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Based on Reddy’s layerwise theory (RLWT) and O(1) homogenization method, a three-scale layerwise multiscale analysis method (LMAM) for composite honeycomb sandwich structures was established. The macroscopic model of composite laminates was discretized by RLWT, and the microscopic unit cell model composed of fibers and matrix was established by three-dimensional finite element method. In the numerical example, the numerical simulation of the cubic block with inclusions was carried out, and the simulation results were compared with those of the direct numerical simulation (DNS)method, which verified the correctness of the LMAM. LMAM is also used to calculate and analyze the macroscopic,mesoscopic and microscopic stress distribution of composite honeycomb sandwich structures.

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LI Dinghe, E-mail:
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基于Reddy逐层理论(Reddy’s Layerwise Theory, RLWT)和O(1)均匀化方法,建立了复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构的三尺度逐层多尺度分析方法(Layerwise Multiscale Analysis Method, LMAM),利用RLWT对复合材料层合板的宏观模型进行离散,采用三维有限元建立由纤维和基体组成的微观单胞模型。数值算例中,对含夹杂立方块体进行数值模拟,并与直接数值模拟(Direct Numerical Simulation, DNS)方法的模拟结果进行了对比,验证了LMAM方法的有效性。LMAM也被用于计算和分析复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构的宏观、介观和微观应力分布。

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李顶河(通信作者),男,1983年生,湖北通城人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为复合材料结构力学;E-mail:
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王振名,男,1995年生,河南汝州人,硕士;主要研究方向为飞机结构强度分析方法;E-mail:

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王振名,男,1995年生,河南汝州人,硕士;主要研究方向为飞机结构强度分析方法;E-mail:

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caption=

Mechanical properties of the fiber material in micro model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E1/GPaE2= E3/GPaG12/GPaG13= G23/GPaμ
2311507150.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241049321345445910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049264525209717, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微观模型纤维材料的力学性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E1/GPaE2= E3/GPaG12/GPaG13= G23/GPaμ
2311507150.2
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复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构的逐层多尺度分析方法
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王振名 1 , 吴品鑫 2 , 万傲霜 3 , 李顶河 3 , 肖鹏 1 , 朱强 1
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(6): 82-90
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(6): 82-90
复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构的逐层多尺度分析方法
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王振名1 , 吴品鑫2, 万傲霜3, 李顶河3 , 肖鹏1, 朱强1
作者信息
  • 1.中国特种飞行器研究所,荆门 448035
  • 2.中国民航大学 航空工程学院,天津 300300
  • 3.中国民航大学 中欧航空工程师学院,天津 300300
  • 王振名,男,1995年生,河南汝州人,硕士;主要研究方向为飞机结构强度分析方法;E-mail:

通讯作者:

李顶河(通信作者),男,1983年生,湖北通城人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为复合材料结构力学;E-mail:
Layerwise multiscale analysis method for composite honeycomb sandwich structure
Zhenming WANG1 , Pinxin WU2, Aoshuang WAN3, Dinghe LI3 , Peng XIAO1, Qiang ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Special Vehicle Research Institute, Jingmen 448035, China
  • 2.College of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 3.Sino-European Institute of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.010
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基于Reddy逐层理论(Reddy’s Layerwise Theory, RLWT)和O(1)均匀化方法,建立了复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构的三尺度逐层多尺度分析方法(Layerwise Multiscale Analysis Method, LMAM),利用RLWT对复合材料层合板的宏观模型进行离散,采用三维有限元建立由纤维和基体组成的微观单胞模型。数值算例中,对含夹杂立方块体进行数值模拟,并与直接数值模拟(Direct Numerical Simulation, DNS)方法的模拟结果进行了对比,验证了LMAM方法的有效性。LMAM也被用于计算和分析复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构的宏观、介观和微观应力分布。

逐层方法  /  多尺度分析  /  均匀化方法  /  蜂窝夹芯结构

Based on Reddy’s layerwise theory (RLWT) and O(1) homogenization method, a three-scale layerwise multiscale analysis method (LMAM) for composite honeycomb sandwich structures was established. The macroscopic model of composite laminates was discretized by RLWT, and the microscopic unit cell model composed of fibers and matrix was established by three-dimensional finite element method. In the numerical example, the numerical simulation of the cubic block with inclusions was carried out, and the simulation results were compared with those of the direct numerical simulation (DNS)method, which verified the correctness of the LMAM. LMAM is also used to calculate and analyze the macroscopic,mesoscopic and microscopic stress distribution of composite honeycomb sandwich structures.

