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In order to improve the carrying capacity of double curved beams negative stiffness structure composed of two curved beams arranged in parallel, the curved sandwich beam negative stiffness structure was proposed. The design idea was to array the sandwich straight beam between the upper and lower curved beams of the double curved beam negative stiffness structure, and the bearing capacity and energy absorption characteristics were studied systematically. Firstly, the negative stiffness structure model was fabricated using 3D printing technology and silicone emolding process, the compressive mechanical response of the curved sandwich beam and double curved beam negative stiffness structure was compared and analyzed by quasi-static compression experiment, and the reliability of the finite element simulation model was verified. Then,the influence of structural parameters (width, spacing, height and angle) of the sandwich straight beam on the bearing capacity and energy absorption characteristics of the negative stiffness structure was studied by simulation. The results indicate that the introduction of the sandwich significantly enhances the load-bearing capacity of the double curved beam negative stiffness structure. Compared with the spacing and angle of the sandwich straight beam, increasing the width and height of the sandwich straight beams can notably enhance the load-bearing capacity and energy absorption capacity of the structure.

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SONG Chunfang, E-mail:
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为了提高由2个曲梁平行布置所组成的双曲梁负刚度结构的承载能力,提出了夹芯曲梁负刚度结构,设计思路为在双曲梁负刚度结构的上、下曲梁之间阵列夹层直梁,对其承载能力和吸能性能进行了系统研究。首先,采用3D打印技术与硅胶复模工艺制备了负刚度结构模型,通过准静态压缩试验,对比分析了夹芯曲梁负刚度结构与双曲梁负刚度结构的压缩力学响应,同时验证了有限元仿真模型的可靠性。其次,仿真分析了夹芯中夹层直梁的结构参数(宽度、间距、高度和角度)对夹芯曲梁负刚度结构承载能力和能量吸收特性的影响。结果表明,夹芯的引入可以显著改善双曲梁负刚度结构的承载能力;与夹层直梁间距和角度相比,增加夹层直梁宽度和高度可以显著增强结构的承载能力和能量吸收能力。

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宋春芳(通信作者),女,1974年生,河北张家口人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为介电加热工艺设备与检测控制、结构振动与噪声控制;E-mail:
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江伟,男,1997年生,江苏盐城人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为机械设计及理论;E-mail:

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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049261517885844, language=CN, label=图21, caption=不同夹层直梁参数下的试验和仿真能量吸收能力比较, figureFileSmall=6X/SUkWOf3k7uXgJviISOw==, figureFileBig=VePYvktzGdYTUvwgppZi2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049296628404285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049261517885844, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Structural parameters of curved sandwich beams and double curved beams

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H/mmL/mmT/mmD/mmW/mmS/mmA/(°)
夹芯曲梁
Curved sandwich beam
16801.32.10.91.410
双曲梁
Double curved beam
16801.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241049296905228353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049261517885844, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

夹芯曲梁和双曲梁的结构参数

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H/mmL/mmT/mmD/mmW/mmS/mmA/(°)
夹芯曲梁
Curved sandwich beam
16801.32.10.91.410
双曲梁
Double curved beam
16801.3
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夹芯曲梁负刚度结构承载能力和吸能特性研究
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江伟 1 , 任连岭 2 , 刘彦琦 3 , 宋春芳 1 , 卢春燕 1
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(6): 106-117
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(6): 106-117
夹芯曲梁负刚度结构承载能力和吸能特性研究
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江伟1 , 任连岭2, 刘彦琦3, 宋春芳1 , 卢春燕1
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学 机械工程学院 江苏省食品先进制造装备技术重点实验室,无锡 214122
  • 2.军事科学院 系统工程研究院,北京 102300
  • 3.北京市科学技术研究院 城市安全与环境科学研究所,北京 100054
  • 江伟,男,1997年生,江苏盐城人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为机械设计及理论;E-mail:

通讯作者:

