Article(id=1241049265452150923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=1703865600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818802463, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818802463, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818802463, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818802463, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049258309251153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818800761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819014967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241050156821434987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241050156821434988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=132, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049267448639640, articleId=1241049265452150923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Elastic modulus prediction of high volume fraction metal particle reinforced resin matrix composite, columnId=1228282192162390694, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Experimental Research·Testing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the mechanical properties of high volume fraction ratio metal particle reinforced resin matrix composites, the elastic modulus of the composites was predicted based on the micromechanics theory and the meso-finite element method. Firstly, standard specimens of the composites were prepared, and their macroscopic elastic moduli were tested by uniaxial tensile experiments, and the microscopic properties were observed. Secondly, the elastic modulus of the composites was predicted by using Voigt, Reuss, Mori-Tanaka and Generalized means based on the micromechanics theory.Then, based on the microscopic particle size statistics of the specimens, the gradation of the metal particle size and its quantity were determined by using the Gaussian distribution law, and the random particle placement program was written by Python language to construct a two-dimensional representative volume element (RVE) finite element model consisting of the particles,the resin matrix, and the interface. Finally, the elastic modulus of resin matrix composites reinforced with high volume fraction metal particles was predicted by theoretical and finite element simulations. The analysis results show that the generalized means and finite element models predict the elastic modulus with less error from the experimental test results, and the elastic modulus of the composites increases with the increase of the volume fraction of the metal particles.

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ZHU Fuxian, E-mail:
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为研究高金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的力学性能,基于细观力学理论和细观有限元法预测了该复合材料的弹性模量。首先,制备了复合材料的标准试样,通过单轴拉伸试验测试了其宏观弹性模量,并观测了试样的微观特性。其次,采用基于细观力学理论的Voigt、Reuss、Mori-Tanaka和广义均值法预测了复合材料的弹性模量。然后,根据试样微观的粒径统计结果,采用高斯分布规律确定了金属颗粒粒径的级配及其数量,采用Python语言编写了颗粒随机投放程序,基于Abaqus平台构建了由颗粒、树脂基体以及界面组成的二维代表性体积单元(Representative Volume Element, RVE)有限元模型。最后,通过理论计算和有限元数值模拟预测了高金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的弹性模量。分析结果表明,广义均值模型和有限元模型预测的弹性模量与试验测试结果误差较小,复合材料弹性模量随金属颗粒的增大而增大。

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朱福先(通信作者),男,1979年生,江苏东台人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为复合材料力学;E-mail:
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赵金峰,男,2000年生,河南平顶山人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为材料绿色成型工艺;E-mail:

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赵金峰,男,2000年生,河南平顶山人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为材料绿色成型工艺;E-mail:

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Fibers and Polym201819(6):1347-1358., articleTitle=Rutile titania-filled polyethylene composites:Microstructural evolution,empirical modeling of the mechanical properties and comparative validation of the quasi-elastic modulus using micromechanical models, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241049304459178867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, awardId=BK20211069, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Plan of Jiangsu Province(BK20211069), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241049304702448504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, awardId=BK20211069, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省科技计划项目(BK20211069), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241049304891192187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, awardId=SJCX23_1603, language=EN, fundingSource=Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu 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articleId=1241049265452150923, language=CN, label=图11, caption=试验与模拟的应力-应变曲线, figureFileSmall=s2qXSJ71QgGaJrIGrj8VZA==, figureFileBig=HCh9aqEjbkifkdka0GeSWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049300822717253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Effect of the volume fraction ratio on the elastic modulus, figureFileSmall=fYXnKPteQL1en06gR5lvRA==, figureFileBig=bSlpIMPBaufvPA/JySFH7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049300923380551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=CN, label=图12, caption=体积分数比对弹性模量的影响, figureFileSmall=fYXnKPteQL1en06gR5lvRA==, figureFileBig=bSlpIMPBaufvPA/JySFH7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049301405725515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Test results of the tensile sample

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试样编号
Number of the samples
破坏载荷
Failure load F/kN
拉伸强度
Tensile strength Rm/MPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio ν
弹性模量
Elastic modulus E/GPa
H12.8055.90.366.83
H22.7354.680.376.52
H32.7554.960.337.18
H42.5551.040.336.61
H52.8156.240.336.68
), ArticleFig(id=1241049301581886288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

