Article(id=1241394833487614170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690387200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-27, revisedDate=1696435200000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773901192304, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773901192304, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773901192304, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901192304, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241394830056681606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773901191486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773901239759, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241395032599613637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241394830056681606, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=80, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241394833823158492, articleId=1241394833487614170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Research on bearing fault diagnosis based on improved northern goshawk algorithm optimizing SVM, columnId=1228282191914926752, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Vibration·Noise·Monitoring·Diagnosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An improved northern goshawk optimization (INGO) algorithm was proposed to address the local optimization problem that swarm intelligence algorithms often encounter when optimizing support vector machine (SVM) models, and it was applied to fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. By introducing an adaptive inertia weight factor based on the cosine variation and a Cauchy mutation strategy, the northern goshawk optimization (NGO) algorithm was improved, and an INGO-SVM fault diagnosis model was constructed using SVM. In order to evaluate the performance of the improved algorithm,firstly, benchmark testing functions were used for experiments, and the improved algorithm was compared with existing optimization algorithms such as NGO, particle swarm optimization (PSO), sparrow search algorithm (SSA), etc. The results show that the performance of the improved algorithm is improved to a certain extent. At the same time, the original diagnostic signals were feature extracted through wavelet packet decomposition and divided into 10 categories. The energy of each frequency band in the 3rd layer was used as the feature vector and input into the fault diagnosis model. Finally, the performance of the improved algorithm was compared with the other three algorithms in optimizing SVM parameters for fault classification. The results show that the improved algorithm can effectively and accurately achieve different fault classifications, with an accuracy rate of 99.39%, verifying the effectiveness and feasibility of this method.

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LI Quwei, E-mail:
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针对群智能算法优化支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)模型时容易遭遇局部最优的问题,提出一种改进北方苍鹰优化(Improved Northern Goshawk Optimization, INGO)算法,并将其应用于滚动轴承的故障诊断。通过引入基于余弦变化的自适应惯性权重因子以及柯西变异策略来改进北方苍鹰优化(Northern Goshawk Optimization, NGO)算法,并结合SVM构建INGO-SVM故障诊断模型。为评估改进算法的性能,首先,使用基准测试函数进行了试验,并将改进算法与现有的NGO、粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)算法、麻雀搜索算法(Sparrow Search Algorithm,SSA)等进行比较,改进算法的性能在一定程度上有所提升。然后,通过小波包分解对原始诊断信号进行特征提取并划分出10种类别,使用第3层各频段的能量作为特征向量,输入到故障诊断模型;最后,比较了改进算法与其他3种算法在优化SVM参数进行故障分类时的性能。结果表明,改进算法能够有效准确地实现不同故障的分类,准确率可达99.39%,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。

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李渠伟,男,1999年生,陕西渭南人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为机械设备状态监测及故障诊断;E-mail:
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吴晓君,女,1964年生,陕西西安人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为先进制造技术;E-mail:

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吴晓君,女,1964年生,陕西西安人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为先进制造技术;E-mail:

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吴晓君,女,1964年生,陕西西安人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为先进制造技术;E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1241400395449299032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394833487614170, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Benchmark test functions

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测试函数
Test function
搜索范围
Search scope
理论值
Theoretical value
F1(x)=maxi{|xi|,1≤in}[-100,100]0
[-32,32]0
[-65,65]1
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基准测试函数

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测试函数
Test function
搜索范围
Search scope
理论值
Theoretical value
F1(x)=maxi{|xi|,1≤in}[-100,100]0
[-32,32]0
[-65,65]1
), ArticleFig(id=1241400395638042718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394833487614170, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Categories and labels

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标签
Label
故障尺寸
Fault size /mm
故障位置
Fault location
10.177 8滚动体Rolling element
20.355 6滚动体Rolling element
30.533 4滚动体Rolling element
40.177 8内圈Inner ring
50.355 6内圈Inner ring
60.533 4内圈Inner ring
70.177 8外圈Outer ring
80.355 6外圈Outer ring
90.533 4外圈Outer ring
100.177 8正常Normal
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类别与标签