宋春芳(通信作者),女,1974年生,河北张家口人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为介电加热工艺设备与检测控制、结构振动与噪声控制;E-mail:
Study on carrying capacity and energy absorption characteristics of curved sandwich beam negative stiffness structure
Wei JIANG1 , Lianling REN2, Yanqi LIU3, Chunfang SONG1 , Chunyan LU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering,Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
  • 2.Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China
  • 3.Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.013
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为了提高由2个曲梁平行布置所组成的双曲梁负刚度结构的承载能力,提出了夹芯曲梁负刚度结构,设计思路为在双曲梁负刚度结构的上、下曲梁之间阵列夹层直梁,对其承载能力和吸能性能进行了系统研究。首先,采用3D打印技术与硅胶复模工艺制备了负刚度结构模型,通过准静态压缩试验,对比分析了夹芯曲梁负刚度结构与双曲梁负刚度结构的压缩力学响应,同时验证了有限元仿真模型的可靠性。其次,仿真分析了夹芯中夹层直梁的结构参数(宽度、间距、高度和角度)对夹芯曲梁负刚度结构承载能力和能量吸收特性的影响。结果表明,夹芯的引入可以显著改善双曲梁负刚度结构的承载能力;与夹层直梁间距和角度相比,增加夹层直梁宽度和高度可以显著增强结构的承载能力和能量吸收能力。

夹芯曲梁  /  负刚度结构  /  准静态压缩  /  承载能力  /  能量吸收特性

In order to improve the carrying capacity of double curved beams negative stiffness structure composed of two curved beams arranged in parallel, the curved sandwich beam negative stiffness structure was proposed. The design idea was to array the sandwich straight beam between the upper and lower curved beams of the double curved beam negative stiffness structure, and the bearing capacity and energy absorption characteristics were studied systematically. Firstly, the negative stiffness structure model was fabricated using 3D printing technology and silicone emolding process, the compressive mechanical response of the curved sandwich beam and double curved beam negative stiffness structure was compared and analyzed by quasi-static compression experiment, and the reliability of the finite element simulation model was verified. Then,the influence of structural parameters (width, spacing, height and angle) of the sandwich straight beam on the bearing capacity and energy absorption characteristics of the negative stiffness structure was studied by simulation. The results indicate that the introduction of the sandwich significantly enhances the load-bearing capacity of the double curved beam negative stiffness structure. Compared with the spacing and angle of the sandwich straight beam, increasing the width and height of the sandwich straight beams can notably enhance the load-bearing capacity and energy absorption capacity of the structure.

