Article(id=1241049262377718167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697558400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-18, revisedDate=1701792000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818801730, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818801730, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818801730, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818801730, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049258309251153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818800761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819014967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241050156821434987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241050156821434988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049263581483425, articleId=1241049262377718167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Bearing fault diagnosis method based on improved compressed sensing and deep multi-kernel extreme learning machine, columnId=1228282191914926752, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Vibration·Noise·Monitoring·Diagnosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to challenges such as large sampling data, extended diagnosis time, and subjective fault feature selection in traditional bearing fault diagnosis, based on compressed sensing (CS) and deep multi-kernel extreme learning machine (D-MKELM) theory, a CS-DMKELM intelligent diagnosis model for rolling bearings was proposed. Firstly, sparse signals were obtained through threshold processing of transformed domain signals. A Gaussian random matrix was employed as the measurement matrix to compress the processed data. Secongly, the compressed data was used as the input signal for the D-MKELM. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was applied to optimize critical parameters, enabling intelligent fault diagnosis. Results demonstrate that the proposed method, using only a small amount of bearing diagnostic data,automatically extracts feature information of bearings from a limited number of measurement signals through the D-MKELM.The proposed method enables rapid fault diagnosis of bearings. With a diagnostic time of 0.55 s, a final recognition accuracy of 99.29% was achieved. The proposed method reduces the diagnostic time and exhibits the high diagnostic accuracy,providing a new approach for handling massive bearing data in the fault diagnosis.

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TAN Weimin, E-mail:
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针对传统轴承故障诊断采样数据量大、诊断时间长和故障特征选择主观性强等问题,基于压缩感知(Compressed Sensing, CS)和深度多核极限学习机(Deep Multi-Kernel Extreme Learning Machine, DMKELM)理论,提出了CS-DMKELM滚动轴承智能诊断模型。首先,对变换域信号阈值处理得到稀疏信号,使用高斯随机矩阵作为测量矩阵,对处理后的数据进行压缩;其次,使用压缩后的数据作为DMKELM的输入信号,利用粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)算法对关键参数进行优化,实现故障的智能诊断。结果表明,所提方法可使用较少的轴承诊断数据,利用DMKELM从少量测量信号中自动提取轴承的特征信息,实现了轴承的快速故障诊断。在诊断时间0.55 s的情况下,最终识别准确率可达99.29%。所提方法不仅诊断时间更短,而且诊断精度较高,为处理海量轴承数据的故障诊断提供了新方法。

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谭为民(通信作者),女,1974年生,重庆人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为计算机辅助测试与信号处理、机电一体化方面的教学与科研;E-mail:
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付强,男,1999年生,四川广安人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为压缩感知、信号处理、深度学习;E-mail:

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付强,男,1999年生,四川广安人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为压缩感知、信号处理、深度学习;E-mail:

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付强,男,1999年生,四川广安人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为压缩感知、信号处理、深度学习;E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Diagnostic accuracy and diagnostic time with different compression ratios, figureFileSmall=9ujBxQNuIueVJdDh/ZOY1g==, figureFileBig=KAIQ5bY10+0jomTL4eBIsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049294388645893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262377718167, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同压缩比下的诊断精度和诊断时间, figureFileSmall=9ujBxQNuIueVJdDh/ZOY1g==, figureFileBig=KAIQ5bY10+0jomTL4eBIsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049294543835148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262377718167, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Training steps of ELM algorithm

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输入:训练集X,标签T,隐藏层节点数L,激活函数g(x),正则化系数C
Input: training set X, label T, number of hidden layer nodes L, activation function g(x), regularization coefficient C.
输出:权值β
Output: weight β.
第1步:随机生成输入权值ω和偏置b,并对其进行正交化处理。
Step 1: Randomly generate the input weight ω and bias b,and orthogonalize them.
第2步:计算隐含层节点输出矩阵H=g(xω+b)。
Step 2: Calculate the hidden layer node output matrix H=g(xω+b).
第3步:根据β=HT(I/C+HHT)-1T,计算输出权值矩阵β
Step 3: Calculate the output weight β according to β=HT(I/C+HHT)-1T.
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ELM算法的训练步骤