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标签
Label
故障尺寸
Fault size /mm
故障位置
Fault location
10.177 8滚动体Rolling element
20.355 6滚动体Rolling element
30.533 4滚动体Rolling element
40.177 8内圈Inner ring
50.355 6内圈Inner ring
60.533 4内圈Inner ring
70.177 8外圈Outer ring
80.355 6外圈Outer ring
90.533 4外圈Outer ring
100.177 8正常Normal
), ArticleFig(id=1241400395843563620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394833487614170, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Energy eigenvalue of wavelet packet decomposition

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故障位置
Fault location
故障尺寸
Fault size/mm
E1E2E3E4E5E6E7E8
滚动体
Rolling element
0.177 80.007 140.007 380.001 400.013 050.023 420.001 700.005 100.001 30
0.008 080.005 080.000 720.013 020.021 350.004 020.003 640.003 35
0.355 60.014 040.015 790.001 040.003 750.004 000.001 660.005 880.000 64
0.011 110.013 960.001 080.003 840.004 490.000 900.005 950.000 54
0.533 40.014 470.008 230.001 230.009 880.013 590.005 640.020 640.001 52
0.011 480.009 610.000 520.009 340.013 370.004 140.022 100.002 76
内圈
Inner ring
0.177 80.044 030.237 500.031 590.057 040.072 390.086 600.074 960.027 74
0.047 060.246 840.024 330.057 980.071 480.031 610.061 670.016 49
0.355 60.038 070.010 880.007 820.019 310.039 370.050 910.029 420.021 91
0.034 190.006 340.003 150.020 950.044 810.019 020.028 780.007 57
0.533 40.161 440.089 870.011 740.249 420.242 680.020 980.038 390.016 32
0.152 490.113 550.012 350.249 780.263 480.015 760.038 670.021 49
外圈
Outer ring
0.177 80.026 620.042 960.019 710.343 420.404 540.157 880.289 320.213 38
0.027 220.036 360.018 700.312 080.383 250.141 780.426 250.237 26
0.355 60.009 430.007 590.000 470.003 610.009 580.007 640.045 400.016 64
0.009 160.003 950.000 280.003 670.008 180.009 360.030 870.025 67
0.533 40.293 750.216 370.057 300.485 160.454 540.680 800.124 550.571 83
0.300 650.266 790.040 540.363 050.432 970.081 040.124 310.032 01
正常
Normal
0.177 80.012 340.070 950.001 040.000 000.000 000.000 030.000 440.000 03
0.011 440.078 140.000 990.000 020.000 010.000 010.000 290.000 06
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小波包分解能量特征值

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故障位置
Fault location
故障尺寸
Fault size/mm
E1E2E3E4E5E6E7E8
滚动体
Rolling element
0.177 80.007 140.007 380.001 400.013 050.023 420.001 700.005 100.001 30
0.008 080.005 080.000 720.013 020.021 350.004 020.003 640.003 35
0.355 60.014 040.015 790.001 040.003 750.004 000.001 660.005 880.000 64
0.011 110.013 960.001 080.003 840.004 490.000 900.005 950.000 54
0.533 40.014 470.008 230.001 230.009 880.013 590.005 640.020 640.001 52
0.011 480.009 610.000 520.009 340.013 370.004 140.022 100.002 76
内圈
Inner ring
0.177 80.044 030.237 500.031 590.057 040.072 390.086 600.074 960.027 74
0.047 060.246 840.024 330.057 980.071 480.031 610.061 670.016 49
0.355 60.038 070.010 880.007 820.019 310.039 370.050 910.029 420.021 91
0.034 190.006 340.003 150.020 950.044 810.019 020.028 780.007 57
0.533 40.161 440.089 870.011 740.249 420.242 680.020 980.038 390.016 32
0.152 490.113 550.012 350.249 780.263 480.015 760.038 670.021 49
外圈
Outer ring
0.177 80.026 620.042 960.019 710.343 420.404 540.157 880.289 320.213 38
0.027 220.036 360.018 700.312 080.383 250.141 780.426 250.237 26
0.355 60.009 430.007 590.000 470.003 610.009 580.007 640.045 400.016 64
0.009 160.003 950.000 280.003 670.008 180.009 360.030 870.025 67
0.533 40.293 750.216 370.057 300.485 160.454 540.680 800.124 550.571 83
0.300 650.266 790.040 540.363 050.432 970.081 040.124 310.032 01
正常
Normal
0.177 80.012 340.070 950.001 040.000 000.000 000.000 030.000 440.000 03
0.011 440.078 140.000 990.000 020.000 010.000 010.000 290.000 06
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INGO-SVM parameters setting

