Article(id=1241049260704190863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=1730649600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818801332, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818801332, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818801332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818801332, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049258309251153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818800761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819014967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241050156821434987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241050156821434988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241049258309251153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=72, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049261228478866, articleId=1241049260704190863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Semi-supervised gearbox fault diagnosis under variable working conditions based on masked contrastive learning, columnId=1228282191914926752, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Vibration·Noise·Monitoring·Diagnosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the problem that it is difficult to label variable working condition gearbox fault samples and the significant data distribution discrepancies in practical engineering, which result in reduced accuracy of fault diagnosis models,a semi-supervised gearbox fault diagnosis method based on masked contrastive learning is proposed. Firstly, a random mask was used to hide part of the information in the unlabeled dataset, generating two different masked instances for each unlabeled sample. Secondly, a dynamic convolutional neural network was employed to dynamically weight and aggregate the masked instances, enabling discriminative feature modeling of different masked instances. Then, a contrastive learning framework was constructed with the optimization goal of maximizing the similarity between features of different masked instances. By enhancing the consistency of feature representations of masked instance pairs, the model's dependency on labels was reduced. Finally, during the fine-tuning phase, a domain-conditioned feature correction strategy was introduced to generate target domain feature corrections. By aligning source domain features and target domain corrected features according to the metric of minimizing domain feature distribution discrepancies, the method explicitly reduces the domain distribution differences caused by varying working conditions. Validation on a variable working condition gearbox fault dataset demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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ZUO Fangjun, E-mail:
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针对实际工程中变工况齿轮箱故障样本标注困难且数据分布差异显著,导致故障诊断模型精度降低的问题,提出了一种基于掩码对比学习的半监督齿轮箱变工况故障诊断方法。首先,利用随机掩码隐藏无标签数据集中部分信息,为每个无标签样本生成两个不同掩码实例;其次,采用动态卷积神经网络对掩码实例动态加权聚合,实现对不同掩码实例判别性特征建模;然后,构建对比学习框架,以最大化不同掩码实例特征间的相似性为优化目标,通过增强掩码视角实例对的特征表示一致性,降低模型对标签的依赖;最后,在微调阶段引入域条件特征校正策略生成目标域特征修正量,并根据最小化域间特征分布差异性度量对齐源域特征和目标域修正特征,显式地减少由于工况变化引起的域间分布差异。通过齿轮箱变工况故障数据集进行验证,证明了所提方法的有效性。

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左芳君(通信作者),女,1979年生,陕西渭南人,博士研究生,副教授;主要研究方向为可靠性系统工程、寿命与可靠性;E-mail:
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张慧云,女,1978年生,陕西渭南人,硕士研究生,副教授;主要研究方向为机械设计与制造;E-mail:

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张慧云,女,1978年生,陕西渭南人,硕士研究生,副教授;主要研究方向为机械设计与制造;E-mail:

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张慧云,女,1978年生,陕西渭南人,硕士研究生,副教授;主要研究方向为机械设计与制造;E-mail:

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Entropy202123(4):424., articleTitle=A weighted subdomain adaptation network for partial transfer fault diagnosis of rotating machinery, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241049295953121325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, awardId=24NSFSC1295, language=EN, fundingSource=Sichuan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(24NSFSC1295), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241049296041201713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, awardId=24NSFSC1295, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省自然科学基金面上项目(24NSFSC1295), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241049279343678173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049279356261086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, companyId=1241049279343678173, language=EN, country=null, 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label=Fig.2, caption=Dynamic convolution structure, figureFileSmall=6ZAZdy3bC/WRDhziBZ1seA==, figureFileBig=ZhLFlTpomCc3kvYH7/+N1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049287753257925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=CN, label=图2, caption=动态卷积结构, figureFileSmall=6ZAZdy3bC/WRDhziBZ1seA==, figureFileBig=ZhLFlTpomCc3kvYH7/+N1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049287912641482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fault diagnosis flow chart, figureFileSmall=MKvmQp6ZT8Z6k5pnfK+HqA==, figureFileBig=/ZEJ2pxNTrFufjpueu6LNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049288042664906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=CN, label=图3, caption=故障诊断流程, figureFileSmall=MKvmQp6ZT8Z6k5pnfK+HqA==, figureFileBig=/ZEJ2pxNTrFufjpueu6LNg==, tableContent=null), 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results of each method with A→C label sample size of 30, figureFileSmall=AWuMNAF+p3xJXvbzlyyRWA==, figureFileBig=8iyKW24P8FfnX5d++WfH+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049291423273964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=CN, label=图7, caption=A→C标签样本量为30的各方法结果对比, figureFileSmall=AWuMNAF+p3xJXvbzlyyRWA==, figureFileBig=8iyKW24P8FfnX5d++WfH+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049291591046130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Probability density diagram of different methods, figureFileSmall=B7uhb5a5PSXLO/s52KaRXg==, figureFileBig=Y3stFfXJ/x/lOBuRvJcRkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049291863675894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同方法概率密度图, figureFileSmall=B7uhb5a5PSXLO/s52KaRXg==, figureFileBig=Y3stFfXJ/x/lOBuRvJcRkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049291981116410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Feature distribution of each method under time-varying rotational, figureFileSmall=U0bSEB0Ma8vyOcF7aDLByg==, figureFileBig=sve8RDxB8oawURclguUC+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049292211803135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=CN, label=图9, caption=时变转速下各方法特征分布, figureFileSmall=U0bSEB0Ma8vyOcF7aDLByg==, figureFileBig=sve8RDxB8oawURclguUC+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049292366992384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Gearbox data set