Curved sandwich beam  /  Negative stiffness structure  /  Quasi-static compression  /  Carrying capacity  /  Energy absorption characteristic
江伟, 任连岭, 刘彦琦, 宋春芳, 卢春燕. 夹芯曲梁负刚度结构承载能力和吸能特性研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (6) : 106 -117 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.013
Wei JIANG, Lianling REN, Yanqi LIU, Chunfang SONG, Chunyan LU. Study on carrying capacity and energy absorption characteristics of curved sandwich beam negative stiffness structure[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (6) : 106 -117 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.013
力学超材料是为了满足实际工程应用(冲击隔离[1]、波的传播控制[2]、振动控制[3]等)所设计的一种人造超材料,它具有天然材料所不具备的力学特性,例如,负刚度、负泊松比、负热膨胀系数[4]等。其中,由于在受力变形时具有力随变形增加而降低的负刚度特性,曲梁负刚度超材料成为冲击能量吸收领域的研究热点。
曲梁负刚度超材料由负刚度单胞结构有序排列形成,其负刚度特性取决于负刚度曲梁的受力变形,通过曲梁的弹性屈曲吸收能量[5-8],可以实现重复利用。传统吸能结构利用结构的塑性破坏吸收外部的冲击能量[9-10]。鉴于曲梁负刚度结构的负刚度和吸能特性,受到众多学者的广泛关注。HUA等[11]对强化力壁型曲梁负刚度结构进行压缩性能研究,发现通过调节曲梁厚度和跨度均可以获得最大的峰值力和最佳的吸能性能。GAO等[12]设计了一种双向受载的一维负刚度结构,利用拉压试验和仿真研究了结构的力学性能,结果表明,该结构在拉、压2个加载方式中表现出负刚度效应和缓冲、能量吸收特性。ZHANG等[13]通过准静态旋转压缩试验研究了曲梁负刚度结构在非对称变形状态下的力学性能,发现结构非对称变形时依旧具有负刚度特性,并且结构到达非对称变形极限时所需要的能量小于对称变形。REN等[14]基于曲梁的周向阵列设计了一种负刚度圆柱壳结构,研究了结构的力学响应和声传递损失,该结构在周向和径向均表现出负刚度特性,并且能在很小的声致变形下隔离声波能量。
与传统吸能结构相比,负刚度超材料的承载能力与能量吸收量较低[15],这限制了其在工程中的应用。为了解决这一问题,CHEN等[16]采用连续碳纤维增强聚合物,制备了一种负刚度机械超材料,试验研究表明,该材料是一种具有优良力学性能的复合基材,可以改善负刚度超材料的能量吸收效率,堆叠角度对力学性能有重要影响。其中,堆叠角度为0°时,结构具有最优的力学性能。CORREA等[17]194-199提出了将2个曲梁平行布置,并用支撑架与其连接,构成双曲梁负刚度结构,通过准静态压缩试验发现,增加曲梁的数量可以提高其承载能力和能量吸收能力,该结构的比吸能近似于同种材质的传统六边形蜂窝结构。在此基础上,邓二杰等[18-19]采用短切碳纤维增强尼龙材料制备了双曲梁负刚度结构,通过准静态压缩试验分析了不同的3D打印工艺参数对单胞结构吸能性能的影响,研究表明,水平堆叠、三角形填充图案和2层壁厚时,所制备的双曲梁负刚度结构具有较好的能量吸收效率。TAN等[20]利用不锈钢作为制备基材,在压缩试验下,发现曲梁负刚度结构可以通过塑性变形耗散能量,结构的承载能力和能量耗散效率得到极大的改善,但是结构的可重复使用性相较于其他负刚度结构急剧降低。TAN等[21]在负刚度结构的空隙填充聚氨酯泡沫和磁铁填料,通过压缩试验和仿真发现,磁铁填料可以提高结构的能量耗散,但是会降低结构强度,聚氨酯泡沫填料可以提高吸能性能,但是会降低结构的耗能性能。
目前,对曲梁负刚度的研究主要集中于材料、曲梁数量、添加填充物等角度,以改善曲梁负刚度超结构中单胞结构的力学性能。本研究将夹芯结构引入到双曲梁负刚度结构中,提出基于夹芯曲梁的负刚度结构。夹芯的设计通常用于强化刚性薄板的机械性能,通过在2个刚性板之间加入夹芯结构形成夹芯板以提高板的刚度和强度重量比,这得益于夹芯结构可以增强薄板的抗弯刚度[22-23]。曲梁负刚度超材料中曲梁的弹性变形主要包括梁的弯曲和压缩[24],利用夹芯结构提高双曲梁的弯曲刚度,从而改善曲梁负刚度结构的承载能力和吸能性能。