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种群数量
Population size
迭代次数
Iteration times
优化参数
Optimization parameter
搜索范围
Search scope
1020c[0.1 , 100]
g[0.01 , 1 000]
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INGO-SVM参数设置

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种群数量
Population size
迭代次数
Iteration times
优化参数
Optimization parameter
搜索范围
Search scope
1020c[0.1 , 100]
g[0.01 , 1 000]
), ArticleFig(id=1241400396212662383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241394833487614170, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Parameter optimization results

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算法模型
Algorithm model
惩罚因子
Penalty factor c
核参数
Kernel parameter g
准确率
Accuracy/%
寻优时间
Optimization time/s
INGO-SVM37.350 128.734 899.3953.31
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参数优化结果

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算法模型
Algorithm model
惩罚因子
Penalty factor c
核参数
Kernel parameter g
准确率
Accuracy/%
寻优时间
Optimization time/s
INGO-SVM37.350 128.734 899.3953.31
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Comparison of classification results of four models

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算法模型
Algorithm model
PSO-SVMSSA-SVMNGO-SVMINGO-SVM
平均准确率
Average accuracy/%
97.445 097.513 998.842 999.202 8
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4种模型分类结果对比

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算法模型
Algorithm model
PSO-SVMSSA-SVMNGO-SVMINGO-SVM
平均准确率
Average accuracy/%
97.445 097.513 998.842 999.202 8
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基于改进北方苍鹰算法优化SVM的轴承故障诊断研究
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吴晓君 , 李渠伟
机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025,47(5): 80-89
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机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025, 47(5): 80-89
基于改进北方苍鹰算法优化SVM的轴承故障诊断研究
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吴晓君 , 李渠伟
作者信息
  • 西安建筑科技大学 机电工程学院,西安 710055
  • 吴晓君,女,1964年生,陕西西安人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为先进制造技术;E-mail:

通讯作者:

李渠伟,男,1999年生,陕西渭南人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为机械设备状态监测及故障诊断;E-mail:
Research on bearing fault diagnosis based on improved northern goshawk algorithm optimizing SVM
Xiaojun WU , Quwei LI
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.010
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针对群智能算法优化支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)模型时容易遭遇局部最优的问题,提出一种改进北方苍鹰优化(Improved Northern Goshawk Optimization, INGO)算法,并将其应用于滚动轴承的故障诊断。通过引入基于余弦变化的自适应惯性权重因子以及柯西变异策略来改进北方苍鹰优化(Northern Goshawk Optimization, NGO)算法,并结合SVM构建INGO-SVM故障诊断模型。为评估改进算法的性能,首先,使用基准测试函数进行了试验,并将改进算法与现有的NGO、粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)算法、麻雀搜索算法(Sparrow Search Algorithm,SSA)等进行比较,改进算法的性能在一定程度上有所提升。然后,通过小波包分解对原始诊断信号进行特征提取并划分出10种类别,使用第3层各频段的能量作为特征向量,输入到故障诊断模型;最后,比较了改进算法与其他3种算法在优化SVM参数进行故障分类时的性能。结果表明,改进算法能够有效准确地实现不同故障的分类,准确率可达99.39%,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。

