Article(id=1241049262826508696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729526400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-22, revisedDate=1733846400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818801838, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818801838, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818801838, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818801838, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049258309251153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818800761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819014967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241050156821434987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241050156821434988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049263187218846, articleId=1241049262826508696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=A new method for the dynamic mesh stiffness calculation of spur gear under centrifugal effect, columnId=1228282191914926752, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Vibration·Noise·Monitoring·Diagnosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the gear meshing process, the driving speed plays a crucial role in evaluating mesh stiffness, a factor that many scholars often overlook along with the accompanying centrifugal effects. Based on Euler beam theory,a original computational algorithm was proposed to calculate the dynamic mesh stiffness of spur gears considering driven-speed effects by introducing centrifugal effects into the velocity field. Using the driving speed as a control parameter, the dynamic mesh stiffness in relation to driving speed was investigated, and the nonlinear relation between centrifugal effects and dynamic mesh stiffness was demonstrated. The results indicate that, under the influence of a centrifugal field, both the natural frequency and the dynamic mesh stiffness of the gears increase with rising driving speed. Additionally, materials with a high elastic modulus tend to suppress the impact of driving speed on dynamic mesh stiffness, while higher density has the opposite effect. The research results provide reference for further analysis of gear vibration and noise under centrifugal effects.

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MO Guoyin, E-mail:
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在齿轮啮合过程中,驱动速度在评估啮合刚度方面起着重要作用,而许多学者往往忽视了这一点及其伴随而来的离心效应。基于Euler梁理论,提出了一种原始计算算法,通过在速度场中引入离心效应来计算直齿轮的受驱动速度影响的动态啮合刚度。以驱动速度为控制参数,研究了受驱动速度影响的动态啮合刚度,并证明了离心效应与动态啮合刚度之间的非线性关系。结果表明,在离心场的作用下,齿轮的固有频率和动态啮合刚度的波动都随着驱动速度的增加而增加。材料的高弹性模量容易抑制驱动速度对动态啮合刚度的影响,而密度则相反。研究结果为进一步分析齿轮在离心作用下的振动、噪声提供参考。

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莫国胤(通信作者),男,2000年生,山东聊城人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为齿轮动力学等;E-mail:
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张小翠,女,1984年生,河南辉县人,硕士,副教授;主要研究方向为齿轮非线性动力学等;E-mail:

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张小翠,女,1984年生,河南辉县人,硕士,副教授;主要研究方向为齿轮非线性动力学等;E-mail:

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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262826508696, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=离心效应), Keyword(id=1241049295248478235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262826508696, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=驱动速度), Keyword(id=1241049295378501663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262826508696, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=齿轮材料), Keyword(id=1241049295546273824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262826508696, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=频率分析)], refs=[Reference(id=1241049306191417531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262826508696, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=46, issue=2, pageStart=312, pageEnd=319, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=吴鲁纪, 杨世豪, 冯伟, journalName=机械强度, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴鲁纪,杨世豪,冯伟,等. 斜齿轮时变啮合刚度改进算法及影响因素分析[J]. 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Parameters of the spur gear pair

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参数 Parameters小/大齿轮 Pinion/Gear
齿数 Number of teeth27/41
质量 Mass/kg0.22/0.34
弹性模量 Elasticity modulus E/GPa207
泊松比 Poisson ratio0.3
模数 Modulus/mm2.5
齿宽 Width of tooth/mm10
压力角 Pressure angle/(°)20
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直齿轮副参数

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参数 Parameters小/大齿轮 Pinion/Gear
齿数 Number of teeth27/41
质量 Mass/kg0.22/0.34
弹性模量 Elasticity modulus E/GPa207
泊松比 Poisson ratio0.3
模数 Modulus/mm2.5
齿宽 Width of tooth/mm10
压力角 Pressure angle/(°)20
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Natural frequency of gears

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模态
Modal
小齿轮 Pinion大齿轮 Gear
新算法
New algorithm/Hz
有限元
FEM/Hz
误差
Error/%
新算法
New algorithms/Hz
有限元
FEM/Hz
误差
Error/%
135 85036 1581.8023 09123 5150.85
244 73143 8804.1228 71927 5821.93
3120 102126 2201.2277 06876 1371.93
4132 534134 1602.3685 75487 8301.21
5138 663146 6142.58140 950137 4004.05
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齿轮固有频率