本文采用3D打印与硅胶复模工艺制备以聚氨酯弹性体为基材的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构。通过与传统双曲梁负刚度结构进行对比分析,验证了夹芯结构设计的可行性。通过试验和有限元仿真研究了准静态压缩载荷作用下结构的变形特点;验证了有限元模型的有效性,并分析了夹层直梁的结构参数对结构压缩性能的影响。
夹芯板作为一种高效、轻质、低成本的材料,具有较强的承载能力,这得益于其内部夹芯结构的设计。鉴于此,将夹芯板中的夹芯[25]结构引入到传统双曲梁负刚度结构[17]194-195中,构成夹芯曲梁结构(图1),以改善双曲梁负刚度结构的压缩性能,其中夹芯结构由夹层直梁阵列形成。夹层直梁的结构参数包括夹层直梁与竖直方向的夹角A;夹层直梁的宽度W;夹层直梁的间距S和夹层直梁的高度D。为了缓解夹芯曲梁在受力变形时端部的应力集中,两端的首个夹层直梁与梁端结合构成实心填充部分。T为结构中曲梁的厚度,所设计的夹芯曲梁结构中,曲梁的构型由方程式描述为
式中,HL分别为曲梁的高度和跨度。
采用3D打印技术中的立体光固化成形法联合硅胶复模工艺制备夹芯曲梁和双曲梁结构,材料选择为DPI 8400聚氨酯树脂。如图2所示,曲梁两端和上端的凸出部分用于与框架连接,曲梁负刚度特性的出现需要合理地设置边界条件。采用选择性激光烧结技术制备了支撑架(图2中,位于曲梁下端为下支撑架,位于曲梁上端为上支撑架),材料选择为7200加纤尼龙。曲梁与支撑架之间固定连接,构成曲梁负刚度结构。制备支撑架的基材刚度远高于聚氨酯树脂,利用下支撑架的左、右臂限制曲梁端部的运动,避免曲梁在中心处受到横向载荷时,曲梁两端水平伸缩,从而阻碍负刚度现象的出现,上支撑架可以将外部激励稳定可靠地传递至曲梁上。
为了测定曲梁负刚度结构的压缩性能,利用QJ211S-5 kN型万能试验机对其进行垂直方向的准静态压缩试验,如图3所示。压缩试验的加载方式采用位移加载,位移速率设置为10 mm/min,位移极限为32 mm。试验中,万能试验机的上压头带动模型上支撑架向下移动,下支撑架始终固定,通过准静态压缩试验所得到的力-位移特性曲线,可用于验证有限元仿真结果的可靠性。
为了定义材料的属性,按照GB/T 528—2009进行了DPI 8400聚氨酯树脂标准拉伸试样的拉伸试验,得到其名义应力-应变曲线,如图4所示。试验结果为3次标准拉伸试验的平均值。
进行夹芯曲梁负刚度结构与双曲梁负刚度结构准静态压缩试验对比分析,夹芯曲梁和双曲梁的结构参数如表1所示,2种负刚度结构的力-位移曲线如图5所示。
图5可知,夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在O点到a点时,处于初始压缩阶段,力随压缩位移的增加而增加,结构表现出正刚度特性;在a点到b点时,处于弹性失稳阶段,力随压缩位移的增加而降低,结构表现出负刚度特性;在b点到c点时,处于致密化阶段,力随压缩位移的增加而增加,结构表现出正刚度特性。双曲梁负刚度结构的曲线变化规律与夹芯曲梁负刚度结构类似。
图5可知,夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的曲线位于双曲梁负刚度结构的上方,两者峰值力(a点和a'点对应的纵坐标)和谷值力(b点和b'点对应的纵坐标)的差值分别为7.61 N和1.19 N。这表明夹芯结构的设计可以提高双曲梁负刚度结构的整体承载能力。此外,夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在达到峰值力时的压缩位移(a点对应的横坐标)大于双曲梁负刚度结构,两者在达到谷值力的压缩位移(b点和b'点对应的横坐标)相差较小,a点和b点的负刚度绝对值大于a'点和b'点的负刚度绝对值。这说明夹芯结构的设计可以增强双曲梁负刚度结构的负刚度特性。
为了探究夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在压缩载荷作用下的力学响应,利用Abaqus软件中的显示动力学求解器对其进行有限元仿真。为了节约仿真计算成本,仅对夹芯曲梁及其凸出部分进行有限元分析。在仿真分析之前,对夹芯曲梁上端有无凸出部分的模型进行了对比分析。夹芯曲梁有凸出部分和无凸出部分的边界条件设置如图6所示。图6中,夹芯曲梁两端的凸出部分采用全约束的边界条件以代替试验模型的下支撑架,在夹芯曲梁上端施加向下的位移控制载荷以模拟试验中上支撑架的激励传递。图6(a)中的载荷施加点与夹芯曲梁上端凸出部分耦合,图6(b)中的载荷施加点与去除凸出部分后的平面耦合。在有限元中,由于结构的大变形行为,考虑了几何非线性。模型的单元类型选择适合求解大应变问题的实体缩减积分单元C3D8R,采用“扫掠”的网格划分技术对结构进行网格划分。分别采用0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mm的平均单元尺寸对结构进行网格划分,如图7(a)所示。由图7(a)可知,0.4 mm的平均单元尺寸具有很好的收敛稳定性,最终确定结构的平均单元尺寸为0.4 mm。此外,为了保证仿真的准确性,夹层直梁部分沿宽度方向分布的单元不少于3层。采用Neo Hooke超弹性模型定义材料属性,将图4所示的名义应力-应变曲线导入到Abaqus软件中,其他材料参数包括材料密度ρ=1 034 kg/m3,泊松比ν=0.45。在有限元模拟中,通过提取曲梁上端的反作用力和位移,得到仿真模型的力和位移数据。