故障诊断  /  改进北方苍鹰优化算法  /  柯西变异策略  /  小波包分解  /  支持向量机

An improved northern goshawk optimization (INGO) algorithm was proposed to address the local optimization problem that swarm intelligence algorithms often encounter when optimizing support vector machine (SVM) models, and it was applied to fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. By introducing an adaptive inertia weight factor based on the cosine variation and a Cauchy mutation strategy, the northern goshawk optimization (NGO) algorithm was improved, and an INGO-SVM fault diagnosis model was constructed using SVM. In order to evaluate the performance of the improved algorithm,firstly, benchmark testing functions were used for experiments, and the improved algorithm was compared with existing optimization algorithms such as NGO, particle swarm optimization (PSO), sparrow search algorithm (SSA), etc. The results show that the performance of the improved algorithm is improved to a certain extent. At the same time, the original diagnostic signals were feature extracted through wavelet packet decomposition and divided into 10 categories. The energy of each frequency band in the 3rd layer was used as the feature vector and input into the fault diagnosis model. Finally, the performance of the improved algorithm was compared with the other three algorithms in optimizing SVM parameters for fault classification. The results show that the improved algorithm can effectively and accurately achieve different fault classifications, with an accuracy rate of 99.39%, verifying the effectiveness and feasibility of this method.

