加。然后,采用顺序耦合法进行热-机耦合分析,计算得出活塞的应变场仿真结果,如图8所示。
由于活塞结构复杂,结构尺寸参数众多,若将其全部作为随机变量进行分析,计算成本巨大,所以可通过应力敏感因子筛选出对活塞耦合应力场影响较大的关键尺寸[18]。同时,由于制造工艺的限制,机械零部件的实际结构参数与设计结构参数总存在一定差异。为了保证机械零部件的互换性和装配性,须将零部件的实际结构参数控制在允许变动的范围内,这个允许的尺寸变动量称为尺寸公差。工程中通常认为机械零部件的结构尺寸服从正态分布,因此,本文将关键尺寸的均值取为活塞的名义尺寸,边界根据结构尺寸公差按照“3σ原则”确定[19]13-84
本文选用常见的低周疲劳寿命预测模型——Manson-Coffin模型,来计算活塞的疲劳寿命,如式(11)所示。同时,根据铝合金的低周疲劳试验数据,通过线性异方差回归分析,量化模型参数的不确定性,得到如式(12)所示的低周疲劳概率寿命模型[19]13-84
式中,εt为最大应变;εe为弹性应变;εp为塑性应变;为疲劳强度系数;b为疲劳强度指数;为疲劳延性系数;c为疲劳延性指数;λ为标准正态分布随机变量,其主要表征了材料性能的随机性对材料疲劳寿命随机分布的影响。
最后,考虑材料和载荷的分散性,选取材料密度ρ、弹性模量E和最大燃气压力P作为随机变量。并假设所述随机变量符合正态分布,其均值和变异系数如表7所示。
针对活塞低周疲劳失效概率,结合活塞的热-机耦合有限元分析结果,建立基于主动学习函数和PC-Kriging模型的可靠性模型,计算启停工况下发动机活塞的失效概率,首先确定功能函数,结合式(12)和载荷-寿命干涉模型定义功能函数为
式中,Nd为活塞的设计预期疲劳寿命,本文取活塞的设计预期疲劳寿命为1.4×104Nf为基于有限元计算预测的活塞疲劳寿命,当Nf>Nd时,则判定活塞寿命可靠,否则,则认为失效。
然后,根据随机变量分布和MCS抽样构建候选样本池,设置候选样本池大小为1×106,并采用LHS方法抽取20个初始样本构建初始PC-Kriging模型,根据学习函数不断更新PC-Kriging模型直至符合精度要求。
同时,由于利用MCS进行活塞低周疲劳可靠性分析涉及大量有限元计算,实际操作比较困难,为验证本文所采取方法的准确性,本文使用AK-MCS-U对活塞的低周疲劳可靠性进行求解以做对比。最终结果如表8所示。由表8可以看出,本文所提方法对活塞的低周疲劳可靠性进行分析具有较高的计算效率,与AK-MCS-U相比,结果基本一致,但后者需要调用功能函数20+578次,而本文方法只需要20+93次,能有效地减少有限元分析计算量,极大地节省了计算时间。可见针对活塞低周疲劳可靠性分析,本文方法可以高效地得到较为准确的分析结果。
基于失效概率的全局灵敏度分析指研究随机变量的不确定性对可靠性或者失效概率的贡献大小,CUI等[20]提出了一种基于失效概率的矩独立全局灵敏度分析方法,其表达式为(14)
式中,χi表示第i个变量Xi对失效概率的影响程度;Xi为随机变量矩阵X的第i个变量;为无条件失效概率;Xi取某一定值的条件失效概率;可由前文构建的PC-Kriging模型求解。结合式(14)和构建的活塞低周疲劳可靠性PC-Kriging模型对随机因素的全局灵敏度进行分析,计算结果如图9所示。由图9可以看出,疲劳寿命计算参数λ、活塞高度H、活塞直径d、弹性模量E对活塞的低周疲劳可靠性影响因素较大,因此在活塞的结构设计和优化过程中需要对这4个随机因素的不确定性加以控制,以降低其对活塞可靠性的影响。
针对某柴油发动机在启停工况下易发生低周疲劳失效,开展其疲劳可靠性分析研究,基于PC-Kriging模型计算了某型活塞的低周疲劳可靠性,并对随机因素的全局灵敏度指标进行计算分析。主要结论如下:
1)针对活塞的热-机耦合分析涉及大量的有限元仿真计算,从而导致其可靠性分析的计算成本较高,提出了一种PC-Kriging模型与学习函数相结合的可靠性计算方法,数值算例表明,该方法的拟合精度和计算速度与MCS和AK-MCS相比均有较大提升,证明了该方法是一种高效的可靠性计算方法,适用于高维度、高度非线性且功能函数为隐式的可靠性分析问题。
2)综合考虑多源不确定性对活塞低周疲劳可靠性的影响,运用本文所提方法对某型柴油发动机活塞进行疲劳可靠性分析,结果表明,该方法在保证精度的情况下能有效减少有限元计算量,提高计算效率,当活塞的期望设计寿命为1.4×104时,其失效概率为1.053%。并通过全局灵敏度分析得出了对活塞低周疲劳可靠性影响较大的关键因素,其结果可以为活塞的结构设计及优化提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51109158)
  • 内燃机可靠性国家重点实验室开放课题项目(skler-202112)
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2025年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.015
  • 接收时间:2023-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-22
  • 修回日期:2023-11-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51109158)
国家自然科学基金项目(51109158)
Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Engine Reliability(skler-202112)
内燃机可靠性国家重点实验室开放课题项目(skler-202112)
作者信息
    1.潍柴动力股份有限公司,潍坊 261061
    2.内燃机可靠性国家重点实验室,潍坊 261061
    3.天津大学 建筑工程学院,天津 300354

通讯作者:

杜尊峰,男,1984年生,山东泰安人,教授;主要研究方向为机械结构设计及可靠性分析;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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