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In order to improve the mechanical properties of three-dimensional negative Poisson ratio materials, and expand the application of negative Poisson ratio materials. A new unit cell of negative Poisson ratio structural material was proposed by introducing internal concave angles into the edges of tetrahedral porous structures, and 7 kinds of orthogonal isotropic and orthogonal anisotropic enhancement designs were carried out on it. The influence of cell geometry parameters on the dimension one equivalent elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of new and enhanced cells was studied by using the homogenized finite element method and periodic boundary conditions,and the 3D printed resin sample was used for experimental verification. Compared with the existing negative Poisson ratio unit cells, the novel unit cell can save 50% of materials while maintaining the negative Poisson ratio characteristics. The three reinforcement schemes in x-direction, y-direction and xy-direction can significantly improve the bearing-load capacity while improving the negative Poisson ratio characteristics.

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QIE Yanhui, E-mail:
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为了提高三维负泊松比材料的力学性能,拓展负泊松比材料的应用范围。首先,通过在正四面体多孔结构的边线引入内凹角,提出了一种全新的空间负泊松比材料的单位胞元,并对其进行了7种正交各向同性和正交各向异性的增强设计。利用均匀化有限元方法和周期性边界条件研究了胞元几何参数对新型胞元和增强胞元的量纲一等效弹性模量和泊松比的影响规律,并利用3D打印的树脂试样进行了试验验证。相比已有的负泊松比材料的正方体胞元,新型胞元可在保持负泊松比特性的同时节省材料50%;x向、y向和xy两向3种增强方案可在提高负泊松比特性的同时明显提高承载能力。

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郄彦辉(通信作者),男,1976年生,河北保定人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为承压设备的安全评估、力学超材料结构的设计与性能表征、结构的数值模拟和优化设计;E-mail:
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刘宇乐,男,1998年生,河南信阳人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为力学超材料结构的设计和数值模拟;E-mail:

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刘宇乐,男,1998年生,河南信阳人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为力学超材料结构的设计和数值模拟;E-mail:

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刘宇乐,男,1998年生,河南信阳人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为力学超材料结构的设计和数值模拟;E-mail:

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新型负泊松比材料内凹正四面体胞元弹性性能研究
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刘宇乐 1 , 邓先溥 1 , 郄彦辉 1, 2 , 班宝旺 3
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(6): 152-158
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(6): 152-158
新型负泊松比材料内凹正四面体胞元弹性性能研究
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刘宇乐1 , 邓先溥1, 郄彦辉1, 2 , 班宝旺3
作者信息
  • 1.河北工业大学 机械工程学院,天津 300401
  • 2.天津河工大先进装备研究院有限公司,天津 300401
  • 3.唐钢国际工程技术股份有限公司,唐山 063000
  • 刘宇乐,男,1998年生,河南信阳人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为力学超材料结构的设计和数值模拟;E-mail:

通讯作者:

郄彦辉(通信作者),男,1976年生,河北保定人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为承压设备的安全评估、力学超材料结构的设计与性能表征、结构的数值模拟和优化设计;E-mail:
Study on elastic properties of re-entrant regular tetrahedral cell of novel negative poisson ratio materials
Yule LIU1 , Xianpu DENG1, Yanhui QIE1, 2 , Baowang BAN3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
  • 2.Advanced Equipment Research Institute Co., Ltd. of HEBUT of Tianjin, Tianjin 300401, China
  • 3.Tang Steel International Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Tangshan 063000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.018
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为了提高三维负泊松比材料的力学性能,拓展负泊松比材料的应用范围。首先,通过在正四面体多孔结构的边线引入内凹角,提出了一种全新的空间负泊松比材料的单位胞元,并对其进行了7种正交各向同性和正交各向异性的增强设计。利用均匀化有限元方法和周期性边界条件研究了胞元几何参数对新型胞元和增强胞元的量纲一等效弹性模量和泊松比的影响规律,并利用3D打印的树脂试样进行了试验验证。相比已有的负泊松比材料的正方体胞元,新型胞元可在保持负泊松比特性的同时节省材料50%;x向、y向和xy两向3种增强方案可在提高负泊松比特性的同时明显提高承载能力。

负泊松比  /  空间胞元  /  有限元仿真  /  力学性能

In order to improve the mechanical properties of three-dimensional negative Poisson ratio materials, and expand the application of negative Poisson ratio materials. A new unit cell of negative Poisson ratio structural material was proposed by introducing internal concave angles into the edges of tetrahedral porous structures, and 7 kinds of orthogonal isotropic and orthogonal anisotropic enhancement designs were carried out on it. The influence of cell geometry parameters on the dimension one equivalent elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of new and enhanced cells was studied by using the homogenized finite element method and periodic boundary conditions,and the 3D printed resin sample was used for experimental verification. Compared with the existing negative Poisson ratio unit cells, the novel unit cell can save 50% of materials while maintaining the negative Poisson ratio characteristics. The three reinforcement schemes in x-direction, y-direction and xy-direction can significantly improve the bearing-load capacity while improving the negative Poisson ratio characteristics.