Fault diagnosis  /  Improved northern goshawk optimization algorithm  /  Cauchy mutation strategy  /  Wavelet packet decomposition  /  Support vector machine
吴晓君, 李渠伟. 基于改进北方苍鹰算法优化SVM的轴承故障诊断研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (5) : 80 -89 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.010
Xiaojun WU, Quwei LI. Research on bearing fault diagnosis based on improved northern goshawk algorithm optimizing SVM[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (5) : 80 -89 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.010
滚动轴承是旋转机械设备不可或缺的重要组成部分,广泛地运用于各种不同类型的设备上,如飞行器、汽车、机器人等[1]。滚动轴承的工作环境通常较为恶劣,在一些高强度的工作中,其发生故障的概率极高,对于生产系统的安全性有非常大的影响。数据显示,45%~55%的旋转机械故障可能来自滚动轴承,在电动机领域,轴承故障所占的比例达到40%,甚至更高[2]。因此,有效监测和诊断轴承的健康状态,对于降低旋转机械中故障的发生率,保证生产系统安全稳定地运行是十分重要的。
近年来,人工智能技术兴起,故障诊断技术也随之向智能化靠近,越来越多的新兴智能方法逐渐代替传统的人工操作,将传感器检测数据与机器学习相结合的数据驱动方法成为该领域内的研究热点[3],常见的故障特征识别方法主要有神经网络、随机森林、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)等。李涛等[4]根据神经网络模型缺乏对环境的适应性问题,提出一种粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法与卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network, CNN)相结合的故障诊断模型,将信号的二维时频图作为模型的输入进行故障识别;张钰等[5]100-104提出一种随机森林诊断方法,该方法建立在分类回归树模型的基础上,旨在提高故障诊断的准确性;针对经验模态分解技术中普遍存在的端点效应问题,徐可等[6]提出一种改进方法,该方法通过将改进后的经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)法与PSO算法相结合,对SVM进行优化以实现故障分类,并验证了其有效性。上述方法在故障诊断中都可以发挥很重要的作用,神经网络可以高效地对故障类别进行诊断,但是本身泛化能力弱,而且参数较多,相对来说较为复杂;随机森林是多个决策树的组合,具有较强的抗过拟合能力,而且比较稳定,但是对数据要求较高,如果环境中包含噪声,抗过拟合能力也会随之降低;相比于其他两种方法,SVM适应性强,要求较低,即使在样本数量较少的情况下,SVM仍具有出色的分类推广能力,并且相对于神经网络而言,具备更强的泛化能力。
鉴于SVM在轴承故障诊断领域展现出杰出的分类普适性,该方法已被广泛采用。然而,惩罚因子c和核参数g的选择直接影响SVM的分类性能。因此,为充分发挥SVM的优势,合理优化这两个因素是至关重要的。对此,国内外不少研究人员引入各种群智能算法和改进策略去优化SVM参数。赵春华等[7]利用深度学习提取故障特征,并提出了一种鲸鱼优化算法来优化SVM的故障诊断模型;许迪等[8]将量子计算与遗传算法相结合,通过改进后的遗传算法来优化SVM参数,在一定程度上增强了诊断精度;李昕燃等[9]指出,目前算法在解决故障诊断中存在不易跳出局部极值和准确率低等问题,为了解决这些问题,提出了一种改进麻雀算法优化SVM参数的方法;吐松江·卡日等[10]提出一种基于遗传算法和SVM的诊断方法,从而有效地诊断轴承故障;针对变工况下故障分类精度不高,唐贵基等[11]提出一种将快速谱相关方法和粒子群优化相结合,然后通过SVM进行诊断的变工况状态识别方法;章涛等[12]提出一种北方苍鹰优化(Northern Goshawk Optimization, NGO)算法,来解决变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition, VMD)参数难选择问题,并将其应用于轴承故障诊断中,并进行了验证;EL-DABAH等[13]提出一种北方苍鹰优化的实际应用问题,用于光伏组件三、二极管模型的参数识别。然而,由于群智能算法本身的固有缺陷,上述算法常常面临局部最优、迭代时间长和泛化能力不足等问题。因此,对于群智能算法的进一步改进仍然具有重要意义。