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模态
Modal
小齿轮 Pinion大齿轮 Gear
新算法
New algorithm/Hz
有限元
FEM/Hz
误差
Error/%
新算法
New algorithms/Hz
有限元
FEM/Hz
误差
Error/%
135 85036 1581.8023 09123 5150.85
244 73143 8804.1228 71927 5821.93
3120 102126 2201.2277 06876 1371.93
4132 534134 1602.3685 75487 8301.21
5138 663146 6142.58140 950137 4004.05
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Material parameters

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材料
Material
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/GPa
密度
Density/(kg/m³
比模量
Specific modulus/m
硬铝合金
Hard aluminum alloy
702.725.92
铸铁
Cast iron
2077.8926.24
碳纤维尼龙
Carbon fiber nylon
2301.76130.68
陶瓷
Ceramics
4103.15130.16
), ArticleFig(id=1241049304220094617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262826508696, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

材料参数

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材料
Material
弹性模量
Elastic modulus/GPa
密度
Density/(kg/m³
比模量
Specific modulus/m
硬铝合金
Hard aluminum alloy
702.725.92
铸铁
Cast iron
2077.8926.24
碳纤维尼龙
Carbon fiber nylon
2301.76130.68
陶瓷
Ceramics
4103.15130.16
), ArticleFig(id=1241049304308175004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262826508696, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Influence of mass matrix on the growth rate of different materials

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质量矩阵
Mass matrix
材料
Material
2 000 r/min6 000 r/min10 000 r/min
Mt硬铝合金
Hard aluminum alloy
14.3150.2470.10
Mt+Mr15.7153.8586.50
Mt铸铁
Cast iron
12.7846.7765.57
Mt+Mt13.4549.9369.02
Mt陶瓷
Ceramics
3.3921.7338.26
Mt+Mr3.8324.6047.10
Mt碳纤维尼龙
Carbon fiber nylon
3.3020.3436.56
Mt+Mr3.3021.7437.71
), ArticleFig(id=1241049304429809825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262826508696, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

质量矩阵对不同材料的增长率的影响

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质量矩阵
Mass matrix
材料
Material
2 000 r/min6 000 r/min10 000 r/min
Mt硬铝合金
Hard aluminum alloy
14.3150.2470.10
Mt+Mr15.7153.8586.50
Mt铸铁
Cast iron
12.7846.7765.57
Mt+Mt13.4549.9369.02
Mt陶瓷
Ceramics
3.3921.7338.26
Mt+Mr3.8324.6047.10
Mt碳纤维尼龙
Carbon fiber nylon
3.3020.3436.56
Mt+Mr3.3021.7437.71
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考虑离心效应直齿圆柱齿轮动态啮合刚度计算的新方法
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张小翠 1 , 莫国胤 2 , 刘富豪 2 , 张建强 3 , 蒋汉军 2 , 张介禄 4
机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025,47(6): 27-36
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机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025, 47(6): 27-36
考虑离心效应直齿圆柱齿轮动态啮合刚度计算的新方法
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张小翠1 , 莫国胤2 , 刘富豪2, 张建强3, 蒋汉军2, 张介禄4
作者信息
  • 1.新乡职业技术学院 智能制造学院,新乡 453001
  • 2.青岛理工大学 机械与汽车工程学院,青岛 266520
  • 3.特种车辆及其传动系统智能制造国家重点实验室,包头 014032
  • 4.江苏泰隆减速机股份有限公司,泰州 255400
  • 张小翠,女,1984年生,河南辉县人,硕士,副教授;主要研究方向为齿轮非线性动力学等;E-mail:

通讯作者:

莫国胤(通信作者),男,2000年生,山东聊城人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为齿轮动力学等;E-mail:
A new method for the dynamic mesh stiffness calculation of spur gear under centrifugal effect
Xiaocui ZHANG1 , Guoyin MO2 , Fuhao LIU2, Jianqiang ZHANG3, Hanjun JIANG2, Jielu ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Intelligent Manufacturing College, Xinxiang Vocational and Technical College, Xinxiang 453001, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing for Special Vehicles and Transmission System, Baotou 014032, China
  • 4.Jiangsu Tailong Decelerator Machinery Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225400, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.004
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在齿轮啮合过程中,驱动速度在评估啮合刚度方面起着重要作用,而许多学者往往忽视了这一点及其伴随而来的离心效应。基于Euler梁理论,提出了一种原始计算算法,通过在速度场中引入离心效应来计算直齿轮的受驱动速度影响的动态啮合刚度。以驱动速度为控制参数,研究了受驱动速度影响的动态啮合刚度,并证明了离心效应与动态啮合刚度之间的非线性关系。结果表明,在离心场的作用下,齿轮的固有频率和动态啮合刚度的波动都随着驱动速度的增加而增加。材料的高弹性模量容易抑制驱动速度对动态啮合刚度的影响,而密度则相反。研究结果为进一步分析齿轮在离心作用下的振动、噪声提供参考。

动态啮合刚度  /  离心效应  /  驱动速度  /  齿轮材料  /  频率分析

During the gear meshing process, the driving speed plays a crucial role in evaluating mesh stiffness, a factor that many scholars often overlook along with the accompanying centrifugal effects. Based on Euler beam theory,a original computational algorithm was proposed to calculate the dynamic mesh stiffness of spur gears considering driven-speed effects by introducing centrifugal effects into the velocity field. Using the driving speed as a control parameter, the dynamic mesh stiffness in relation to driving speed was investigated, and the nonlinear relation between centrifugal effects and dynamic mesh stiffness was demonstrated. The results indicate that, under the influence of a centrifugal field, both the natural frequency and the dynamic mesh stiffness of the gears increase with rising driving speed. Additionally, materials with a high elastic modulus tend to suppress the impact of driving speed on dynamic mesh stiffness, while higher density has the opposite effect. The research results provide reference for further analysis of gear vibration and noise under centrifugal effects.