Negative Poisson ratio  /  Space cell  /  Finite element simulation  /  Mechanical property
刘宇乐, 邓先溥, 郄彦辉, 班宝旺. 新型负泊松比材料内凹正四面体胞元弹性性能研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (6) : 152 -158 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.018
Yule LIU, Xianpu DENG, Yanhui QIE, Baowang BAN. Study on elastic properties of re-entrant regular tetrahedral cell of novel negative poisson ratio materials[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (6) : 152 -158 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.018
负泊松比材料又称为拉胀材料,是指在轴向拉伸(压缩)下横向膨胀(收缩)的人工超材料。相比传统材料,负泊松比材料具有更高的能量吸收和抗冲击能力,在军工、航空航天以及生物医学领域得到广泛应用[1-5]
GIBSON等[6]发现内凹六边形胞元具有负泊松比特性,实现了负泊松比材料胞元结构的首次人工设计。由于其优异的力学性能和可设计特性引起相关学者的广泛关注,多种新型负泊松比胞元被相继提出,如星形结构[7]、双箭头结构[8]、手性与反手性结构[9-10]和旋转刚体结构[11]。但二维胞元结构组成的负泊松比材料仅在面内加载时具有负泊松比效应,限制了其进一步的工程应用,于是三维胞元结构成为负泊松比材料研究的热点。
JIANG等[12]通过组装多个二维内凹蜂窝结构,设计了一种新型的三维拉胀胞元结构,并研究了几何参数对变形模式、压应力和泊松比的影响。TENG等[13]将二维内凹六边形结构进行正交排列,设计出3种空间负泊松比胞元结构,并研究了几何参数对变形模式和结构吸能的影响。LIU等[14]将二维星形结构增加不同的尖端内凹角并在3个方向正交,得到泊松比可调的三维星形胞元结构,并研究了其变形机制。ZHANG等[15]设计了2种泊松比可调的三维弧星形负泊松比胞元构型。GUO等[16]把凸形和凹形四边形相结合,提出了一种三维混合双箭头结构。LAN等[17]建立了三维双箭头结构的力学模型,并研究了弹性模量和泊松比等力学性能。FU等[18]通过在四韧带反手性结构相邻层之间引入倾斜杆,设计出一种新型的三维拉胀结构。GAO等[19]在反手性结构的基础上,提出了一种独特的轻量化三维负泊松比拉胀结构。GAO等[20]提出一套通过组装二维箭头和旋转刚体结构形成三维负泊松比胞元结构的方法。综上所述,虽然对3D负泊松比胞元结构的设计与研究取得较大进展,丰富拓展了3D负泊松比材料的工程应用前景,但胞元构型都是基于二维胞元结构的旋转装配,其力学性能通常为正交各向异性,工程应用时参数预测和计算复杂,限制了其进一步的应用。
利用内凹原理,通过在空间正四面体胞元边线上引入内凹角,设计了一种3个正交方向均具有负泊松比特性的新型空间内凹正四面体胞元(Re-Entrant Regular Tetrahedral cell, RERT),并对RERT进行三向、双向、单向的增强,实现正交各向同性或正交各向异性的强化设计,提高承载与吸能能力。利用均匀化有限元方法和周期性边界条件研究了RERT及其强韧化胞元的内凹角等几何参数对胞元量纲一等效弹性模量和泊松比的影响规律,并和空间内凹正方体胞元(Space Re-Entrant Cube cell, SREC)进行了性能对比。最后,通过3D打印制备的RERT试样的弹性压缩试验,验证了有限元模拟结果的正确性。
图1描述了RERT胞元的设计思想,该胞元突破传统设计以二维胞元为基础的限制,直接在空间正四面体胞元边线引入内凹角形成,进一步增强了负泊松比多孔结构材料轻质、高孔隙率的特性。
图2是文献[21-24]中提出的SREC胞元。对比发现,RERT相比SREC具有更高的孔隙率,SREC胞元可以由一个RERT在虚接的正方体内添加一个旋转的RERT得到。
为研究RERT的负泊松比特性,并与SREC的特性对比,在外接正方体的面心处垂直于表面的方向设置连接杆,如图3所示。
图3为RERT和SREC单位胞元的结构示意图及其几何参数。L为胞元虚接正方体的边长;θ为胞元内凹杆和连接杆的夹角;a为连接杆件超出虚接正方体的长度;b为胞元各杆件横截面正方形的边长。令a/L=αb/L=β,其中,L表征结构的尺度;θ表征结构的内凹程度;α表征连接杆的特征;β表征杆件截面的特征。
选取Lθβ 3个参数开展研究。为了避免内凹杆在体心处发生接触,RERT胞元结构应满足以下几何条件:
解得