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输入:训练集X,标签T,隐藏层节点数L,激活函数g(x),正则化系数C
Input: training set X, label T, number of hidden layer nodes L, activation function g(x), regularization coefficient C.
输出:权值β
Output: weight β.
第1步:随机生成输入权值ω和偏置b,并对其进行正交化处理。
Step 1: Randomly generate the input weight ω and bias b,and orthogonalize them.
第2步:计算隐含层节点输出矩阵H=g(xω+b)。
Step 2: Calculate the hidden layer node output matrix H=g(xω+b).
第3步:根据β=HT(I/C+HHT)-1T,计算输出权值矩阵β
Step 3: Calculate the output weight β according to β=HT(I/C+HHT)-1T.
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Bearing data set

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数据集
Data set
样本长度
Sample length
数量
Number
故障类型
Fault type
故障直径
Fault diameter/mm
标签
Label
D2 400100I0.071
2 400100I0.142
2 400100I0.213
2 400100B0.074
2 400100B0.145
2 400100B0.216
2 400100O0.077
2 400100O0.148
2 400100O0.219
2 400100N010
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轴承数据集

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数据集
Data set
样本长度
Sample length
数量
Number
故障类型
Fault type
故障直径
Fault diameter/mm
标签
Label
D2 400100I0.071
2 400100I0.142
2 400100I0.213
2 400100B0.074
2 400100B0.145
2 400100B0.216
2 400100O0.077
2 400100O0.148
2 400100O0.219
2 400100N010
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Parameters setting

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方法
Methods
隐藏层节点数
Number of hidden layer nodes
正则化系数
Regularization coefficient
顶层KELM惩罚系数
Top-level KELM penalty coefficient
权重系数
Weight coefficient
CS-DMKELM150~50inf1000.5
CS-DMKELM-PSO73~80998.54956.1920.757
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参数设置

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方法
Methods
隐藏层节点数
Number of hidden layer nodes
正则化系数
Regularization coefficient
顶层KELM惩罚系数
Top-level KELM penalty coefficient
权重系数
Weight coefficient
CS-DMKELM150~50inf1000.5
CS-DMKELM-PSO73~80998.54956.1920.757
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Effect of PSO algorithm on diagnostic accuracy and diagnostic time

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方法
Methods
诊断精度
Diagnostic accuracy/%
诊断时间
Diagnostic time/s
CS-DMKELM95.050.05
CS-DMKELM-PSO99.290.55
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PSO算法对诊断精度和诊断时间的影响

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方法
Methods
诊断精度
Diagnostic accuracy/%
诊断时间
Diagnostic time/s
CS-DMKELM95.050.05
CS-DMKELM-PSO99.290.55
), ArticleFig(id=1241049295827292203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049262377718167, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Performance comparison of different methods

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方法
Methods
诊断精度
Diagnostic accuracy/%
精度标准差
Accuracy standard deviation/%
诊断时间
Diagnostic time/s
输入数据维度
Input data dimension
CS-DMKELM-PSO99.290.670.551 000×120
SVM80.670.333.371 000×2 400
ANN93.334.3352.01 000×2 400
CS-DNN97.671.661761 000×120
CS-ML-ELM97.331.001.151 000×120
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不同方法的性能对比

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方法
Methods
诊断精度
Diagnostic accuracy/%
精度标准差
Accuracy standard deviation/%
诊断时间
Diagnostic time/s
输入数据维度
Input data dimension
CS-DMKELM-PSO99.290.670.551 000×120
SVM80.670.333.371 000×2 400
ANN93.334.3352.01 000×2 400
CS-DNN97.671.661761 000×120
CS-ML-ELM97.331.001.151 000×120
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基于改进压缩感知与深度多核极限学习机的轴承故障诊断方法
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付强 , 胡东 , 杨童亮 , 罗国庆 , 谭为民
机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025,47(6): 48-56
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机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025, 47(6): 48-56
基于改进压缩感知与深度多核极限学习机的轴承故障诊断方法
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付强 , 胡东, 杨童亮, 罗国庆, 谭为民
作者信息
  • 西南大学 工程技术学院,重庆 400100
  • 付强,男,1999年生,四川广安人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为压缩感知、信号处理、深度学习;E-mail:

通讯作者:

谭为民(通信作者),女,1974年生,重庆人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为计算机辅助测试与信号处理、机电一体化方面的教学与科研;E-mail:
Bearing fault diagnosis method based on improved compressed sensing and deep multi-kernel extreme learning machine
Qiang FU , Dong HU, Tongliang YANG, Guoqing LUO, Weimin TAN
Affiliations
  • College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400100, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.006
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针对传统轴承故障诊断采样数据量大、诊断时间长和故障特征选择主观性强等问题,基于压缩感知(Compressed Sensing, CS)和深度多核极限学习机(Deep Multi-Kernel Extreme Learning Machine, DMKELM)理论,提出了CS-DMKELM滚动轴承智能诊断模型。首先,对变换域信号阈值处理得到稀疏信号,使用高斯随机矩阵作为测量矩阵,对处理后的数据进行压缩;其次,使用压缩后的数据作为DMKELM的输入信号,利用粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)算法对关键参数进行优化,实现故障的智能诊断。结果表明,所提方法可使用较少的轴承诊断数据,利用DMKELM从少量测量信号中自动提取轴承的特征信息,实现了轴承的快速故障诊断。在诊断时间0.55 s的情况下,最终识别准确率可达99.29%。所提方法不仅诊断时间更短,而且诊断精度较高,为处理海量轴承数据的故障诊断提供了新方法。

压缩感知  /  轴承  /  核函数  /  极限学习机  /  故障诊断

In response to challenges such as large sampling data, extended diagnosis time, and subjective fault feature selection in traditional bearing fault diagnosis, based on compressed sensing (CS) and deep multi-kernel extreme learning machine (D-MKELM) theory, a CS-DMKELM intelligent diagnosis model for rolling bearings was proposed. Firstly, sparse signals were obtained through threshold processing of transformed domain signals. A Gaussian random matrix was employed as the measurement matrix to compress the processed data. Secongly, the compressed data was used as the input signal for the D-MKELM. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was applied to optimize critical parameters, enabling intelligent fault diagnosis. Results demonstrate that the proposed method, using only a small amount of bearing diagnostic data,automatically extracts feature information of bearings from a limited number of measurement signals through the D-MKELM.The proposed method enables rapid fault diagnosis of bearings. With a diagnostic time of 0.55 s, a final recognition accuracy of 99.29% was achieved. The proposed method reduces the diagnostic time and exhibits the high diagnostic accuracy,providing a new approach for handling massive bearing data in the fault diagnosis.