夹芯曲梁上端有无凸出部分的仿真结果如图7(b)所示。由图7(b)可知,两种模型的力-位移曲线一致。因此,夹芯曲梁上端的凸出部分对曲梁力学性能的影响可以忽略不计,后续的仿真分析采用图6(b)所示的无上端凸出部分的夹芯曲梁模型。
基于已建立的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的有限元模型,与准静态压缩试验结果进行对比分析,试验与仿真曲线如图8所示。由图8可知,两者具有较好的吻合度,从而验证了有限元模拟的可靠性。仿真结果和试验结果产生差异的主要原因是结构的制造缺陷和仿真中边界条件设置理想化。夹芯曲梁在硅胶复模过程中,弹性体材料从液态冷却至固态时会产生不一致的收缩,从而导致结构存在一定的缺陷。此外,试验中夹芯曲梁与支撑架的连接部分采用紧固件固定连接,在压缩过程中,紧固件会影响结构内部应力的传递与分布,为了提高仿真计算的效率,仿真中设置的边界条件较为理想。
图9所示为试验试样和仿真模型的压缩变形过程对比。其中,d表示夹芯曲梁的纵向变形位移,第1行至第4行分别表示夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在未变形时的状态(状态Ⅰ)、达到峰值力时的变形状态(状态Ⅱ)、达到谷值力时的变形状态(状态Ⅲ)、达到压缩位移极限时的变形状态(状态Ⅳ)。由图9可知,试验试样和仿真模型的变形具有很好的一致性,结构从初始未变形状态逐渐屈曲至反对称变形,并且结构始终是轴对称变形。由图9中第2列仿真模型的变形和最右一列的应力云图可知,随着压缩位移的增加,结构上的应力从两端向中心分布,夹芯中越来越多的夹层直梁承担应力,曲梁和夹芯之间的相互作用使结构的承载能力得到改善。
利用有限元仿真软件对夹芯曲梁负刚度结构进行压缩载荷的模拟,研究夹层直梁的结构参数对结构压缩性能的影响。对不同结构参数的模型进行命名,例如,“W07”中的“W”表示夹层直梁的宽度,“07”表示夹层直梁的宽度为0.7 mm,其余结构参数与试验模型一致。为了便于比较,采用W09S09D21A10命名以指代同一个结构的结构参数。
采用总吸能和比吸能作为评价指标以评价结构的能量吸收能力。将总吸能(Energy Absorption,EA)定义为结构在压缩过程中吸收的总能量[26],即对力-位移曲线积分获得,其计算式为
式中,F(δ)为结构在经过任意压缩位移δ时,所得到的瞬时作用力。比吸能(Specific Energy Absorption,SEA)定义为单位质量负刚度结构所吸收的能量[27],即总吸能与结构质量的比值,其计算式为
式中,由于只有夹芯曲梁结构发生变形,因此,这里的结构质量m表示为去除凸出部分后的夹芯曲梁质量。
不同夹层直梁宽度下,夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在压缩仿真下的力-位移曲线如图10(a)所示。由图10(b)可知,随着夹层直梁宽度的增加,结构的峰值力增大,W07W09W11W13W15的峰值力分别为7.01、8.57、9.55、10.21、10.6 N,W15的峰值力较W07增加了51.21百分点。这表明增加夹层直梁的宽度可以提高夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的承载能力。峰值力增大的原因:夹层直梁作为夹芯曲梁中上、下曲梁之间的连接部分,夹层直梁宽度的增加使上、下曲梁屈曲变形的阻碍力增大。然而,结构的谷值力随着夹层直梁宽度的增加而降低,夹层直梁厚度从0.7 mm增加到1.5 mm时,结构的谷值力减小了1.46 N。此外,夹层直梁宽度的增加使结构达到峰值力的压缩位移逐渐增加,达到谷值力的压缩位移逐渐减小,结构负刚度的绝对值增加。图10(b)为峰谷力的具体变化情况,分析折线图的折线斜率可知,夹层直梁宽度的增加使峰谷力的变化幅度均有所减缓。
图11所示为不同夹层直梁宽度的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在压缩仿真下的能量吸收特性。由图11可知,夹层直梁的宽度和总吸能、比吸能成正相关关系,W15的总吸能和比吸能分别为161.5 mJ、47.5 J/kg,相对于W07分别增加了23.38、12.56百分点。这说明夹层直梁宽度的增加会提升结构的能量吸收能力,是因为增大夹层直梁宽度使结构的峰值力有了明显的提高,而对谷值力影响较小,从而导致能量吸收能力的明显改善。