RERT胞元在x、y、z 3个方向上单独增强得到x-RERT、y-RERT、z-RERT 3种单向增强胞元;分别在xy、xz、yz方向引入增强杆得到xy-RERT、xz-RERT、yz-RERT 3种双向增强胞元;在xyz 3个方向增强得到xyz-RERT三向增强胞元。各增强胞元如图4所示。
使用Ansys Workbench 19.1软件对SREC、RERT和各增强胞元进行有限元计算,研究几何参数对胞元量纲一等效弹性模量和泊松比的影响规律。使用基于铁摩辛柯梁理论的二次梁单元BEAM189对结构进行网格划分,此单元考虑剪切和扭转变形的影响,计算挠度和截面转动时可根据截面刚度矩阵各自独立插值,实现更高的计算精度。对胞元网格进行收敛性和精确性分析,确定模型的梁单元长度为1 mm。为了方便与试验结果对比,材料选取3D打印试件所用树脂,其弹性模量E=2 665 MPa;泊松比ν=0.38;密度ρ=1 150 kg/m3
在有限元模型中,将各胞元z向连接杆下端点设定为固定约束,在z向连接杆上端点施加压力F=5 N,探究几何参数对单位胞元泊松比和量纲一等效弹性模量的影响。其中,νzx=-εx/εzνzy=-εy/εz分别表示zx向和zy向泊松比;E*表示胞元等效弹性模量;E为树脂材料弹性模量;E*/E定义为胞元的量纲一等效弹性模量。
以胞元虚接的正方体边长L为变量,取θ=65°、α=0.125、β=0.03,研究各单位胞元泊松比νzxνzyE*/E随尺度参数L的变化规律,结果如图5~图7所示。由图5~图7可知,9种胞元结构zx、zy向的泊松比和量纲一等效弹性模量基本保持不变,不随尺度参数L变化,即zx、zy向的负泊松比特性和弹性范围内的承载能力不受尺度参数L的影响。
图5可知,SREC胞元泊松比为RERT胞元的108.6%,负泊松比特性略有提升。但需要强调的是,RERT胞元材料的相对密度仅为SREC胞元材料的50%,等效密度更低,孔隙率更大,可设计性较SREC更强。各胞元νzx的范围为-1.63~-0.48,xy-RERT的νzx最大,yz-RERT的νzx最小。相较于RERT胞元,z-RERT、xz-RERT、yz-RERT 3种胞元的νzx分别减小了130.6、48.9、181.5百分点,即z向、xz双向、yz双向3种增强方案强化了RERT胞元的zx向负泊松比特性,提高了能量吸收能力。x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT、xyz-RERT 4种胞元的νzx相较于RERT胞元分别增大了12.2、1.9、17.2、1.5百分点,即x向、y向、xy双向、xyz三向4种增强方案减弱了zx向负泊松比特性。
图6可知,各胞元的νzy范围为-1.63~-0.48,其数值可根据轮换对称性确定,不再赘述。
图7可知,SREC胞元的E*/E比RERT高出110.4百分点,却降低了轻质性。相较RERT胞元,各种增强方案均可以提高E*/E,但是x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT这3种xy平面内的增强方案对E*/E提升较小,分别提升了11.2、10.8、21.7百分点;z-RERT、xz-RERT、yz-RERT、xyz-RERT 4种增强胞元的E*/E则分别增加了192.0、313.4、312.3、1 180.5百分点。这说明要提高胞元的承载能力(增大E*/E),在3个方向引入增强杆是最有效的方法,尤其是此种增强方案还会基本保持胞元的负泊松比特性(吸能性能)不变。
以内凹角θ为变量,取L=80 mm、α=0.125、β=0.03,研究各单位胞元泊松比νzxνzyE*/E随内凹角θ的变化规律,结果如图8~图10所示。
图8为各胞元结构νzx随内凹角θ的变化关系。由图8可知,SREC、RERT、x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT、xz-RERT、xyz-RERT的νzx随着内凹角θ的增大而增大,而z-RERT、yz-RERT胞元的νzx随着内凹角θ的增大先减小后增大。在θ=70°时,yz-RERT胞元的νzx达到了最小值-1.80,实现了给定条件下zx向负泊松比特性的最大化。在θ=75°时,RERT的νzx达到了最大值-0.13,其吸能特性最低。
同时,SREC与RERT的泊松比曲线非常接近。这再次说明了RERT基本保留了SREC胞元zx向的泊松比特性。相较于RERT胞元的νzxx-RERT、y-RERT、z-RERT、xy-RERT、xz-RERT、yz-RERT、xyz-RERT胞元的增强范围分别为:-13.5~ 51.2百分点、-1.9 ~ 4.5百分点、37.5 ~ 958.3百分点、-20.2~60.8百分点、11.3~263.2百分点、55.8~1 183.9百分点、-13.5~76.5百分点,在给定条件下,yz 2个方向增强,有助于改善RERT胞元的负泊松比特性。
图9νzy的变化规律与图8的曲线规律类似,可由轮换对称性得到,不再赘述。