Compressed sensing  /  Bearing  /  Kernel function  /  Extreme learning machine  /  Fault diagnosis
付强, 胡东, 杨童亮, 罗国庆, 谭为民. 基于改进压缩感知与深度多核极限学习机的轴承故障诊断方法. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (6) : 48 -56 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.006
Qiang FU, Dong HU, Tongliang YANG, Guoqing LUO, Weimin TAN. Bearing fault diagnosis method based on improved compressed sensing and deep multi-kernel extreme learning machine[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (6) : 48 -56 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.006
轴承作为旋转机械中不可或缺的部件,在工业生产和设备运行中有着至关重要的作用。据统计,机械设备中有将近21%的故障是由滚动轴承故障引起的。因此,为保证机械设备正常运行,对滚动轴承的故障诊断是十分必要的[1]
目前,机械健康监测系统大多使用的智能故障诊断方法主要包括两个部分:①特征提取及筛选;②故障分类。其中,特征提取的信号处理方法主要是从时域、频域、时频域和其他变换域中提取有效信息。常见的信号时频分析方法包括短时傅里叶变换、小波变换、希尔伯特变换、经验模态分解等[2-5]。在故障分类方面,主要是基于机器学习和人工智能方法对特征信息进行训练学习。如孟丽丽等[6]提出了基于鲸鱼优化算法的多层感知器(Whale Optimization Algorithm-Multi-Layer Perceptron, WOA-MLP)滚动轴承故障诊断方法,克服了多层感知器(Multi-Layer Perceptron, MLP)对轴承进行故障诊断时陷入局部最优,进而导致轴承故障诊断精度过低的问题。WOA-MLP利用鲸鱼优化算法(Whale Optimization Algorithm, WOA)很强的寻优能力优化MLP神经网络结构参数,解决了连续权值和阈值的优化问题,成功实现了轴承的故障诊断,将精度提高到了93%~95%。但是面对愈加复杂的系统,该方法的诊断时间还有待缩短,诊断精度还有待提高。徐涛等[7]根据谐波小波包技术分解振动信号数据得到特征能量,利用多分类支持向量机识别故障类型,设计了二叉树多分类器模型,具有简单直观、重复训练样本少等优点。但轴承数据与日俱增,面对海量的数据,其诊断精度还有待提升。温江涛等[8]171-179构建了基于堆叠的稀疏自编码深度神经网络(Sparse Auto-Encoder Deep Neural Network, SAEDNN)模型,通过对原始采集信号的压缩采集数据多层非线性学习,实现了故障特征的自动提取和健康状况的智能诊断。该方法克服了海量轴承数据的问题,使用少量数据即可实现故障的智能分类,但所构建模型的参数较多,且稀疏性参数和权重惩罚系数的选择对诊断的准确度影响较大,同时故障识别的时间较长。陈万圣等[9]779-785同样通过压缩感知(Compressed Sensing, CS)理论从大量轴承监测数据中获取能够表达特征信息的少量数据,由粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)算法改进的深度极限学习机分类识别,实现了轴承故障智能诊断,在诊断精度和诊断时间上有了很大的改进。但是其模型仅停留在时域上的压缩采样,数据的特征有待进一步挖掘,模型的泛化能力和稳定性有待进一步增强。
极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine, ELM)作为前馈神经网络学习中的一种训练架构,在图像识别、情感识别和故障诊断等方面被广泛应用。该算法的核心思想是随机选取网络的输入权值和隐藏层偏置,在训练过程中保持不变,仅优化隐藏层神经元个数,网络的输出权值则是通过最小化平方损失函数求解Moor-Penrose广义逆运算,得到最小范数最小二乘解[10]。相较于其他传统基于梯度的前馈神经网络学习算法,ELM法具有实现简单、学习速度快和人为干预少等显著优势。HUANG等[11]又在2010年提出的核极限学习机(Kernel Extreme Learning Machine, KELM),KELM的约束条件较少,运算速度加快,并且泛化能力更强。2014年,受到深度学习的影响,HUANG[12]提出的无监督深度核极限学习机(Deep Kernel Extreme Learning Machine, DKELM),目前已成为人工智能领域最热门的研究方向之一,DKELM能更好地挖掘训练样本中的隐藏信息,使得模型性能进一步改善[13]