Dynamic mesh stiffness  /  Centrifugal effect  /  Driving speed  /  Gear material  /  Frequency analysis
张小翠, 莫国胤, 刘富豪, 张建强, 蒋汉军, 张介禄. 考虑离心效应直齿圆柱齿轮动态啮合刚度计算的新方法. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (6) : 27 -36 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.004
Xiaocui ZHANG, Guoyin MO, Fuhao LIU, Jianqiang ZHANG, Hanjun JIANG, Jielu ZHANG. A new method for the dynamic mesh stiffness calculation of spur gear under centrifugal effect[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (6) : 27 -36 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.004
齿轮是机械传动中的基本部件,广泛应用于新能源汽车和航空航天机械。啮合刚度是内部激励的主要来源,在齿轮动力学中起着至关重要的作用。因此,准确评估啮合刚度有助于在上述领域中提高齿轮的传动精度和齿轮结构的优化设计。
现有的参考文献提供了许多计算直齿圆柱齿轮啮合刚度的方法,如实验法、势能法、有限元法和混合法等[1-4]。势能法因其计算速度快而成为啮合刚度计算中最常用的方法之一。CHEN等[5]通过将势能法扩展到5个势能来改善势能法,而不是传统的3个势能有限元法来计算复杂齿轮的刚度,以应对势能法中与轮廓修改相关的计算困难。徐可君等[6]细化齿廓,引入过渡曲线参数方程修正积分上限,使得轮齿模型更为精确。在此基础上,为了在保持一定计算精度的同时降低有限元计算时间,常乐浩等[7]提出了一种有限元法和势能法的混合方法。为了获得更精确的网格刚度,BEINSTINGEL等[8-9]开始逐渐关注驱动速度下啮合刚度的计算。ZHENG等[10]104686开发了一种分析有限元法,该法将圆角基座刚度构建为驱动速度的函数。上述学者研究了驱动速度对啮合刚度的影响,但他们的研究局限于静力学领域。事实上,齿轮啮合是一个动态过程,驱动速度是动力学中的关键参数[11]。LIU等[12]以驱动速度为控制参数,研究了时域/频域中动态响应的变化。在动力学领域,驱动速度对啮合刚度的影响还伴随着离心效应[13]。离心效应是一种普遍现象,其材料强度随着驱动速度的增加而增强。高驱动速度会产生很大的离心力,从而显著影响齿轮系统的变形响应[14]。因此,深入研究离心效应对齿轮系统啮合刚度的影响具有现实的工程意义与理论价值。LI[15]通过控制驱动速度使得离心载荷对薄腹板齿轮的齿根弯曲应力产生不同的影响。XIAO等[16]研究了受离心效应影响的齿轮,其中第一模态频率随离心力而变化。CURÀ等[17]研究了离心效应对齿轮裂纹初始点和裂纹扩展路径的影响。ZHENG等[10]104686考虑离心效应建立了一个分析有限元框架。上述研究通常在准静态离心载荷下进行评估。因此,揭示离心效应对动态啮合刚度在动力学计算中的影响仍然是一个挑战。为了解决这些问题,本文建立了考虑离心效应且更真实的直齿轮模型,提出了一种考虑驱动速度和离心效应的原始计算算法来计算动态啮合刚度,直齿轮系统的运动控制方程是依据Hamilton’s principle推导的,推导了离心力公式,在动态条件下得到齿轮变形和啮合刚度,从而为直齿圆柱齿轮在高驱动速度下传动性能的改善以及减振降噪等提供参考。
在转子动力系统中,离心效应是常见的现象。在齿轮旋转过程中,通过改变驱动速度将动能转化为势能,从而影响齿轮副的变形。如图1所示,由于齿在离心作用下的柔性,齿轮被表示为2种不同的状态:静载荷下的正常状态(虚线)和离心力Fv下的膨胀状态(实线)。驱动速度的增加,齿轮中的啮合点远离旋转中心O,这种现象更加明显。齿轮模型中,可以采用Euler梁单元简化为悬臂梁模型,在模拟计算过程中,齿轮的孔径rm是固定的。其中,urvr是旋转产生的位移,而uv是离心膨胀产生的位移。齿轮上给定点总位移矢量为
离心膨胀后齿轮相对于齿轮旋转中心的速度矢量为,可表示为
式中,点表示对于时间的导数。
根据齿轮的总位移PT,可以推断出齿轮中储存的动能为Ti,其表达式为
式中,ρ为密度;dV为对齿轮体积进行积分。