拉伸试样测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号
Number of the samples
破坏载荷
Failure load F/kN
拉伸强度
Tensile strength Rm/MPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio ν
弹性模量
Elastic modulus E/GPa
H12.8055.90.366.83
H22.7354.680.376.52
H32.7554.960.337.18
H42.5551.040.336.61
H52.8156.240.336.68
), ArticleFig(id=1241049303079252820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mechanical parameters of each phase material

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组成
Composition
弹性模量
Elastic modulus E /GPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio ν
基体 Matrix4.500.30
颗粒 Particle1700.34
界面 Interface2.500.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241049303267996507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各相材料的力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组成
Composition
弹性模量
Elastic modulus E /GPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio ν
基体 Matrix4.500.30
颗粒 Particle1700.34
界面 Interface2.500.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241049303469323101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of elastic moduli between simulation and test

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模拟结果Simulation result/GPa试验结果
Test result/GPa
相对误差
Relative error/%
Z1Z2Z3Z4Z5平均值
Average value
6.746.906.856.806.846.836.761.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241049303607735136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

弹性模量的有限元模拟结果与试验结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模拟结果Simulation result/GPa试验结果
Test result/GPa
相对误差
Relative error/%
Z1Z2Z3Z4Z5平均值
Average value
6.746.906.856.806.846.836.761.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241049303834227556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of different prediction methods and test results

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预测方法
Prediction method
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/GPa
误差(与试验结果比较)
Error(Comparison with the test result)/%
Viogt55.05
Ruess6.356.1
Mori-Tanaka6.503.8
广义均值法
Generalized means method6.572.8
有限元模拟
Finite element simulation
6.831.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241049304073302888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同预测方法与试验结果对比

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预测方法
Prediction method
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/GPa
误差(与试验结果比较)
Error(Comparison with the test result)/%
Viogt55.05
Ruess6.356.1
Mori-Tanaka6.503.8
广义均值法
Generalized means method6.572.8
有限元模拟
Finite element simulation
6.831.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241049304245269356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Prediction results of the elastic modulus of composite materials with different volume fraction ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测方法
Prediction method
体积分数比
Volume fraction ratio
平均相对误差
Average relative error /%
30%35%40%45%
Ruess6.356.837.378.016.92
Mori-Tanaka6.507.147.908.784.13
广义均值法
Generalized means method6.577.107.728.453.58
有限元模拟
Finite element simulation6.837.398.108.472.19
试验 Test6.767.678.018.320
), ArticleFig(id=1241049304341738352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049265452150923, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同体积分数比复合材料弹性模量预测结果

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预测方法
Prediction method
体积分数比
Volume fraction ratio
平均相对误差
Average relative error /%
30%35%40%45%
Ruess6.356.837.378.016.92
Mori-Tanaka6.507.147.908.784.13
广义均值法
Generalized means method6.577.107.728.453.58
有限元模拟
Finite element simulation6.837.398.108.472.19
试验 Test6.767.678.018.320
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高体积分数比金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料弹性模量预测
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赵金峰 1 , 朱福先 1 , 庄百亮 2 , 杨皓清 2 , 周勇权 3
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(6): 132-140
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(6): 132-140
高体积分数比金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料弹性模量预测
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赵金峰1 , 朱福先1 , 庄百亮2, 杨皓清2, 周勇权3
作者信息
  • 1.江苏理工学院 材料工程学院,常州 213001
  • 2.中国机械总院集团江苏分院有限公司,常州 213001
  • 3.扬州平航航空动力技术有限公司,扬州 225200
  • 赵金峰,男,2000年生,河南平顶山人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为材料绿色成型工艺;E-mail:

通讯作者:

朱福先(通信作者),男,1979年生,江苏东台人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为复合材料力学;E-mail:
Elastic modulus prediction of high volume fraction metal particle reinforced resin matrix composite
Jinfeng ZHAO1 , Fuxian ZHU1 , Bailiang ZHUANG2, Haoqing YANG2, Yongquan ZHOU3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
  • 2.China Machinery Academy Group Jiangsu Branch Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213001, China
  • 3.Yangzhou Pinghang Aeropower Technology Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225200, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.016
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为研究高金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的力学性能,基于细观力学理论和细观有限元法预测了该复合材料的弹性模量。首先,制备了复合材料的标准试样,通过单轴拉伸试验测试了其宏观弹性模量,并观测了试样的微观特性。其次,采用基于细观力学理论的Voigt、Reuss、Mori-Tanaka和广义均值法预测了复合材料的弹性模量。然后,根据试样微观的粒径统计结果,采用高斯分布规律确定了金属颗粒粒径的级配及其数量,采用Python语言编写了颗粒随机投放程序,基于Abaqus平台构建了由颗粒、树脂基体以及界面组成的二维代表性体积单元(Representative Volume Element, RVE)有限元模型。最后,通过理论计算和有限元数值模拟预测了高金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的弹性模量。分析结果表明,广义均值模型和有限元模型预测的弹性模量与试验测试结果误差较小,复合材料弹性模量随金属颗粒的增大而增大。

高体积分数比  /  颗粒增强复合材料  /  弹性模量  /  随机分布

In order to study the mechanical properties of high volume fraction ratio metal particle reinforced resin matrix composites, the elastic modulus of the composites was predicted based on the micromechanics theory and the meso-finite element method. Firstly, standard specimens of the composites were prepared, and their macroscopic elastic moduli were tested by uniaxial tensile experiments, and the microscopic properties were observed. Secondly, the elastic modulus of the composites was predicted by using Voigt, Reuss, Mori-Tanaka and Generalized means based on the micromechanics theory.Then, based on the microscopic particle size statistics of the specimens, the gradation of the metal particle size and its quantity were determined by using the Gaussian distribution law, and the random particle placement program was written by Python language to construct a two-dimensional representative volume element (RVE) finite element model consisting of the particles,the resin matrix, and the interface. Finally, the elastic modulus of resin matrix composites reinforced with high volume fraction metal particles was predicted by theoretical and finite element simulations. The analysis results show that the generalized means and finite element models predict the elastic modulus with less error from the experimental test results, and the elastic modulus of the composites increases with the increase of the volume fraction of the metal particles.