Layerwise method  /  Multiscale analysis  /  Homogenization method  /  Honeycomb sandwich structure
王振名, 吴品鑫, 万傲霜, 李顶河, 肖鹏, 朱强. 复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构的逐层多尺度分析方法. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (6) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.010
Zhenming WANG, Pinxin WU, Aoshuang WAN, Dinghe LI, Peng XIAO, Qiang ZHU. Layerwise multiscale analysis method for composite honeycomb sandwich structure[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (6) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.010
复合材料夹芯结构由于其较高的比刚度和比强度,越来越多地应用于航空航天、汽车和航海等行业,其受力形式类似于工字梁,其中,面板提供整体结构强度,承受弯曲和面内载荷,而中间芯材承受横向剪切载荷并重新分配法向力,是一种典型的高效承载结构形式[1]
目前,复合材料夹芯结构制造技术已得到广泛应用,各种复合材料夹芯结构的形式越来越复杂,对现有分析方法提出了更高要求。复合材料夹芯结构具有典型的结构层级多尺度,其中宏观尺度为复合材料夹芯结构件,介观尺度为包含详细夹芯结构信息的代表性体积单元(Representative Volume Elementary, RVE),微观尺度为构成夹芯结构上下面板的单根纤维模型,宏观尺度模型力学性能会受到介-微观尺度结构的极大影响。传统板壳理论将较复杂的结构等效为材料均匀的结构,不足以考虑介-微观结构对宏观整体材料性能的影响[2-4];利用有限单元法,建立包含详细微观夹芯结构的1:1有限元模型,会导致整体单元数过多,整个有限元模型计算量异常巨大,计算成本高昂[5-7]
随着复合材料夹芯结构设计水平和要求的不断提高,需要有一种分析方法既可以满足得到板壳的精确应力位移结果,又可以得到在没有任何假设的情况下任意复杂的板壳结构与芯材结构连接处的局部响应,从而提高复杂复合材料夹芯结构的设计和应用水平。因此,针对复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构,开展多尺度分析方法研究势在必行。
目前,有学者利用多尺度方法计算求解复合材料夹芯结构的力学响应。LI等[8]提出了计算连续性两尺度分析方法,对蜂窝夹芯板进行静力学分析,并与有限元结果进行对比,在满足计算精度的同时提高计算效率。SHI等[9]基于两尺度均匀化方法,推导了周期性蜂窝结构的解析等效本构方程。XU等[10]发展了一种基于两尺度渐近均匀化技术的薄壁蜂窝夹芯结构有效横向剪切刚度分析方法。RABCZUK等[11]提出了一种适用于周期点阵结构中由两块板与梁和壳交错组成的夹芯结构的均匀化方法。CATAPANOA等[12-13]基于一般的双层优化策略,研究了涉及不同尺度的夹芯板的优化设计问题。SUN等[14]研究了多胞材料在不同空间尺度下的特性及其在不同加载速率下的压缩行为。
本文发展了一种三尺度逐层多尺度分析方法(Layerwise Multiscale Analysis Method, LMAM),其中宏观模型由Reddy逐层理论(Reddy’s Layerwise Theory,RLWT)建立,相邻尺度之间的关系由O(1)均匀化方法实现,它结合了RLWT在宏观问题计算效率方面的优势和O(1)均匀化方法在提供等效材料属性和介观/微观局部场方面的优势。