图10为各胞元结构E*/E随内凹角θ的变化关系。由图10可知,SREC、RERT、x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT、xz-RERT、xyz-RERT的E*/Eθ的增大而减小,而z-RERT、yz-RERT的E*/Eθ的增大而增大。
同时,RERT的E*/E约为SREC的一半,且两个胞元的E*/E曲线几乎平行,但RERT可在保持胞元负泊松比特性的基础上实现轻量化。xy平面内的3种增强胞元x-RERT、y-RERT和xy-RERT的E*/E曲线重合,且增强效果不明显;垂直xy面的z-RERT胞元的增强范围为81.6~664.2百分点,xz-RERT和yz-RERT胞元的增强效果一致,增强范围为167.2~833.3百分点;xyz-RERT胞元的增强范围为1 148.9~1 285.0百分点。
以横截面尺寸β为变量,取L=80 mm、θ=65°、α=0.125,研究胞元泊松比νzxνzy和量纲一等效弹性模量E*/E的变化规律,如图11~图13所示。
图11为各胞元结构νzx随参数β的变化情况。由图11可知,SREC与RERT的νzx基本一致且与x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT、xyz-RERT的νzx都在-0.63~-0.46范围内,变化不大。这说明x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT、xyz-RERT增强方案对胞元的zx向泊松比影响较小。
同时,相较RERT的νzxz-RERT、xz-RERT、yz-RERT 3种胞元的νzx的范围为-1.91~-0.76,分别减小105.9~151.9百分点、32.3~64.8百分点、134.7~228.2百分点。即3种增强方案能明显降低胞元的泊松比,强化负泊松比特性,提高其吸能性能。z-RERT、xz-RERT、yz-RERT 3种胞元的νzx随着β的增大而线性增大,且yz-RERT增加的速率大于z-RERT、xz-RERT 2个胞元增加的速率。
图12为各胞元νzyβ的变化关系。根据轮换对称性,相较RERT的νzyx-RERT提升了1.7百分点左右;y-RERT提升11.2~13.2百分点;xz-RERT降低134.7~228.2百分点;yz-RERT降低32.3~64.8百分点。其余各胞元的变化规律与图11所示一致,强韧化胞元的增强范围保持不变。
图13z向加载时各胞元E*/Eβ的变化关系,SREC的E*/E约为RERT的2倍。所有胞元的E*/E都随β的增加而增加,且均高于RERT的E*/E,但x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT 3种增强方案的增强效果不明显,即对胞元z向承载能力的提高较小。相比RERT胞元,z-RERT、xz-RERT、yz-RERT、xyz-RERT的E*/E分别提升了160.9~212.9百分点、247.3~371.5百分点、247.3~371.5百分点、573.2~4 427.5百分点,这说明从提高承载能力角度来说,在x、y、z 3个方向同时用增强杆进行增强是最有效的手段,其次是xz 2个方向和yz 2个方向同时引入增强杆的方案。
RERT相较于SREC,在保证负泊松比特性的前提下,相对密度和弹性模量降低约50%,极大地提高了结构的轻质性。
RERT胞元的弹性力学性能不仅随着几何参数的变化而变化,还随增强方案的变化呈现正交各向异性或正交各向同性的特性,应用于工程实际时,可根据使用工况,对RERT胞元进行几何参数和增强方案的设计选取[25]。如需在保持负泊松比特性基本不变的同时,提高承载能力,则可选择xyz-RERT胞元结构方案;如需在保持承载能力不变的前提下,提升结构负泊松比特性,增强结构的吸能特性,则可以采用z-RERT胞元结构方案。
需要说明的是,与通常负泊松比胞元的等效弹性模量增强方案会降低胞元负泊松比特性不同,RERT胞元的z向、yz双向、xz双向3种增强方案,不仅会提高胞元在加载方向(z向)的量纲一弹性模量,还会提高结构zxzy 2个方向的负泊松比特性。而xyz三向增强方案则在保持负泊松比特性的同时,提高其承载能力20倍以上。RERT胞元良好的可设计性,为多孔材料的高吸能、高承载设计提供了新思路。
通过3D打印制备一组树脂材料试件,试件的几何参数为L=80 mm、α=0.125、 β=0.03,θ分别取60°、65°、70°、75°,如图14所示。使用INSTRON3365型单轴试验机进行压缩试验,将试验所得数据和有限元计算数据对比,如图15图16所示。
图15图16可知,有限元模拟与试验结果吻合较好。图15中4个点的误差分别为1.7%、4.2%、4.9%、3.5%,图16中4个点的误差分别为1.4%、2.3%、4.1%、2.0%。误差来源为3D打印试件存在一定缺陷并且测量方法有局限性。