High volume fraction ratio  /  Particle reinforced composite  /  Modulus of elasticity  /  Random distribution
赵金峰, 朱福先, 庄百亮, 杨皓清, 周勇权. 高体积分数比金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料弹性模量预测. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (6) : 132 -140 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.016
Jinfeng ZHAO, Fuxian ZHU, Bailiang ZHUANG, Haoqing YANG, Yongquan ZHOU. Elastic modulus prediction of high volume fraction metal particle reinforced resin matrix composite[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (6) : 132 -140 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.016
在汽车领域,新车型的推出需经过样车试制,使用快速模具试制汽车覆盖件,可以大大缩短新车的研发周期,节约时间成本,降低能源消耗[1]。金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料具有低成本、易成形等优势,是快速模具的理想材料。KHUSHAIRI等[2]研究表明,增加颗粒填料的含量可以显著提高树脂基复合材料的强度和硬度,高体积分数比(颗粒含量超过30%)金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料可作为快速模具材料,能够满足汽车覆盖件冲压模具强度、刚度、耐磨性等力学性能的使用需求。金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的弹性模量是其重要的力学性能指标,对保证模具的形状稳定性、提高成形精度、抵抗疲劳损伤和延长使用寿命至关重要,因此,准确预测弹性模量是设计制备达到模具使用要求的复合材料的基础和关键。
工程中常见的颗粒增强复合材料有混凝土、树脂基和金属基颗粒增强复合材料,其弹性模量的预测方法可分为理论分析和数值模拟两类[3]。近年来,细观力学方法,如自洽法、Mori-Tanaka法、Voigt-Ruess上下限理论和Hashin-Shtrikman上下限理论等,广泛应用于颗粒增强复合材料弹性模量的预测。姚战军等[4]假定增强颗粒为椭圆形夹杂,考虑增强颗粒方位的随机性,利用Mori-Tanaka方法推导了弹性模量的计算公式,预测了不同体积分数比陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料的弹性模量,结果表明,复合材料的弹性模量随颗粒体积分数比的增大而增大。YUAN等[5]运用Voigt、Reuss、Paul、Maxwell和Klemens模型分析了退火时长对Al0.6CoCrFeNi颗粒增强铝基复合材料弹性模量的影响。SAHOO等[6]使用Halpin-Tsai、Hashin-Shtrikman上下限理论和Mura模型对不同体积分数的TiB2颗粒增强Al7075基复合材料的弹性模量进行了计算,结果发现,当增强颗粒体积分数比较低时,基于变分原理的Hashin-Shtrikman上下限理论模型预测的弹性模量更接近于试验结果。除了上述基于细观力学的理论分析方法外,数值模拟也是预测颗粒增强复合材料弹性模量的有效方法。DARAMOLA等[7]e04008使用Digimat多尺度建模软件和随机顺序吸附(Random Sequential Adsorption, RSA)算法建立了高岭石颗粒增强环氧树脂复合材料的三维随机代表性体积单元(Representa-tive Volume Element, RVE)模型,预测结果与实际结果误差低于5%,说明质量含量百分数为6%的高岭石微粉可以显著增强复合材料的弹性模量和强度。DING等[8]采用Ansys软件建立了核壳颗粒增强复合材料的细观有限元模型,基于各向同性假设,计算了该材料的弹性模量,发现当壳层的弹性模量大于芯层弹性模量时,复合材料的弹性模量增大,反之降低。田学亮等[9]92-97建立了碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料的REV有限元模型,研究了颗粒形状和体积分数对弹性模量的影响,结果显示,颗粒形状对预测结果的影响较小,体积分数对复合材料的弹性模量影响显著。
现有研究中,对增强颗粒体积分数比高于30%的复合材料力学性能的分析较少。但是,实际工程中采用了多种高体积分数比复合材料,如树脂砂复合材料[10]、树脂混凝土复合材料[11]等。当复合材料中颗粒体积分数比超过30%,颗粒夹杂之间的相互影响变得更为明显[12]。因此,预测该材料的弹性模量时,必须考虑夹杂颗粒之间的相互作用。