图12所示为不同夹层直梁间距的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在压缩仿真下的力-位移曲线和峰谷力具体变化情况。如图12(a)所示,S12S14S16S18S20的峰值力分别为8.92、8.57、8.19、7.85、7.53 N,S20的峰值力较S12降低了15.58百分点。这表明增大夹层直梁间距会使结构的峰值力降低,即承载能力降低。峰值力降低的原因:随着夹层直梁间距的增大,结构中夹层直梁的排列越来越稀疏,其相对密度降低,在初始变形阶段,结构以弯曲为主,较低的相对密度会降低其弯曲刚度,从而导致峰值力的降低。结构的谷值力随着夹层直梁间距的增大而增大,变化趋势与峰值力相反,当夹层直梁间距为2 mm时,结构的谷值力为1.20 N,相比于S12,结构的谷值力增加了69.0百分点。由图12(b)可知,夹层直梁间距的变化对夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的峰谷力影响是近似线性的,并且随着夹层直梁间距的增大,峰值力的降低幅度大于谷值力增长幅度。此外,夹层直梁间距的增大对结构达到峰谷力的压缩位移影响较小,结构的负刚度绝对值出现轻微的降低。
图13所示为不同夹层直梁间距的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在压缩仿真下的能量吸收特性。由图13可知,S12S20的总吸能分别为150.0、135.6 mJ,比吸能分别为45.9、44.2 J/kg。相较于S12S20的总吸能和比吸能分别降低了9.6、3.7百分点。这表明夹层直梁间距的增大会使夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的总吸能和比吸能有所下降。这是因为随着夹层直梁间距的增大,峰值力的降低幅度高于谷值力的增长幅度,导致结构能量吸收能力下降。
图14所示为不同夹层直梁高度下的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的压缩仿真结果。由图14可知,当夹层直梁高度从1.9 mm增加到2.7 mm时,结构的峰值力从8.33 N增加到8.79 N,增长率为5.52百分点。可见,当夹层直梁高度增大时,夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的峰值力会有所增加,结构的承载能力得到轻微改善。随着夹层直梁高度的增加,结构的谷值力的变化较峰值力更为明显,D19D21D23D25D27的谷值力分别为0.37、0.83、1.31、1.75、2.14 N,D27的谷值力为D19的5.78倍,谷值力随夹层直梁高度增加而增大。由图14(a)可知,增大夹层直梁高度会使曲线整体出现向上偏移的趋势,谷值力附近的曲线偏移最为明显,这表明增加夹层直梁高度可以提高结构的整体承载能力。由图14(b)可知,当夹层直梁高度增加时,峰值力的增长幅度小于谷值力,在夹层直梁高度达到2.5 mm时,峰值力趋于稳定,谷值力的增长幅度近似线性。夹层直梁高度的增加使结构的上、下曲梁之间的间距增大,结构在变形时,内部夹层直梁变形量的增加使其承载能力得到提高,而随着压缩位移的增加,越来越多的夹层直梁出现变形,导致结构的谷值力显著增大。
图15所示为不同夹层直梁高度下的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在压缩仿真下的能量吸收特性。由图15可知,随着夹层直梁高度的增加,总吸能和比吸能均增加,D19D27的总吸能分别为135.6、169.2 mJ,比吸能分别为43.6、49.1 J/kg;相比于D19D27的总吸能和比吸能分别提升了24.78、12.61百分点。这说明增加夹层直梁高度可以改善结构的能量吸收能力。能量吸收能力的提升得益于夹芯曲梁负刚度结构响应曲线的整体向上偏移。
图16所示为不同夹层直梁角度的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在压缩仿真下的结果。由图16(a)可知,A0A5的力-位移曲线基本重合,这说明夹层直梁从0°~5°的角度变化对结构压缩力学性能影响很小。由图16(b)可知,A0A5A10A15A20的峰值力分别为8.69、8.68、8.57、8.36、8.09 N,谷值力分别为0.71、0.73、0.83、0.96、1.13 N,随着夹层直梁角度的增加,力-位移曲线中的峰值力逐渐减小,谷值力逐渐增加,并且峰谷力处的压缩位移无明显变化,结构的负刚度特性出现轻微的减弱。当夹层直梁角度从0°增加到20°时,峰值力的降低幅度和谷值力的增长幅度逐渐增大。