这里只考虑柔性齿轮应变张量的轴向分量。因此,非线性轴向应变εxx计算式为
式中,撇号表示对于x的导数。
考虑到齿轮单个齿的横截面关于中性层对称分布,并使用轴向应变定义式(4),齿轮的势能可以仅用横向位移x2来表示。因此,齿轮Ui的势能[18]
根据哈密顿原理,有
利用应变能方程(4)和动能方程(3),根据哈密顿原理,可以推导出柔性齿轮的运动方程,即
其中,MtMr分别为齿轮的平移质量矩阵、转动惯量质量矩阵;CrCp分别为瑞利阻尼系数矩阵、陀螺阻尼矩阵;KeKv分别为结构刚度矩阵、离心刚度矩阵;FvF分别为离心力和啮合力。质量MtMr、刚度Ke的基本矩阵是对称的,仅取决于材料特性和齿轮几何形状。然而,离心刚度Kv的基本矩阵是对称的,与驱动速度的平方成正比。
齿轮任意的单元对称平移质量矩阵的表达式为
式中,A为齿轮横截面的面积。
齿轮任意单元旋转惯性质量矩阵的表达式为
式中,I为齿轮横截面的惯性质量矩阵。
齿轮任意单元的陀螺阻尼矩阵Cp
齿轮任意单元对称弹性刚度矩阵Ke
齿轮任意单元离心刚度矩阵Kv
其中,
齿轮任意单元瑞利阻尼矩阵Cr
对齿轮的微元dx的离心力进行积分,得到节点处的离心力Fv。离心力沿齿轮轴向作用[19],可表示为
本节中,采用Newmark算法求解受驱动速度影响的齿轮动态位移,以此获得考虑离心效应柔性齿轮的动态啮合刚度。轮齿在前一啮合点产生的弹性变形会随着驱动速度产生的动态激励影响下一啮合点轮齿的啮合状态。如图2所示,齿轮副的啮合过程通过单齿齿轮模型进行模拟。为了更准确地反映驱动速度动态激励对齿轮啮合过程的影响,本文分别针对两种不同工况进行了模拟分析:①小齿轮上的啮合力Fi从小齿轮的初始啮合点B起逐渐啮合到齿轮啮出点A;②大齿轮上的啮合力Fi从大齿轮的初始啮合点A起逐渐啮合到齿轮啮出点B图2中,柔性轮齿啮合时的任意啮合点表示为ixi为坐标原点到第i个啮合点的距离;zix为第i个啮合点到x轴的距离。由于大小齿轮的计算过程一致,仅存在参数设置不同。因此,下文以小齿轮的计算过程为例进行详细说明。
外载荷矩阵Fi会随着齿轮的旋转过程而发生变化,即在同一时刻仅存在一个啮合点i的外载荷,其余任意节点上的外载荷均为0。外载荷矩阵计算式可以表示为
式中,βi为轮齿在啮合线上第i个单元位置的啮合角,可以表示为
式中,Rbp为小齿轮的基圆半径。
i个啮合点的啮合速度可以由小齿轮驱动速度和啮合点坐标求得,其表达式为
为了求解柔性齿轮考虑离心效应受驱动速度影响的位移矩阵{Xi}。采用Newmark算法对运动方程式(7)进行求解,其中关键参数是载荷步长。本文对作用于2个啮合点之间的啮合速度取2个啮合速度的平均值进行表示。齿轮动态位移的时间步长Δti是啮合力Fi从前啮合点移动到下一个啮合点的时间间隔,其计算式为
其中,Δxi、Δyi分别为啮合点在xy方向上的弹性挠度。
轮齿啮合时初始啮合点的初始速度矩阵与初始加速度矩阵在循环计算中元素都设置为0。使用传统的胡克定律法计算初始位移矩阵X1,其表达式为
其中,F1为初始啮合点处啮合力的外载荷矩阵。
上述参数计算完成后,使用Newmark算法对式(7)中的Xi进行迭代计算,直至动态载荷运动至啮出点时停止。此时受驱动速度影响的动态位移矩阵Xi通过迭代计算得到。从不断迭代的Xi中提取第i个啮合点的弹性挠度Δxix和Δxiy,随后小齿轮在该啮合点处的单齿动态刚度值kpi可由弹性挠度表示,即
同理可以得到,大齿轮在第i个啮合点的单齿动态刚度值kgi。单对齿啮合时齿轮副受驱动速度影响的综合动态啮合刚度可由kpikgi表示为
单齿啮合区和双齿啮合区都存在于一个完整的啮合周期中。两对齿在双齿啮合区内,动态啮合刚度是串联关系。为了更准确地计算具有离心效应的动态啮合刚度,绘制了该算法的详细流程图,如图3所示。
为了验证所提出的算法用于计算离心作用下动态啮合刚度的准确性,与Ansys方法进行了比较。在Ansys APDL(ANSYS Parametric Design Language,APDL)软件的背景下,直齿轮的齿建模为一维悬臂梁。为了尽量减少驱动速度和离心效应对啮合刚度的影响,将驱动速度设置为。在准静态条件下,将该方法计算得到的单齿动态刚度(Single Tooth Dynamic Stiffness, STDS)与Ansys计算的静刚度进行对比。同时展示了考虑离心效应时新方法在时计算得到的STDS与Ansys计算的单齿动态刚度的对比。本节中,STDS是在Fortran环境下进行计算的;Ansys得到的结果是在APDL环境中对Euler梁单元进行仿真与提取的。直齿轮副的参数如表1所示。