针对上述问题,提出一种改进北方苍鹰优化(Improved Northern Goshawk Optimization, INGO)算法来优化SVM的故障诊断模型。在这个模型中,我们对原始信号进行3层小波包分解,并从第3层分解结果中提取了各频段的能量作为故障特征。采用INGO算法对SVM的2个参数进行迭代优化,建立INGO-SVM故障模型,进而将故障样本根据不同特点完成分类识别。通过试验对10种不同类别的样本进行分类,并与PSO算法、麻雀搜索算法(Sparrow Search Algorithm, SSA)和NGO算法进行比较,验证了改进算法的可行性和稳固性。
北方苍鹰是一种中大型肉食性鸟类,遍布欧亚大陆和北美洲,特别喜欢栖息于北半球温带森林以及寒带森林。2022年,DEHGHANI等[14]提出的NGO算法可以有效地模拟北方苍鹰的捕食行为,从而更好地体现其捕食策略。捕食策略分为2个阶段:猎物识别和攻击(探索阶段)、追捕和逃跑(开发阶段),如图1所示。
NGO算法是一种基于种群的优化算法,在优化算法中,北方苍鹰担任的是搜索成员,苍鹰种群可用种群矩阵来表示,种群矩阵由多个向量组成,每个向量代表一只苍鹰,用数学描述为
式中,X为北方苍鹰的种群矩阵;Xi为第i只北方苍鹰的位置;xij为第i只北方苍鹰的第j维位置;N为种群数量;m为求解问题的维度。
在NGO算法中,求解问题的目标函数可以用来计算北方苍鹰的目标函数值,北方苍鹰种群的目标函数值可以用目标函数值向量表示为
式中,F为北方苍鹰种群的目标函数向量;Fi为第i个北方苍鹰的目标函数值。
北方苍鹰在探索阶段随机选择一个猎物并迅速对其发起攻击,由于在搜索空间中苍鹰选择猎物是随机的,并且进行全局搜索来确定最佳区域,因此在这一阶段增加了NGO算法的探索能力。北方苍鹰进行猎物识别与攻击的行为可用数学式[15]描述为
式中,Pi为第i个北方苍鹰的猎物的位置;Pij为第i个北方苍鹰在第j维对应猎物的位置;FPi为第i个北方苍鹰猎物对应位置的目标函数值;k为[1,N]内的随机整数;为第i个北方苍鹰的新位置;为第i个北方苍鹰在第j维的新位置;为第i个北方苍鹰新位置对应的目标函数值;l'为[0,1]范围内的随机数;E为1或2的随机整数。
在北方苍鹰的追捕下,猎物会迅速逃离进行自保。然而,北方苍鹰有着超群的速度和敏捷性,无论猎物如何逃跑都会被抓住。这种行为的模拟对NGO算法在搜索空间中进行局部搜索能力的提升起到了很大的促进作用,可将此阶段描述为
式中,R为线性收缩因子;r为随机扰动参数,通常取[0,1];t为当前迭代次数;T为最大迭代次数;为第2阶段更新后第i个北方苍鹰新位置对应的目标函数值。
连续迭代后,由于迭代后期收敛方式的改变,NGO算法容易陷入局部最优,为提高算法寻优能力,使得在全局搜索和局部开发能力之间取得良好的平衡,刘翕铭等[16]引入基于余弦变化的自适应惯性权重因子来更新北方苍鹰的位置,表达式为
式中,ωmax为惯性权重初始值;ωmin为惯性权重结束值。通常ωmax取0.9,ωmin取0.4。
引入惯性因子后位置更新表达式为
为避免在后续迭代中出现局部最优,需要对当前最优苍鹰进行干扰,以提高种群的多样性,使其摆脱局部最优,继续寻找新的位置。本文在开发阶段将柯西变异策略引入到苍鹰的更新表达式中,利用柯西变异干扰苍鹰位置更新中的个体,提高算法的局部优化能力。干扰之后的位置表达式为
式中,fCauchy(0,1)为标准柯西分布函数;⊕相当于乘。
以原点为中心的一维柯西变异函数[17]
柯西分布与标准正态分布的相似之处在于,它是一个连续的概率分布,但其趋近于零的速度相对较慢,会产生较大的扰动。因此,利用柯西变异干扰个体可以增强算法的局部搜索能力。
为考察改良算法的性能和优化效果,通过单峰、多峰、复合基准函数分别对算法的开发能力、搜索能力以及综合能力进行评估,每种模式分别选取一个测试函数,并且对算法的参数进行相同的设定,种群数量为100,迭代次数为1 000[18]。基准测试函数如表1所示。