本文基于细观力学理论和细观有限元模型,考虑高体积分数比颗粒之间的相互影响,预测高体积分数比金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的弹性模量,分析颗粒体积分数比含量对材料弹性模量的影响。
试验材料为金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料。其中,树脂由环氧树脂、改性环氧树脂、环氧稀释剂、分散剂、抗沉降助剂、聚合助剂和消泡剂在反应釜中混合而成;金属颗粒由还原铁粉、氧化铁粉及微量的Al粉、Zn粉组成,其中铁粉质量占比为90%。
试样由金属颗粒和树脂溶液按一定比例混合,在模具中,经常温固化、加热强化制备而成,制备流程如图1所示。首先,将环氧树脂、改性环氧树脂、环氧稀释剂等溶液在反应釜中混合成液态树脂溶液;其次,将金属颗粒进行清洗、干燥处理,经充分混合后添加到液态树脂混合溶液中,搅拌均匀并使用真空脱泡仪进行真空脱泡,得到液态的金属/环氧树脂复合材料;然后,在液态金属/环氧树脂复合材料中加入固化剂,搅拌均匀后倒入试样模具中,静置固化后脱膜并进行表面抛光;最后,将试样放入烘箱恒温60 ℃保持2 h,再恒温80 ℃保持6 h。最终制得金属颗粒质量占比为80%,体积含量约为30%的金属/树脂复合材料试样。试样尺寸及所制试样如图2所示。采用扫描电子显微镜观测复合材料微观形貌,并通过Image I软件统计金属颗粒的粒径,金属颗粒粒径分布结果如图3所示。
材料拉伸试验参照标准GB/T 2567―2021[13],采用分级加载的方式,拉伸速度为2 mm/min。试验通过应变片测量材料的泊松比和弹性模量,应变片粘贴方案如图4所示,拉伸试验装置如图5所示。
将制备的体积分数比为30%的5根试样编号分别记为H1~H5,试验测得5根试样拉伸应力-应变曲线如图6所示。
试样弹性模量的计算式为
式中,ΔF为试样某级加载力的增量;b0为试样截面宽度;h为试样截面厚度;Δε为试样某级加载纵向应变的增量。
试样泊松比的计算式为
式中,Δε'为试样某级加载横向应变的增量。
表1所示为由式(1)、式(2)计算得到的5根拉伸试样的弹性模量和泊松比,平均弹性模量为6.76 GPa,平均泊松比为0.34。
假定夹杂和基体均嵌于弹性刚度为C0的参考介质中,非均匀复合材料第r相的平均应变为(椭球形区域Hr内),其弹性刚度张量为cr,不同夹杂的几何形状为Hr,所占体积比为fr。当r=0时,表示基体相,并在无穷远处作用参考介质的平均应变,其均匀化弹性特征如图7所示。此时,夹杂和基体被周围的参考介质包围,并通过参考介质的平均应变与邻近的夹杂和基体相互作用,参考介质的平均应变即反映了不同介质之间的相互作用。
在上述复合材料均匀化弹性特征下,参考介质的弹性刚度C0有以下3种选择[14-15]
1)当参考介质为无限刚度(C0→∞)时,可得到复合材料有效弹性刚度的Viogt近似,表示为
式中,V为体积;为复合材料的有效弹性刚度;N为复合材料的总相数。Viogt近似相当于给出了复合材料等效刚度的上限。
2)当参考介质为无限柔性(C0→0)时,可得到复合材料有效弹性刚度的Ruess近似,表示为
式中,Sr为复合材料的有效弹性柔度。Ruess近似相当于给出了复合材料等效刚度的下限。
3)当参考介质的弹性刚度取复合材料基体的刚度(C0=c0)时,即为Mori-Tanaka方法,表示为
式中,I为单位张量;为第r相等效颗粒的Eshelby张量。
对于球形颗粒增强的两相各向同性复合材料,可以求得等效体积模量为[16]
式中,K0K1分别为基体和夹杂的体积模量;G0为基体的剪切模量;为等效体积模量。
对于各向同性弹性材料,其等效弹性模量
上述方法中,Viogt近似和Ruess近似分别是基于各r相材料组成的弹性刚度和弹性柔度以及它们的体积平均值,得到复合材料的有效刚度,没有考虑各相材料的空间分布和它们的相互作用。因此,应用式(3)、式(4)预测复合材料的整体特性,与试验误差相差较大。HILL[17]研究表明,Viogt近似和Ruess近似给出复合材料均匀化弹性特征的上限和下限。Mori-Tanaka方法则通过改变无穷远处应变或应力的方法考虑介质的相互作用,能够较为准确地预测复合材料的有效刚度。
利用Viogt等应变假设和Ruess等应力假设可以计算出复合材料的弹性模量的上、下限,但只能给出其近似解。当夹杂颗粒的体积分数过大时,没有考虑颗粒间的相互作用、孔隙、缺陷等因素,导致预测值与实际值产生较大误差。JI[18]提出了广义均值法,在Viogt等应变假设和Ruess等应力假设计算的基础上对其进行了修正,通过引入结构因子J,建立计算颗粒增强复合材料弹性模量的表达式为
式中,下标r表示由N相组成的复合材料中的第r相,且
对于由两相组成的复合材料,若J=1.00,弹性模量为复合材料中组成相弹性模量的算术平均值,即Viogt近似;若J= -1.00,则为复合材料中组成相弹性模量的Ruess近似。因此,J的值取决于复合材料的微观结构,如界面、缺陷、相与相的结合情况。柏振海等[19]通过研究SiC/6606Al复合材料弹性模量与SiC颗粒体积分数的关系,得出当J取值为-0.25~0.25时,预测的弹性模量与实测值较吻合。对于本文的高体积分数比金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料,经测算,当J取-0.9时,对该类型复合材料弹性模量的预测能取得较好成效。