受CS、ELM和深度学习的启发,本文将CS和深度极限学习机结合,提出一种新的轴承故障诊断方法。所提方法利用CS理论将阈值处理后的压缩测量值作为数据集输入,同时在深度极限学习机中引入多个核函数将输入样本从输入空间映射到高维隐含层空间,以核映射取代极限学习机中的随机映射。利用PSO算法对模型的各隐藏层节点、正则化系数、权重系数、惩罚系数进行优化,最终得到最佳的分类结果。所提方法建立的神经网络简单、诊断时间短,有效降低了传输、存储、计算的压力,并且诊断精度更高。
压缩感知理论是由DONOHO[14]提出的采样和重构理论,其能够从少量的测量数据中恢复出原始信号。在轴承故障检测中,CS技术通过对变换域轴承振动信号进行观测,获得少量样本,这些样本几乎包含了原始信号的所有故障信息,可以快速准确地提取出轴承故障所产生的特征信息,如冲击脉冲、高频噪声等,从而实现对轴承故障的监测与诊断。其核心思想是基于信号在变换域内下的稀疏表示,CS使用一个与稀疏矩阵φ不相干的观测矩阵ϕ对原始信号x进行低维投影,得到包含原始信号大部分信息的少量观测样本y,并直接用于后续的故障诊断过程。压缩采样一般表示为
式中,y为观测信号,yRMx为原始信号,xRNϕ为观测矩阵,ϕRM×N(MN);φ为稀疏矩阵,φRN×NB为传感矩阵;s为在稀疏域上的投影系数,且s中包含大量零值或近似为零的值。其中,定义压缩比RC的计算式为
式中,N为原始信号的维度;M为压缩采样观测后信号的维度;RC为压缩比,反映了压缩程度,可以调整不同维度的观测矩阵来实现不同的压缩效果。
实现压缩感知必须满足压缩感知的两个前提条件:①要求信号在某个变换域内具有稀疏性,但只要近似满足稀疏性也同样满足要求;②观测矩阵ϕ必须满足受限等距性质(Restricted Isometric Property,RIP),可等价于观测矩阵需要和稀疏矩阵不相关。CANDÈS[15]提出了受限等距性的概念,对于任意常数k(k=1,2,…),矩阵B的受限等距常数δk为使得式(3)成立的最小数:
式中,s为任意的k稀疏向量,即s中仅仅有k个非零项,且kN
δk≪1,则称测量矩阵满足RIP,当测量矩阵满足RIP时,可以将重构问题转化为l1范数最小化,而l1范数最小化是一个凸优化问题,最小绝对收缩和选择算法、最小角度回归等多种稀疏重构算法均可解决。
根据文献[16]所述的RIP准则选择,使用高斯随机测量矩阵作为CS观测矩阵。
研究发现,高频周期监测信号在变换域中并不严格稀疏,因此不能通过采样直接压缩。在压缩采样之前添加一个傅里叶变换矩阵,将时域信号转换为频域信号,然后通过对投影系数的阈值处理,得到稀疏信号,再使用与稀疏矩阵不相干的观测矩阵(高斯随机矩阵)将变换阈值处理后的频域信号投射到低维空间上,最终实现压缩采样,得到的信号为频域压缩采样信号。
ELM作为单隐层网络的快速学习算法,具有很高的学习效率。图1显示了具有n个输入神经元、L个隐藏节点和m个输出神经元的ELM网络,与误差反向传播算法相比,ELM中的输入权重ω和隐藏偏差b可以随机初始化,生成后无须调整,输出权重β可以通过计算最小二乘解一次确定,消除了梯度下降的迭代更新。因此,ELM具有更高的收敛速度和更优的学习效率。
任意给定训练集X
图1所示L个隐藏层节点的ELM模型为
式中,g( ⋅ )为激活函数;xi为第i个样本;βj为连接第j个隐藏层节点和输出节点的权重向量,βj=[βj1βj2,…,βjm];ωj为连接第j个隐藏层节点和输入节点的权重向量,ωj=[ωj1ωj2,…,ωjn]Tbj为第j个隐藏层节点的偏置;ti为第i个样本对应的标签;L为隐藏层节点数。
(式)5可由矩阵运算简写为
为了提高算法的泛化能力,引入了正则化参数C,求得输出权重矩阵β
则ELM的输出为
式中,HN×L维隐含层输出矩阵;I为单位对角矩阵;T为输入数据对应的标签。
综上所述,ELM算法训练过程如表1所示。
自动编码器(Auto Encoder, AE)是一种无监督的学习算法,先通过编码器将输入向量映射为隐含层的特征向量,再通过解码器重构为原输入向量。极限学习机自编码器(Extreme Learning Machine-Auto Encoder, ELM-AE)对输入权重进行优化,提高了预测精度和泛化能力,克服了极限学习机随机权重和隐含层偏置所导致的神经元无效的问题。