利用测试函数在Matlab软件中编程,将本文改进算法和SSA、PSO、NGO这3种算法进行评估对比,测试结果曲线如图2所示。
图2可知,4种算法在搜索最优解时,INGO算法的收敛速度相对较快。由图2(a)、图2(b)可以看出,SSA提前收敛,陷入局部极值,相比NGO、PSO算法,INGO算法的适应度值效果更好。综上所述,INGO算法的寻优能力与稳定性较好,可为轴承的故障诊断提供理论依据。
SVM是由KASHEF[19]提出的,它是一种基于统计学的二分类模型,采用的是结构风险最小化理论。其核心概念是将输入数据转化为高维空间中的向量来实现样本分类,在高维空间内寻找一个最佳的划分超平面,如图3所示,以将不同类别的样本有效地区分开来,并确保各个样本与该划分超平面之间的距离最大化,从而提高其泛化能力。轴承故障诊断属于非线性多分类问题,利用SVM进行非线性多分类可用数学表达式[20]描述为
式中,ω为超平面法向量;c为惩罚因子;ξi为松弛变量;xi为输入样本;yi为故障类型;b为偏置量;ϕ(xi)为非线性映射函数;l为采样数。
将样本数据集映射到高维空间,并构造拉格朗日函数和决策函数为
式中,αiβi为拉格朗日乘子;K(xxi)为核函数;x为特征向量。
SVM分类效果受核函数的影响较大,高斯函数具有很好的泛化能力,并且需要确定的自由参数也只有一个g,故选取核函数为
SVM分类器对故障类别的分类准确率严重依赖于惩罚因子c和核参数g的选择,c影响模型的稳定性和复杂度,g影响故障诊断率,因此,选取最佳的cg可以在很大程度上提高故障诊断精度。
为了提升故障分类精度,本文采用群智能算法INGO对SVM模型参数进行动态迭代优化,构建INGO-SVM故障诊断模型,总体设计流程如图4所示,包括以下具体步骤:
步骤1:对初始振动信号进行小波包分解,计算分解后每个子频带的分解系数的信号能量值,并将其作为故障特征向量,再按照7:3的比例划分为训练集和测试集,之后对训练集和测试集进行归一化处理。
步骤2:初始化北方苍鹰算法参数,设定种群数、最大迭代数、优化参数维度以及初始值边界条件。
步骤3:通过式(3)随机选择猎物,对搜索空间进行全局搜索,引入自适应余弦变化惯性因子,按式(10)进行位置更新,计算种群适应度并存储最优适应度值。
步骤4:追逐并捕获猎物,对个体进行柯西变异干扰,根据式(11)来对种群位置进行更新,计算更新后的适应度值。
步骤5:通过判断当前迭代次数是否超过设定的最大值,来确定是否往下进行。如果是,则输出最优惩罚因子c和核参数g以及最佳适应度;反之,跳回步骤3继续循环。
步骤6:将最佳参数cg输入到INGO-SVM模型中,然后导入划分的测试样本进行测试验证。
采用美国凯斯西储大学提供的滚动轴承故障信号对INGO-SVM模型进行性能验证,通过试验,可以进一步探索该模型的应用潜力,并评估其在故障信号分类中的性能表现。凯斯西储大学的试验平台包括电动机、转矩传感器以及示功器,具体配置如图5所示。振动信号是在转速为1 797 r/min、采样频率为12 kHz的条件下,对型号为SKF6205轴承的驱动端数据进行采样,并作为本文研究的试验数据,包括轴承内圈、外圈和滚动体。
为了研究轴承振动信号,选取10种不同状态的轴承作为试验数据,包括正常状态和外圈、内圈、滚动体故障的不同直径(分别为0.177 8、0.355 6、0.533 4 mm)的轴承。其中每种类别选取600个样本,总共6 000个样本,每个采样长度按1 024个点进行分割,试验类别与标签如表2所示。
相比于时域和频域分析,小波包更能提取到振动信号的深层特征,使得提取的信息更加完整。因此,本文选用小波包分解对原始信号进行特征提取,主要任务是选取合适的小波基函数。根据研究,小波基函数在处理信号时的能力大同小异,没有表现得很出色的。但根据文献[5]100-104,db小波系在轴承信号处理方面比较常见。在此基础上,本文采用小波基函数db4对原始信号进行3层小波包分解,并从第3层分解结果中提取了8个节点的小波包系数,计算各个频带的能量,利用第3层各频带能量占比构建特征向量。
为确保模型诊断的准确性和数据的均匀性,对所有状态的样本进行特征向量提取,共得到6 000组特征向量。将每种状态的600组样本以7:3随机划分为训练样本和测试样本,其中420组用作训练样本,剩余的180组用作测试样本。原始信号经过小波包变换后,部分样本的能量特征值如表3所示。
SVM分类器的分类性能在很大程度上受惩罚因子c和核参数g的影响,因此,利用INGO对SVM的参数进行迭代寻优,参数的初始设置值如表4所示。
本文使用INGO算法对已经划分好的训练样本进行迭代训练,以获得最佳的SVM参数c和g。然后,使用这些参数对测试样本进行分类,来验证算法的有效性。为了准确划分故障类型来进行故障诊断,采用分类预测错误率作为适应度函数,以评估故障诊断的性能和实施效果。适应度函数为