在这一节中,基于数学均匀化方法[15],建立复合材料蜂窝夹芯层合板的三尺度分析模型。均匀化方法区分了4个不同的求解域,包括复合结构求解域Ωζ、宏观求解域Ωma、介观求解域Ωme和微观求解域Ωmi图1)。复合材料夹芯板处于复合域Ωζ,其中不同尺度的坐标系显示为:x代表宏观区域Ωma中的位置矢量,yx/ζ代表介观区域Ωme内的位置矢量,zy/ζ代表微观区域Ωmi内部的位置矢量。ζ表示一个极其微小的正数,在具有复杂介观和微观结构细节的复合材料夹芯板中,fζ(x)(如位移场uζ、应变场εζ和应力场σζ)被认为在单元域内ΩmeΩmi具有周期性。其中me代表介观特征,mi代表微观特征。因此,这些区域被定义在Ωma×Ωme×Ωmi的空间中。
在复合域Ωζ中规定的位移场可以使用以下三尺度渐近展开公式来计算:
式中,i代表3个不同的方向。
利用链式法则,由偏导数的定义可以计算出复合域中的应变展开为
由于微观尺度对称性和周期性,。因此,在三尺度LMAM计算中省略了。给出了ζ的各阶应变分量:
其中
通过在ΩmiΩmi×Ωme区域积分,分别考虑微观和介观周期性条件,进一步定义了尺度平均应变为
考虑到每个尺度上的周期性,相邻两个尺度上平均应力的相关性表示为
则应力场渐近展开为
各尺度下的平均应力与应变类似,表示为
在当前的研究中,三尺度均匀化方法是利用有限元弱形式发展起来的。在复合域Ωζ中的弱形式规定为
式中,为体力;为牵引力;dΩ和dΓζ为边界条件;为权重函数,其空间定义为
将具有前三项的应力渐近展开式(7)代入式(9)中,并考虑三尺度权重函数的偏导数定义,可得各阶的弱形式为
通过在式(11)的第一个等式中选取wζ=,将微观模型问题归结为其弱形式。试探函数的空间为
通过在式(11)的第二个等式中选取wζ=,将介观模型问题归结为其弱形式。试探函数的空间为
根据式(11)的最终方程,选取wζ=,将宏观单胞问题归结为其弱形式。试探函数的空间为
上述均匀化方法是LMAM的基础。RLWT假设位移、材料特性和单元形状可以通过任意可定义的插值函数来粗略表示。具体来说,任何三维插值函数都可以表示为二维插值函数和一维插值函数的乘积。图2表明,RLWT实际上等同于基于位移的三维实体元,应用于多尺度分析时以较低的计算成本提供了类似三维的精度。基于RLWT的多尺度分析模型的计算过程与基于三维实体元的计算过程类似。
SRINIVAS等[16]提供了一个用于复合材料层合厚板静态和动态响应分析的近似理论,该理论基于面内位移线性变化和厚度方向恒定横向位移的假设。与薄板理论相比,这种方法在精度上有优势;与三维模型相比,该方法在简单性和计算效率上有优势。RLWT的位移场为
式中,α为3个不同方向的位移变量xyz是关于z坐标轴的连续函数,它们为一维拉格朗日插值函数。层合板的层数为N表示第k层的位移结果。代入位移场插值,利用虚位移概念来构建完整的RLWT的有限元模型。假设以下的位移场插值为
式中,nele为用于近似变形的二维单元数量;uαkm为层合板第k层的二维单元的第m个节点的位移值。与二维单元第m个节点相关的二维拉格朗日多项式用符号ψm来表示。
uma(x)∈C0(Ω)的宏观弱形式为
式中,为宏观应力;为宏观体力。分别为
将式(15)、式(16)代入宏观弱形式方程中,计算RLWT的控制方程,得到
式中,为刚度矩阵;为宏观位移;为宏观外力。
在复合域中,体力和边界条件假设为一阶函数。这个问题可以通过对式(11)中的O(ζ-2)平衡方程在微观模型区域上积分来解决:
基于分部积分法,可以得到
式中,为单元边缘∂Ωmi的单位法向量。由于∂Ωmi存在局部周期性,式(21)中的边界积分分量被消除。将式(3)和式(7)代入式(21)中,得到
因为本构张量具有对称性、正性和周期性,有
结合式(23),将式(11)O(ζ-1)平衡方程改写为
为了在上述公式中找到u(1)u(2)的解,使用如下所示的分离变量法:
式中,三阶张量关于指标mn对称,且均为C0连续的一阶位移影响函数。
将式(25)代入平衡方程O(ζ-1)的结果为
因此
其中
δkm为Kronecker函数。O(ζ-1)平衡方程的微分形式为
影响函数和测试函数可以在介观模型中离散为
式中,为介观尺度试探函数的节点自由度;为介观尺度测试函数的节点自由度。C0(Ωme)连续介观形状函数的等效对称梯度为
可以得到如下介观模型的弱形式:
其中
影响函数和测试函数可以在微观胞元中离散为
式中,为微观尺度试探函数的节点自由度;为微观尺度测试函数的节点自由度。C0(Ωmi)连续微观形状函数的等效对称梯度为
可以得到如下弱形式的微观方程:
其中
均匀化方法被用来得到不同尺度的等效材料特性,而高斯积分点上的应变被用来确定各个尺度的局部应力。联合使用RLWT和均匀化方法,如图3所示,三尺度LMAM的计算框架可以总结为以下几点:
1)计算微观模型刚度矩阵右侧的,计算出微观尺度应力影响函数。微观尺度模型控制方程为
2)计算介观尺度等效材料参数,为
3)计算介观模型刚度矩阵右侧的,计算出介观尺度应力影响函数。介观尺度模型控制方程如下所示:
4)计算宏观尺度等效材料参数为
5)使用以下控制方程求解宏观尺度计算问题:
式中,on为区域内,例如式(42)中第1个公式指Ωma区域内计算。
6)挑选宏观单元应变,计算下一尺度介观模型应力分布:
7)挑选介观单元应变,计算下一尺度微观模型应力分布:
首先,采用含夹杂的立方块体模型(108 mm×108 mm×108 mm),对提出的三尺度LMAM进行验证,如图4所示。此外,还在有限元软件中建立了直接数值模拟(Direct Numerical Simulation, DNS)模型,进行对比算例计算。夹杂物分别用蓝色/红色区域表示。介观/微观单元的基体材料参数为:E=1.0 MPa、μ=0.3。微观胞元夹杂物具有以下材料参数:E=10.0 MPa,μ=0.3。宏观模型的边界条件是四边固支,并在上表面施加一个均匀分布P=1 kN的压力。
DNS模型中共有1 295 029个节点和1 259 712个六面体单元。本文提出的LMAM方法中使用的介观和微观模型都包含64个节点和27个六面体单元。在LMAM的宏观模型中,将夹杂立方块体均匀地分割成3个独立的层,并使用3×3的网格划分方法。
上述2种方法获得的宏观位移分布云图如图5所示。由图5可以看出,本文提出的LMAM方法计算的最大宏观位移与DNS模型具有良好的一致性。
LMAM和DNS模型的宏观和介观应力结果曲线如图6所示。DNS应力曲线选取规则为:先在DNS模型上表面选取一个单元,再选取该单元中一个节点,最后,沿着Z轴选取与该节点具有相同XY坐标的节点。最终选取的DNS上表面单元节点XY坐标为(47,47)。图6中的蓝色曲线表示宏观应力R11在该节点沿着Z轴方向的应力分布。LMAM采用两点高斯积分法计算厚度方向的宏观应力。图6表明,所提出的LMAM和DNS模型具有良好的相关性。由于RLWT基本等同于基于三维位移的有限元方法,因此,LMAM和DNS方法沿立方块体Z坐标的应力和位移结果基本相同。而且,LMAM不受板的宽厚比影响,可以对厚板或厚壳进行力学分析。
LMAM得到的微观应力分布结果如图7所示。微观应力是在微观模型的中心轴沿Z方向的单元应力值,微观应力分布呈现出与宏观和介观应力相同的趋势。介观和微观应力的分布趋势更加接近,极值在大约相同的Z坐标(宏观模型中的夹杂物处)上出现。
图6中的宏观应力是使用等效材料参数的计算结果,介观胞元中的局部值构成了图6中的介观应力结果。如图6图7所示,与宏观应力相比,因为夹杂和基体具有不同的材料参数,所提出的LMAM计算的介观和微观应力曲线在厚度方向上表现出振荡。夹杂物区域的应力高于基体区域,高模量的夹杂物承担了大部分的外部载荷。在微观模型中,基体和夹杂物之间界面的微观应力比其他位置高得多,这表明在均匀载荷的压力下,损伤通常倾向于首先在基体和夹杂物之间的界面上萌生。
将LMAM方法应用到复合材料蜂窝夹芯板(80 mm×80 mm×8 mm)上,如图8所示,介观蜂窝夹芯结构中芯材的材料参数:E=1.878 GPa,μ=0.3。微观模型基体材料的材料参数:E=3.5 GPa,μ=0.35。微观模型纤维材料的力学性能参数如表1所示。
宏观模型四边固支,并施加有均匀分布的压力P=1 kN;微观模型包含1 859个节点和1 560个六面体单元;介观模型由14 270个节点和10 816个六面体单元组成。对于用LMAM构建的宏观模型,沿面内方向采用40×40的网格划分方法,沿厚度方向层合板被均匀地划分为4个独立层。对于这个复杂的问题,如果建立DNS模型,将有超过3 998亿个单元和节点,将耗费巨大的计算量。对于介观蜂窝夹芯结构而言,它由上、下复合材料层合板和中间的芯材构成。因此,介观尺度模型中的上、下复合材料层合面板可以由微观尺度的纤维-基体模型求解。