深度多核极限学习机(Deep Multi-Kernel Extreme Learning Machine, DMKELM)是根据ELM-AE的特征表示能力,将单个ELM作为深度极限学习机的一个基本单元,在ELM-AE的基础上进行堆叠运算,构建含多层隐含层的网络结构。它能够更好地对数据特征进行映射,提高预测的精度和预测模型的鲁棒性。传统ELM使用的是显式的非线性特征映射,对于复杂的分类和回归等问题需要更多的隐含层神经元等参数,导致模型结构更加复杂。许学斌等[17]将核函数引入到ELM中,提出了核函数极限学习机算法,核函数具有强大的非线性映射能力,能将输入空间中低维的线性不可分样本映射到高维甚至无限维的特征空间,使得原空间的非线性可分问题转化为特征空间中的线性可分问题,为比较复杂的分类和回归等问题提供了新的学习框架。在激活函数h(x)未知的情况下,使用核函数K(xixj)内积原理代替HHT矩阵运算,即核矩阵ΩELM代替随机矩阵HHT。核矩阵ΩELM的表达式为
h(x)HT可表示为
将式(9)、式(10)代入式(8),可表示为
考虑到单核函数鲁棒性差、泛化能力不强等缺点,采用多个核函数改善模型的性能,即多核加权方法。高斯核函数是一个典型的局部核函数,多项式核函数是一个典型的全局核函数,考虑到两者功能上的差异性,本文将局部高斯核函数和全局多项式核函数通过权值结合[18-19],构建的多核混合模型DMKELM,表达式为
式中,α为D-MKELM的权重系数,α∈[0,1];pKpoly的指数,p∈[0,10];ηKGassion的参数,η∈[0,1]。
PSO算法为一种模拟鸟群捕食行为的群智能算法。在PSO算法中,每个备选的解被称为一个粒子,这些粒子在解空间内以某种规律移动,经过若干次迭代后找到最优解。每一次迭代中,粒子通过跟踪自身的最优解pid和整个粒子群的当前最优解pgd来更新自己[20],更新后的计算式为
式中,w为惯性权值;vid为粒子速度;c1c2为加速系数;rand(⋅)为在某个区间范围内的随机数;xid为粒子位置。
将训练集的最小分类错误率作为模型的适应度函数值,为
式中,jc为训练集模型输出样本标签;tc为输入样本xc对应标签;sum(·)为输出标签结果与输入样本标签对应结果一致的数量总和;length(·)为输入样本的总数量。
本文涉及正则化系数C、隐藏层节点数L、惩罚系数P、核函数权重系数α,若采用人工手动设置会导致算法误差较大,而PSO算法具有算法简单、寻优效果好、收敛速度快等优点。因此,本文选择PSO算法对上述参数进行优化。
本文通过对原始采集信号进行阈值后的压缩处理,对压缩采集信号实现故障特征的自动提取。此外,构建全局多项式核函数和局部高斯径向基核函数深度多核极限学习机模型,并利用PSO算法优化DMKELM模型的核参数,利用其强大的特征学习能力,实现最终的故障诊断,图2所示为该模型的流程图。
步骤1:将采集的轴承数据集按照7:3的比例随机划分为训练集和测试集。其中,xi为样本数据;ti为与xi对应的样本标签;M为数据总样本数。
步骤2:研究表明,轴承振动信号在变换域是近似稀疏信号,对变换域内的轴承振动信号阈值处理,得到稀疏信号,通过高斯随机测量矩阵对处理后的信号低维观测,得到测量值,实现信号的压缩。
步骤3:使用PSO算法优化深度多核函数极限学习机主要参数,适应度函数为模型最小化分类错误率函数,迭代条件为是否达到迭代次数,全局终止条件为是否完全训练完毕。
步骤4:模型训练完毕后,将测试样本输入模型,根据建立的模型计算预测分类的输出结果,并与真实的类别作比较,进而计算测试集的分类准确率。
为准确评估该模型的故障诊断精度,使用测试集IAcc作为精确度指标,计算式为
式中,ji为测试集模型输出样本标签;ti为输入样本xi对应标签。
基于64位Windows 10操作系统平台,处理器为Intel(R)Core(TM)i5-9400F CPU@2.90 GHz,16 GB内存,试验环境为Matlab R2022a。
数据采用凯斯西储大学轴承数据中心公开的轴承数据集,选用数据集为SKF6205-2RS深沟球轴承在采样频率为48 kHz、负载为0、转速为1 797 r/min时采样的驱动端轴承振动数据[21]。包含4种工作状况:内圈故障(I)、滚动体故障(B)、外圈故障(O)、正常状态(N),每个故障类型按直径又分为0.07、0.14、0.21 mm 3类,共10类数据样本(9种故障数据+1种正常数据),如表2所示。