本文基于Abaqus软件,建立金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料细观结构的RVE,通过施加位移载荷模拟单轴拉伸试验,计算其弹性模量,RVE的选择如图8所示。
复合材料中金属颗粒的主要成分为铁粉,其他颗粒含量仅为10%,为便于有限元模拟,将所有颗粒简化为铁粉。复合材料中金属颗粒的粒径和位置是随机分布的,由图3可以看出,金属颗粒的粒径符合高斯分布规律,其概率分布函数为
式中,μ为均值;σ为标准差。根据统计结果,复合材料的均值为33.94,方差为11.79。
根据高斯分布的σ准则,当分布区间为[μ-σμ+σ]时,有
图3可以看出,大多数颗粒的粒径D位于[20,45],与[μ-σμ+σ]为同一区间,因此可将粒径位于[μ-σμ+σ]的视为第2级配段,记为D2,可见随机投放颗粒的粒径大小位于[22,45]的概率为0.68,那么位于D2级配段之外的概率为0.32。根据高斯分布的2σ准则,可取第1级配段D1的粒径范围为[10,22],第3级配段D3的粒径分布范围为[45,57]。根据高斯分布的对称性特点,忽略极小粒径和极大粒径存在的概率,则位于级配段D1D3的概率均为16%。
试样承受平面应力载荷,可以将复合材料的RVE单元简化为平面二维结构。田学亮等[9]92-97、王振清等[20]在构建二维颗粒增强复合材料RVE有限元模型时,均假设增强颗粒为圆形,取得了较好的模拟效果。本文根据复合材料的微观特性,将颗粒简化为圆形颗粒。
假设粒径在级配段Dn范围内的颗粒所占面积为An,若模型的总面积为Ac,则An表示为
式中,f为颗粒的体积分数比;Pn为相应级配段的投放概率。
不同级配段所投放的颗粒数目表示为
式中,Nn为在级配段Dn中所投放颗粒的数目;D为级配段Dn的中位数。
取二维RVE的总面积Ac为0.25 mm2,颗粒体积分数比f为30%,由式(11)和式(12)计算得到不同级配段的颗粒数目为N1= 60,N2= 60,N3= 6。通过调用Python标准库中的random.normal()正态分布函数,模拟实际的粒径分布情况,生成一组符合该正态分布的随机数集,再通过线性变换将这些随机数转换到相应级配段,以满足预期的粒径分布范围要求。
在金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料中,由于金属颗粒填料表面与树脂基体的相互影响,在两相交界处会形成结构和性能均不同于两相的界面层[21]。界面作为连接基体与夹杂的纽带,有着极其重要的力学性能。界面在宏观上可以视为两相材料的分界面,没有厚度,但是在细观尺度上,界面是具有一定厚度的界面层或界面相。ZHANG等[22]在模拟颗粒增强复合材料界面裂纹的渐进式脱黏时,研究了界面相厚度对材料力学行为的影响,当颗粒半径为0.3 mm时,界面相厚度h'取0.03~0.05 mm。杨慧[23]研究认为,颗粒直径为30 μm,界面相厚度取1.5 μm。基于以上研究可以发现,界面相厚度约取值为颗粒半径的1/10,可取得较好的模拟结果。因此,本文所研究材料的界面相厚度取为1 μm,代表颗粒与基体之间的界面层。
使用Python语言编写随机投放3种级配下的程序,具体步骤如下:
1)随机生成第1个颗粒。使用随机函数获得投放第1个颗粒的坐标(x1y1),颗粒直径为d1。考虑到界面相厚度h',为确保颗粒位于正方形RVE内,则颗粒的坐标满足x1y1∈[d1/2+h'L-(d1/2+h')],颗粒直径d1满足d1Dn,其中L为正方形RVE的边长。
2)生成颗粒集。使用随机函数生成第2个颗粒,其坐标为(x2y2),直径为d2,其中x2y2的取值范围同步骤1)中所述。为确保所投颗粒在几何空间上不相交,需设置相交判断函数;为避免因相邻颗粒间距过小而导致网格畸变,需额外引入颗粒最小间距l,则颗粒间距S应满足:
将已生成满足条件的坐标纳入一个集合,将后将新生成的坐标(xiyi)和直径di均同集合内的坐标进行相交判断,直至达到该级配段所应投放的数量。
3)生成代表体积单元。首先,使用Python语言编写调用Abaqus中的草图绘制代码;其次,运用循环语句将集合中的坐标、直径和界面相厚度等信息作为参数逐个取出,并导入代码中;最后,在Abaqus中的命令行接口,通过运行所编写的Python程序,自动生成包含3种级配的RVE。投放步骤如图9所示。
5)生成RVE有限元模型。根据上述金属颗粒投放方法,当铁粉颗粒体积分数比为30%时,生成5组不同随机颗粒分布的RVE模型,分别记为Z1~Z5。在二维模型的左下角节点施加位移约束U1U2UR3,在底边节点约束U2UR1UR3,在顶端节点施加0.01 mm的位移载荷。为使计算结果更为精确,模型采用四节点双线性平面应变四边形单元CPS4R划分网格,RVE的有限元模型如图10所示。各相材料的力学性能参数如表2[7]e04008[24-25]所示。
图11所示为试验与数值模拟的线弹性阶段的应力-应变曲线。由图11可知,5组数值模拟的曲线与试验曲线相吻合。5组随机颗粒分布模型的弹性模量模拟结果与试验结果对比如表3所示,其中误差最大的为试验H3与模拟Z1,误差值为6.4%,误差最小的为H1与Z3,误差值为0.2%,平均误差仅为1.0%。可见,基于高斯分布规律构建的随机颗粒分布RVE有限元模型是合理的,能较好地预测该材料的弹性模量。