图9给出了沿Z轴的宏观、介观和部分区域的微观应力曲线。同时,介观RVE模型和微观RVE模型的应力分布云图如图9所示。这些数据和应力分布云图都是通过三尺度LMAM计算出来的。沿Z轴的宏观应力是在宏观模型中心单元的高斯点上得到的,该点位于(39.79,39.79)。对于介观模型,应力是沿Z轴中心线取值。而对于微观单元应力值,选择的是蜂窝夹芯层合板中第2层上面板与第3层下面板之间的面板区域。
实际情况中,在受到与数值模型相同的边界条件情况下,复合材料夹芯板上表面受拉,下表面受压。这与图9(a)和图9(b)中宏观应力曲线的趋势一致。在图9(d)和图9(e)中,应力曲线出现很明显的振荡现象,而且振荡出现的位置也都处于夹芯板层与层的交界处,说明在层间会出现较为严重的应力集中现象。计算结果表明,夹芯层合板出现分层失效的原因之一是层间应力过大。在图9中,可以从介观RVE应力分布云图看出,通常在蜂窝夹芯结构上下面板和芯材交接处出现应力集中现象,可能会导致面板与芯材发生脱粘现象,这也与实际情况相吻合。
图10(a)~图10(c)中的微观应力曲线可以看出,应力曲线在基体区域和纤维区域出现明显的差异。纤维区域应力明显大于基体区域应力。说明外部载荷主要由纤维承担。从图10(a)~图10(c)中微观模型的应力分布云图同样可以看出,在纤维和基体交界处,出现应力集中现象。说明在真实情况下,纤维与基体交界处最容易出现失效现象。
与传统的单一尺度复合材料层合板分析理论只能获得如图9所示的宏观应力结果相比,三尺度分析方法可以有效地获得介观和微观模型的应力分布云图和应力集中区域。准确的应力分布云图可以为复合材料蜂窝夹芯层合板结构设计提供重要参考,如对应力集中区域采取加固措施,包括增加层数和改变铺层角度等。
通过理论推导和算例验证,开展了复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构的逐层多尺度分析方法研究,得出主要结论如下:
1)基于Reddy逐层理论和O(1)均匀化方法,提出了一种三尺度逐层多尺度分析方法。它同时考虑了面内和厚度方向的周期性,介观和微观模型采用三维实体单元进行网格划分,而宏观模型采用板单元进行有限元离散处理。
2)含夹杂立方块体数值算例表明,该方法计算的宏观位移与DNS模型计算结果一致,验证了所提出方法的有效性。
3)与现有的基于剪切变形理论的多尺度分析方法相比,本文提出的LMAM能够获得准确的复合材料夹芯层合板层内和层间应力,而不受其宽厚比的影响,具有显著的优势,可用于分析飞机结构中复合材料夹芯结构的力学性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52205174)
  • 天津市杰出青年科学基金项目(23JCJQJC00100)
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2025年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.010
  • 接收时间:2023-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-16
  • 修回日期:2024-03-07
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52205174)
国家自然科学基金项目(52205174)
Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Tianjin(23JCJQJC00100)
天津市杰出青年科学基金项目(23JCJQJC00100)
作者信息
    1.中国特种飞行器研究所,荆门 448035
    2.中国民航大学 航空工程学院,天津 300300
    3.中国民航大学 中欧航空工程师学院,天津 300300

通讯作者:

李顶河(通信作者),男,1983年生,湖北通城人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为复合材料结构力学;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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