本试验分别对轴承的10类状态数据取样,每类健康状态选择100个样本,每个样本包含2 400个采样点,收集到的数据样本D维度为1 000×2 400。
对原始数据样本D用傅里叶变换将时域信号变换为频域信号,设置自适应阈值将变换后的系数稀疏处理,然后用与稀疏矩阵不相干的观测矩阵(高斯随机矩阵)将变换稀疏处理后的频域信号投射到低维空间上,得到频域上的压缩采样信号。
在变换域中对变换后的系数阈值进行处理,即将小于阈值的系数变为0,保留大于阈值的系数。若阈值选择过大,会丢失原信号的关键信号信息,导致采样重构的信号与原信号差距过大,故障判别便失去意义;若阈值选择过小,则会导致信号的压缩去噪效果变差,数据处理也会烦琐。
为分析不同阈值对信号稀疏度和诊断精度的影响,在变换域内根据变换系数的幅值百分比来自适应地确定阈值,进而根据该阈值进行稀疏化处理。在某些变换(如小波变换、傅里叶变换等)中,能量通常集中在一部分高幅值的系数中,而其余系数的幅值则很小。因此,可以通过自适应阈值处理将信号稀疏化,以实现信号压缩、降噪的效果。
1)设有1组n×1的信号x,对信号x作傅里叶变换得到变换系数θθ=ψ×x。其中,ψn×n维频域稀疏正交基。
定义变换系数信号总能量Q。将所有变换系数的幅值平方相加,得到变换系数的总能量。
2)确定所需保留的系数能量值为
式中,λ为幅值百分比。幅值百分比为衡量信号能量分布的指标,其物理意义是在信号的幅值分布中,有多少比例的幅值占据了总能量的一定百分比。
3)确定阈值ε。当时,xjq的系数值即为阈值εxjq为数据序列号j的信号系数能量。稀疏处理时将小于ε的系数置为0,保留大于ε的系数。由式(17)可知,λσ成正比例线性关系,λ的选择直接影响xjq的系数值,也就是阈值ε。因此,后文用幅值百分比λ代替阈值ε进行分析。
图3~图6为3个不同幅值百分比λ在频域中进行阈值处理后的频域信号。由图3~图6可知,过低的阈值会导致重要的幅度谱能量信息丢失,使得处理后的重构信息与原始信息误差过大;过高的阈值会使数据处理没有得到简化,仍存在大量的冗余信息。图7所示为不同压缩比下幅值百分比为0.5、0.7、0.9时的诊断精度曲线,诊断精度由式(16)得出。当λ=0.9时,数据保留了频域中的大部分信息,但此时带有大量冗余数据,后续处理比较烦琐。当λ=0.5时,数据大大简化,但丢失了部分重要的特征信息,导致诊断精度较低。而当λ=0.7时,频域信号保留了主要的特征信息,且诊断精度仍保持在90%以上。因此,本文选择幅值百分比λ为0.7及压缩比为0.95(后文分析压缩比的影响)。
在构造多层ELM训练网络结构时,不同的隐藏层层数对训练的精度有着很大的影响。通过对试验数据的诊断精度仿真,分别分析了单隐藏层、2层、3层、4层的PSO-DMKELM网络结构,通过适应度曲线(图8)可知,迭代次数为6~10时可得到最优稳定解。
图9所示为隐藏层层数对诊断精度的影响。由图9可知,经过20次的重复试验,含有2个隐藏层的诊断精度准确率稳定在99%左右,诊断偏差较小。而含有4个隐藏层的准确率在95%左右,诊断偏差较高。因此,2个隐藏层的PSO-DMKELM网络模型效果最佳。
在压缩采样中,测量矩阵(高斯随机矩阵)的大小与原始的信号长度密不可分。由式(2)可知,压缩比率RC越大,压缩的程度越高,采样点越少。但压缩的程度有一定的范围限制。压缩比率RC过高会导致过少的观测次数,从而无法获取到原始信号完整的特征信息,使得故障诊断的准确率降低。而压缩比率RC过小会导致压缩效果不明显,压缩后的样本仍然存在大量冗余信息,增加存储成本和诊断时间,并且同样可能会导致诊断的准确率降低。因此,本文研究了压缩比在50%~99%的故障诊断准确率和诊断时间之间的关系,取20次重复试验的平均值,如图10所示。
图10可知,当RC低于95%时,平均诊断精度随着RC的降低而降低,所需时间也明显增加;当RC为50%时,压缩效果较差,其原因为压缩采集的信息仍然包含较多的冗余信息,给后续识别带来负担,导致诊断精度不高;当RC高于95%时,压缩采集的信号会丢失大量信息,同样导致诊断准确性降低。因此,为平衡训练诊断时间和诊断精度,本文选择的压缩比为95%。相较于直接压缩时域信号,频域压缩采样提高了压缩效果,并且仍能保持较高的准确率。
通过第3.3.1~3.3.3节的综合分析,选择95%的压缩比以及0.7的阈值,采用2个隐藏层建立对比模型分析CS-DMKELM与CS-DMKELM-PSO的诊断时间和诊断精度。手动设置参数及PSO优化参数如表3所示,其诊断时间和诊断精度结果显示在表4中。