图17所示为不同夹层直梁角度下夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在压缩仿真下的能量吸收特性。由图17可知,随着夹层直梁角度的增加,结构的总吸能和比吸能均出现小幅降低。A0A20的总吸能分别为146.5、142.5 mJ,比吸能分别为45.9、44.4 J/kg,相较于A0A20的总吸能和比吸能分别降低了2.73、3.27百分点,结构的能量吸收能力出现轻微降低。与其他结构参数相比,夹层直梁角度的变化对结构的承载能力和吸能特性影响最小。
图18所示为夹层直梁角度为30°的夹芯曲梁结构力-位移曲线和局部变形。由图18可知,夹芯曲梁的力-位移曲线出现不平滑的部分。这是因为当夹层直梁角度进一步增大时,夹层直梁与曲梁之间出现接触,导致在压缩载荷下,夹芯曲梁结构的局部出现过度变形,这对夹芯曲梁的力学性能具有一定的削弱作用。
图19所示为不同夹层直梁结构参数的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的试验力-位移曲线。图20图21分别为不同夹层直梁结构参数的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的试验峰谷力和能量吸收能力与仿真对比结果。由图20图21可知,当夹层直梁的宽度、间距和高度增加时,夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的试验峰谷力和能量吸收能力变化趋势与仿真结果一致,而夹层直梁角度增加时,试验结果与仿真略有不同。这是因为制备的模型存在一定缺陷,并且夹层直梁角度对夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的力学性能影响较小,导致夹层直梁角度变化时,结构的压缩试验与仿真存在一定的区别。
将夹芯结构引入到双曲梁负刚度结构中,提出了夹芯曲梁负刚度结构。通过准静态压缩试验对比分析了夹芯曲梁与双曲梁负刚度结构的力-位移特性。应用有限元仿真分析了夹层直梁的结构参数对夹芯曲梁负刚度结构承载能力的影响,并分析了不同结构参数下结构的吸能特性,得出如下主要结论:
1)引入夹芯设计可以提高双曲梁负刚度结构的承载能力,还可以增强其负刚度特性。
2)夹芯曲梁负刚度结构的峰值力与夹层直梁的宽度和高度呈正相关,而与夹层直梁的间距和角度呈负相关,并且当角度进一步增大时,结构会发生过度变形。其中,改变宽度对峰值力的影响最大,而高度和角度对峰值力的影响最小。结构的谷值力与夹层直梁的间距、高度和角度呈正相关,而与夹层直梁的宽度呈负相关。改变高度和宽度对谷值力影响较为明显。
3)不同结构参数的夹芯曲梁负刚度结构在压缩仿真下的总吸能和比吸能的变化趋势一致。增加夹层直梁的宽度和高度能提升结构的能量吸收能力,而增加夹层直梁的间距和角度会使结构的能量吸收能力有所降低。其中,改变高度对总吸能和比吸能的影响最为明显,而角度的影响最不显著。
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2025年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.013
  • 接收时间:2023-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-28
  • 修回日期:2023-11-22
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Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring and Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure(HJGZ2021101)
轨道交通基础设施性能监测与保障国家重点实验室开放课题(HJGZ2021101)
作者信息
    1.江南大学 机械工程学院 江苏省食品先进制造装备技术重点实验室,无锡 214122
    2.军事科学院 系统工程研究院,北京 102300
    3.北京市科学技术研究院 城市安全与环境科学研究所,北京 100054

通讯作者:

宋春芳(通信作者),女,1974年生,河北张家口人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为介电加热工艺设备与检测控制、结构振动与噪声控制;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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