式中,aacc为分类准确率。
INGO算法优化SVM参数的适应度曲线如图6所示。由图6明显看出,经过几次迭代后,适应度值达到一个很好的状态,然后整体趋于稳定,说明INGO算法在优化SVM参数时可以快速达到收敛,减少寻优时间并提高精度。
SVM利用经INGO算法优化得到的参数c和g对测试样本进行测试,结果如图7所示。
图7(a)中左侧的编号“1,2,…,10”分别代表轴承的10种不同状态,对轴承的故障诊断识别准确率达到99.39%;图7(b)为分类的混淆矩阵图。从图7(b)中可以明显看到模型的误判信息,模型将4个类别2的样本分别错判给类别1、类别3和类别5,将1个类别3的样本错判给类别2,将5个类别5的样本错判给类别2。综合比较之后可见,本文的方法对于故障类型的分类具有很高的诊断精度,模型的最优参数优化结果如表5所示。
为进一步更准确地验证本文所采用的方法对轴承不同状态的分类性能,采用第3.2节中提取的故障特征数据,种群规模、迭代次数以及其他的参数均和第3.3节中模型一致,分别对PSO-SVM、SSA-SVM、NGO-SVM这3种分类模型进行了测试试验,测试的分类结果如图8图9图10所示。
图8~图10可以看出,本文所提出的INGO-SVM故障分类模型的准确率达到了99.39%,而PSO-SVM、SSA-SVM、NGO-SVM模型的准确率分别为97.11%、97.67%、98.83%,INGO相比其他3种方法效果较好。由此表明,该模型对于轴承的故障诊断具有较高的可靠性和优越性。
由于群智能算法每次迭代寻优结果随机性较大,每次测试的分类准确率有所偏差,所以,在保证试验条件一致的情况下,对4种方法分别独立进行20次试验,通过求平均分类准确率来进行对比,以确保模型的可行性,4种模型的平均准确率如表6所示。4种模型的准确率对比关系如图11所示。
图11表6可知,本文提出的INGO-SVM故障诊断模型在平均分类准确率、鲁棒性上都高于其他3种模型,验证了INGO-SVM在轴承故障诊断中具有很高的识别率,能够更好地实现轴承故障的正确诊断。
针对NGO算法容易陷入局部最优,影响故障类型的诊断准确率问题,提出了一种INGO算法优化SVM参数的方法,解决了传统算法在故障诊断方面的短板,提高了诊断的准确性,得出的结论如下:
1)对NGO算法进行了两个方面的改进。一方面在猎物识别阶段引入基于余弦变化的自适应惯性权重因子来更新北方苍鹰的位置,防止算法处于局部最优状态,增强算法的全局搜寻能力;另一方面在追捕和逃跑阶段,引入柯西变异策略,并通过柯西变异干扰精英个体,提高种群多样性,进一步提高算法的局部寻优能力。
2)在Matlab平台上利用测试基准函数,将本文所提方法与NGO、PSO、SSA这3种群智能算法进行比较,结果表明,该算法在寻优能力以及稳定性上都优于其他3种算法。
3)通过小波包对采样信号进行分解,提取信号的深层特征,利用INGO-SVM故障诊断模型,对10个故障类别进行识别分类,同时与其他故障模型进行对比,结果表明,所提方法具有更高的精度,能够有效实现轴承故障的正确诊断,充分证明了该算法的优越性与稳定性。
  • 陕西省科技厅产业研究攻关项目(2021GY-265)
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2025年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.05.010
  • 接收时间:2023-07-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-27
  • 修回日期:2023-10-05
基金
Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology Industrial Research(2021GY-265)
陕西省科技厅产业研究攻关项目(2021GY-265)
作者信息
    西安建筑科技大学 机电工程学院,西安 710055

通讯作者:

李渠伟,男,1999年生,陕西渭南人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为机械设备状态监测及故障诊断;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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