表3表4可知,相较于CS-DMKELM诊断模型,优化后的CS-DMKELM-PSO模型具有更高的诊断精度,但诊断时间略有增加。通过适应度曲线(图8)可知,最优稳定解的迭代次数在10次以下,本文选择PSO的迭代次数为10次,因此增加了额外的迭代时间,优化后的准确率在99%左右。
人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network, ANN)和支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)被广泛应用于旋转机械的故障分类领域。受CS与深度学习影响,文献[8]171-179提出了基于压缩采集与深度神经网络(Deep Neural Network, DNN)相结合的轴承故障诊断方法(CS-DNN),文献[9]779-785提出了基于CS与改进的深度极限学习机相融合的轴承故障诊断方法(CS-ML-ELM)。为验证本文所提方法的优越性与有效性,选择两种经典方法(ANN、SVM)和两种最新的压缩感知与智能诊断结合的方法(CS-DNN、CS-ML-ELM)进行比较。
表5所示为上述各类方法的诊断精度和诊断时间(取20次重复试验的平均值),以及各类方法的诊断稳定性结果。从诊断精度上看,本文所提方法最高,其平均诊断精度达到99.29%;单一的SVM方法最低,平均诊断精度仅为80.67%。从诊断稳定性方面看,本文所提方法稳定性较高,虽略低于SVM方法,但其标准差仍能达到0.67%;ANN稳定性最差,标准差为4.33%。从诊断时间上看,本文所提方法的诊断时间最少,仅为0.55 s;CS-DNN方法由于较复杂的网络结构,诊断时间最长,高达176 s。
表5可知,由于本文采用CS方法,数据的输入维度远小于SVM和ANN两种经典算法,诊断时间大幅减少,模型稳定性较强,且诊断精度也高于传统的经典算法。对于改进的CS-DNN优化算法,与本文所提方法一样结合了CS理论,且使用了DNN虽然诊断精度较传统SVM和ANN算法有大幅提高,但相比于本文所提模型较复杂,网络整体训练的时间过长,在诊断精度和诊断时间上与本文所提方法存在明显差距。CS-ML-ELM相较CS-DNN在诊断精度和模型稳定性上差距不大,但在诊断时间上大幅减少。综上所述,本文所提的CS-DMKELM-PSO神经网络方法具有明显的优势。
针对传统的轴承故障诊断采样数据大、诊断时间长和故障特征选择主观等问题,本文提出了一种基于压缩感知和深度多核函数极限学习机的方法,得到以下结论:
1)在原始数据的变换域内近似稀疏的前提下,对变换域内数据进行阈值处理。将低于阈值的数据置为0,再对进行阈值处理后的数据压缩采样,得到大量含有大部分原始信号特征的采样数据。
2)将深度单核极限学习机通过对两个核函数赋予不同权值得到深度多核函数极限学习机诊断模型,再将压缩采样后的数据作为模型的输入数据。在不用重构原始信号的情况下,对采集信号进行特征选取和分类。
3)分析了不同阈值、压缩比、隐藏层层数及PSO算法对深度多核函数极限学习机分类精度和诊断时间的影响。当阈值为0.7,压缩比为95%,2层隐藏层时,能高精度地识别出故障类型。同时,使用PSO算法优化模型参数,能有效提升诊断精度且保持较短的诊断时间。
4)试验结果表明,相较于其他智能诊断方法,本文所提方法只需少量的数据和极短的时间就可获得较高的准确率结果,且所提模型的稳定性较强。
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2025年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.006
  • 接收时间:2023-10-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-18
  • 修回日期:2023-12-06
基金
Chongqing Overseas Students Returning Home Entrepreneurship and Innovation Support Program(cx2019123)
重庆市留学人员回国创业创新支持计划基金项目(cx2019123)
作者信息
    西南大学 工程技术学院,重庆 400100

通讯作者:

谭为民(通信作者),女,1974年生,重庆人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为计算机辅助测试与信号处理、机电一体化方面的教学与科研;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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