表4所示为采用不同方法预测金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料弹性模量的结果。由表4可以看出,与试验结果最接近的细观力学理论方法为广义均值法,该方法通过引入随体积分数变化的结构因子J,体现了材料的微观结构及颗粒间的夹杂作用的影响,因此在预测高体积分数比颗粒增强树脂复合材料方面具有较高的精度。Viogt方法则是假设颗粒与基质之间的界面完全强固,颗粒与基质之间传递完全的应变载荷,而颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的界面多为弱界面,使得预测结果远大于试验值。与之相反,Ruess方法则是假设颗粒与基体之间有零切应力和完全分离的界面,即颗粒和基体具有相同的应力而不发生载荷传递,相较于Viogt方法更接近于试验值,但该方法没有考虑夹杂物的尺寸、相互作用以及夹杂物在基体中的分布等参数的影响[26]。Mori-Tanaka方法则通过改变远处应变或应力的方法考虑介质的相互作用,能较好地预测复合材料的有效刚度,但无法体现夹杂物的排列方式和尺寸的变化,不能全面反映颗粒的微观特性。广义均值法和有限元模拟的预测结果与试验测试结果的误差均小于3%,说明采用广义均值法和考虑颗粒随机分布特性的RVE有限元模型可以很好地预测高体积分数比金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的弹性模量。
为进一步探讨体积分数比对金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料弹性模量的影响,制备了体积分数比分别为35%、40%、45%的3组试样,每组试样制备5根,弹性模量取5根试样的算数平均值。采用细观力学理论以及文中所建立的有限元模型与试验所测得的结果进行对比,不同方法所得的弹性模量及对比如表5图12所示。可以看出:
1)采用细观力学理论、有限元模拟、试验所得的结果整体趋势一致,证明了预测方法的可靠性。Mori-Tanaka方法和广义均值法的平均相比误差分别为4.13%和3.58%,有限元模拟的平均相比误差为2.19%。可见,在细观力学理论预测方法中,考虑复合材料颗粒微观分布和体积分数比的广义均值法的预测精度更高。有限元模型预测的弹性模量精度要高于细观力学理论方法。
2)金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的弹性模量随颗粒体积分数比的增加而增大。金属颗粒相对基体具有较高的弹性模量,加入复合材料中可以有效增加基体抵抗变形的能力。另外,颗粒间的相互作用也随颗粒体积分数的增大而变得显著,颗粒之间直接传递载荷,增加了复合材料的刚性和弹性模量。
基于细观力学理论和细观有限元模型,预测了高体积分数比(≥30%)金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的弹性模量,并将预测结果与试验结果进行对比分析。主要结论如下:
1)采用Ruess下限、Mori-Tanaka方法、广义均值法预测了复合材料的弹性模量。其中,广义均值法通过引入结构因子J,考虑了材料微观结构特征和含量的影响,预测精度更高。
2)依据复合材料的微观特征,采用高斯分布规律,建立了考虑颗粒随机分布的二维RVE有限元模型,该模型预测的弹性模量精度高于细观力学理论方法。
3)金属颗粒增强树脂基复合材料的弹性模量随金属颗粒体积分数比的增大而增大。
  • 江苏省科技计划项目(BK20211069)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(SJCX23_1603)
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.016
  • 接收时间:2023-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-21
  • 修回日期:2023-12-30
基金
Science and Technology Plan of Jiangsu Province(BK20211069)
江苏省科技计划项目(BK20211069)
Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(SJCX23_1603)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(SJCX23_1603)
作者信息
    1.江苏理工学院 材料工程学院,常州 213001
    2.中国机械总院集团江苏分院有限公司,常州 213001
    3.扬州平航航空动力技术有限公司,扬州 225200

通讯作者:

朱福先(通信作者),男,1979年生,江苏东台人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为复合材料力学;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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