当驱动速度无限接近于0时,离心效应对STDS没有影响。此时STDS的值将趋近于单齿静态刚度。由图4可以看出时的STDS和Ansys计算的单齿静态刚度几乎完全一致。但当驱动速度时,STDS和Ansys计算得到的动态啮合刚度具有较大误差。主要原因是Ansys不能计算离心力对动态啮合刚度的影响,其次是因为对于Euler梁单元进行动力学计算时,Ansys内置的有限元理论中积分点到顶端有一定距离,故动态位移与理论解也总是有一定误差。单齿动态刚度一直围绕单齿静态刚度周围波动,这是驱动速度所产生的动态激励产生的,离心效应会放大动态激励。因此,STDS与Ansys在时计算的单齿动态刚度相比具有更大的波动幅值。
为了进一步验证该算法在刚度计算中的作用,图5中,对动态啮合刚度和静态啮合刚度进行了比较。其中无量纲时间(t/tc)是对一个啮合周期tc进行归一化处理。
为了进一步探究驱动速度及其伴随而来的离心效应对啮合刚度的影响,图6(a)~图6(d)分别显示了不同速度下小齿轮与大齿轮的单齿动态刚度。可以看出,随着转速的增加,单齿动态刚度的波动逐渐增加,但是始终在静刚度周围波动。其原因是,随着驱动速度的增加,作用在相邻啮合点上的动态激励的时间间隔减小。因此,悬臂梁在前一个啮合点的挠度没有足够的时间立即恢复,导致后一个啮合点将产生新的挠度。这种挠度不断累积的过程最终产生了这一现象。此外,初始啮合点的刚度波动比其他啮合点大,这是由于此时小齿轮的动能和振幅达到最大值。随着啮合过程的推进,驱动速度逐渐降低,单齿动态刚度波动逐渐抑制,直到网格位置结束。随着驱动速度的增加,离心效应增强使得动态单齿刚度的波动振幅增大。这是因为随着驱动速度增加,2个啮合点的时间间隔变小,导致挠度恢复变慢。
为了更全面地揭示离心效应对啮合刚度的影响,图7所示为不同离心力条件下静态啮合刚度和动态啮合刚度的比较分析。一般来说,较高的离心力会产生更多的额外弹性势能,因此2种方法的啮合刚度都会随着驱动速度的增加而增加。然而,必须指出的是,离心力不仅会增强动态啮合刚度,还会增强其振幅波动,这与静态啮合刚度形成鲜明对比。这种差异的主要原因是离心效应加剧了驱动速度对啮合刚度的影响,这使得齿轮系统中的振动能量更高,从而增加了动态啮合刚度的振幅波动。其中,驱动速度对双齿啮合区域的啮合刚度影响较大,对单齿啮合刚度的影响较小。这是因为齿轮系统在双齿啮合区域时拥有更大的振动能量,双对齿的离心力对系统的影响远大于单对齿。结果表明,新方法计算的动态啮合刚度随着驱动速度的增加而增加,这与理论定性一致。
表2所示为低转速时新算法与有限元的固有频率,两者的相对误差在5%以内。因此,新算法在求解固有频率方面是可靠的。在此基础上分别研究了两种不同质量矩阵条件下离心效应对柔性齿轮固有频率的影响:①不考虑转动惯性质量矩阵;②同时考虑转动惯性质量矩阵和平动惯性质量矩阵。
图8为仅设置平动惯性质量矩阵得到的不同驱动速度下大齿轮和小齿轮的坎贝尔图。图8中,随着转速的升高,离心效应并不完全影响齿轮系统的每一阶固有频率。小齿轮的第1阶频率ω1、第3阶频率ω3和第5阶频率ω5随着驱动速度增大保持不变。大齿轮的第2阶频率ω2和第5阶频率ω5随着驱动速度的变化而显著增大。图8(a)和图8(b)表明,随着齿轮齿数的减少,频率分叉变得更加突出。其原因是,随着齿轮齿数的增加,齿轮体对轮齿的支撑增加,离心效应对齿轮固有频率的影响减小。
图9为同时设置平动惯性质量矩阵及转动惯性质量矩阵得到的不同驱动速度下小齿轮和大齿轮的坎贝尔图。可以发现,转动惯性质量矩阵对齿轮系统固有频率的影响不可忽视,并且在离心效应的耦合中展现出更加多样的频率特性。图9中,在12 790 r/min时可以观察到第1阶频率转向现象,这表明齿轮系统中可能存在较高旋转模式的强耦合。同时还展现出齿轮系统在考虑转动惯性质量时在不同驱动速度下离心硬化效应产生的特殊频率ω3。这与姚学诗等[18]对于离心效应的结论是一致的,进一步验证了离心硬化对齿轮系统固有频率的影响。
由于不同材料的齿轮在驱动速度的影响下展现出各异的动态特性,研究材料差异对动态啮合刚度的影响具有重要意义。铝合金、铸铁、陶瓷和碳纤维尼龙是变速箱中常用的齿轮材料,具体参数见表3
图10为不同材料的刚度增长率和波动率。可以看出,动态啮合刚度的增长率和波动率随着驱动速度的增加而持续上升。铝合金齿轮动态啮合刚度出现了明显的刚度增长,这归因于低弹性模量引起的离心效应的增强。虽然铸铁和碳纤维尼龙的弹性模量相似,但它们的增长曲线显示出明显差异。出现这种现象的主要原因是铸铁的密度大于碳纤维尼龙的密度,这可能导致动态啮合刚度的波动幅度更大。此外,铸铁齿轮的增长曲线介于铝合金齿轮和陶瓷材料齿轮之间。这一观察表明,材料密度对动态啮合刚度的影响明显小于材料弹性模量的影响。由于其轻质和坚固的强度,碳纤维尼龙可以在高速行驶时有效地承受冲击、应力和振动。这说明在高驱动速度工况下,碳纤维尼龙材料齿轮相较于铸铁齿轮拥有更高的稳定性。