提出并设计了一种新型的内凹正四面体空间负泊松比多孔材料胞元,并对其进行7种增强设计,通过有限元分析研究了几何参数对该胞元和7种增强胞元以及已有SREC胞元在z向加载时胞元结构zxzy向的泊松比和量纲一等效弹性模量的影响规律,并利用3D打印试件的压缩试验进行验证。得到主要结论如下:
1)RERT胞元以及7种增强胞元的泊松比ν均不受尺度参数L的影响;RERT、SREC、x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT和xyz-RERT胞元zxzy 2个方向的泊松比均随着内凹角θ的增大而增大,且增速变慢,负泊松比特性减弱。z-RERT、xz-RERT、yz-RERT 3种增强胞元在非增强方向上的泊松比呈现先减小后增大的趋势;SREC、RERT、x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT、xyz-RERT的泊松比几乎不受横截面尺寸β的影响,而z-RERT、xz-RERT、yz-RERT增强胞元zxzy 2个方向的泊松比随着横截面尺寸β的增大而线性增大。
2)SREC、RERT胞元以及7种增强胞元的量纲一等效弹性模量均不受虚接正方体尺寸L的影响;SREC、RERT、x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT胞元的量纲一等效弹性模量均随着胞元内凹角θ的增大而减小,z-RERT、xz-RERT、yz-RERT的量纲一等效弹性模量随着胞元内凹角θ的增大而增大,且变化区间较大。SREC、RERT胞元以及7种增强胞元的量纲一等效弹性模量均随着横截面尺寸β的增大而快速增大。
3)随着内凹角θ减小,在内凹程度增大、负泊松比特性增强的同时,SREC、RERT、x-RERT、y-RERT、xy-RERT的量纲一等效弹性模量同时增大,这个趋势与当前多数负泊松比胞元的性能截然相反,这个特性对于负泊松比胞元的设计具有重要的意义,为工程应用提供了新思路。
4)RERT胞元相对密度仅为SREC胞元的50%,而且最大程度上保持了SREC胞元的负泊松比特性,对于提升负泊松比材料整体的轻质特性具有重要意义。
5)7种增强胞元对于RERT胞元的泊松比及量纲一等效弹性模量各有提升,可以在不同工况下灵活选择。
  • 河北省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(2018ZD13; 2020ZC26)
  • 河北省特种设备监督检验研究院科技计划项目(HBTJ2023CY001; HBTJ2023CY003; HBTJ2023CY004)
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2025年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.018
  • 接收时间:2023-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-26
  • 修回日期:2023-12-20
基金
Hebei Administration for Market Regulation Project(2018ZD13; 2020ZC26)
河北省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(2018ZD13; 2020ZC26)
Hebei Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Institute Science and Technology Plan(HBTJ2023CY001; HBTJ2023CY003; HBTJ2023CY004)
河北省特种设备监督检验研究院科技计划项目(HBTJ2023CY001; HBTJ2023CY003; HBTJ2023CY004)
作者信息
    1.河北工业大学 机械工程学院,天津 300401
    2.天津河工大先进装备研究院有限公司,天津 300401
    3.唐钢国际工程技术股份有限公司,唐山 063000

通讯作者:

郄彦辉(通信作者),男,1976年生,河北保定人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为承压设备的安全评估、力学超材料结构的设计与性能表征、结构的数值模拟和优化设计;E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jxqd/CN/10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.018
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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