分别研究了2种不同质量矩阵情况对4种材料受到离心效应产生刚度增长的影响:①设置不考虑转动惯性质量矩阵;②设置考虑转动惯性质量矩阵。数值仿真结果见表4
表4表明,仅设置平动惯性质量矩阵得到的不同材料齿轮在离心效应下的增长率与图10中结果相比,计算误差随着驱动速度的增加变得越来越大;改变质量矩阵设置对离心效应下齿轮的啮合刚度计算的影响不可忽视。
在本研究中,直齿轮系统的运动控制方程是通过哈密顿原理推导的。该模型将离心效应与啮合变形相结合,扩展了齿轮动力学方程;提出了一种基于有限元分析框架的独创计算算法,用于计算离心效应对动态啮合刚度的影响。数值分析结果表明,驱动速度、弹性模量、离心效应和密度共同影响齿轮系统的动态啮合刚度。主要结论如下:
1)动态啮合刚度始终围绕静态啮合刚度上下波动;随着驱动速度的增加,动态啮合刚度表现出明显的离心硬化和波动现象;且驱动速度产生的动态激励对双对齿啮合的影响较大,对单对齿啮合的影响较小。
2)利用所提出的模型计算得到的动态啮合刚度比传统模型更真实,特别是在高速行驶条件下或柔性材料齿轮中。在离心效应的影响下,12 790 r/min齿轮固有频率出现频率转向现象。
3)齿轮系统在离心效应影响下,随着转速的升高,转动质量对振动特性的影响越来越大。不同齿轮系统在6 000 r/min展现出显著差异,故在高驱动速度下采用2个质量矩阵的计算结果精度更高。柔性齿轮应结合具体工况选择合适的驱动速度,这有利于提高齿轮系统的传动性能。
  • 国家科技支撑计划(2015BAF06B02)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52375104; 51605412; 51305378)
  • 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2021ME010)
  • 特种车辆及其传动系统智能制造国家重点实验室开放课题(2022FFQ0625)
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2025年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.004
  • 接收时间:2024-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-22
  • 修回日期:2024-12-11
基金
National Science and Technology Support Program(2015BAF06B02)
国家科技支撑计划(2015BAF06B02)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52375104; 51605412; 51305378)
国家自然科学基金项目(52375104; 51605412; 51305378)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(ZR2021ME010)
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2021ME010)
Open Topic of State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing for Special Vehicles and Transmission System(2022FFQ0625)
特种车辆及其传动系统智能制造国家重点实验室开放课题(2022FFQ0625)
作者信息
    1.新乡职业技术学院 智能制造学院,新乡 453001
    2.青岛理工大学 机械与汽车工程学院,青岛 266520
    3.特种车辆及其传动系统智能制造国家重点实验室,包头 014032
    4.江苏泰隆减速机股份有限公司,泰州 255400

通讯作者:

莫国胤(通信作者),男,2000年生,山东聊城人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为齿轮动力学等;E-mail:
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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