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标签
Labels
故障类型
Fault type
训练集Training set测试集Test set
无标签
Without labels
有标签
With labels
无标签
Without labels
0正常 Normal30050100
1点蚀 Pitting30050100
2断齿 Tooth breakage30050100
3裂纹 Crack30050100
4磨损 Wear30050100
合计 Total1 500250500
), ArticleFig(id=1241049292631232513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

齿轮箱数据集

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标签
Labels
故障类型
Fault type
训练集Training set测试集Test set
无标签
Without labels
有标签
With labels
无标签
Without labels
0正常 Normal30050100
1点蚀 Pitting30050100
2断齿 Tooth breakage30050100
3裂纹 Crack30050100
4磨损 Wear30050100
合计 Total1 500250500
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Model Parameter

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模型 Model操作 Operation大小/步长
Size/step size
动态卷积层
Dynamic convolutional layer
DyConv-BN-ReLU32×3×1/1×1
最大池化层
Max pooling layer
Maxpooling2×1
动态卷积层
Dynamic convolutional layer
DyConv-BN-ReLU64×3×1/1×1
最大池化层
Max pooling layer
Maxpooling2×1
动态卷积层
Dynamic convolutional layer
DyConv-BN-ReLU128×3×1/1×1
最大池化层
Max pooling layer
Maxpooling2×1
全连接层
Fully-connected layer
Fully-connected layer
), ArticleFig(id=1241049294543835147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型参数

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模型 Model操作 Operation大小/步长
Size/step size
动态卷积层
Dynamic convolutional layer
DyConv-BN-ReLU32×3×1/1×1
最大池化层
Max pooling layer
Maxpooling2×1
动态卷积层
Dynamic convolutional layer
DyConv-BN-ReLU64×3×1/1×1
最大池化层
Max pooling layer
Maxpooling2×1
动态卷积层
Dynamic convolutional layer
DyConv-BN-ReLU128×3×1/1×1
最大池化层
Max pooling layer
Maxpooling2×1
全连接层
Fully-connected layer
Fully-connected layer
), ArticleFig(id=1241049294631915534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Classification accuracy under the same working condition %

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工况
Working condition
方法
Methods
标签样本数量 Number of label samples
1020304050
SJMMD80.1483.5984.2084.2488.51
DBN72.3673.8275.2576.2979.86
A→AWSAN81.2482.3683.4484.4985.97
SMoCo90.1091.4993.9994.1294.89
所提方法
Proposed method
95.6595.8397.0198.19100.00
SJMMD81.0084.5084.5985.0689.72
DBN71.3473.0076.8477.1080.80
B→BWSAN82.1983.2084.3185.4986.99
SMoCo90.9792.5093.3393.0895.60
所提方法
Proposed method
96.5096.8897.0197.9099.21
SJMMD78.1382.0185.6186.2388.17
DBN74.0475.5976.8079.2181.89
C→CWSAN83.0284.3487.4587.5988.07
SMoCo92.1493.6793.8794.0595.31
所提方法
Proposed method
96.3197.5398.6098.9299.98
), ArticleFig(id=1241049294774521874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

同工况下分类准确率

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工况
Working condition
方法
Methods
标签样本数量 Number of label samples
1020304050
SJMMD80.1483.5984.2084.2488.51
DBN72.3673.8275.2576.2979.86
A→AWSAN81.2482.3683.4484.4985.97
SMoCo90.1091.4993.9994.1294.89
所提方法
Proposed method
95.6595.8397.0198.19100.00
SJMMD81.0084.5084.5985.0689.72
DBN71.3473.0076.8477.1080.80
B→BWSAN82.1983.2084.3185.4986.99
SMoCo90.9792.5093.3393.0895.60
所提方法
Proposed method
96.5096.8897.0197.9099.21
SJMMD78.1382.0185.6186.2388.17
DBN74.0475.5976.8079.2181.89
C→CWSAN83.0284.3487.4587.5988.07
SMoCo92.1493.6793.8794.0595.31
所提方法
Proposed method
96.3197.5398.6098.9299.98
), ArticleFig(id=1241049295143620627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Accuracy under variable working conditions

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样本数量
Samples
方法
Methods
不同转速 Different speeds
A→BA→CB→CB→AC→AC→B平均Average
SJMMD73.8468.2876.2479.3763.1879.9073.80
DBN66.5359.4361.1362.4545.9774.2161.62
10WSAN78.3178.0079.5979.1575.1482.3478.76
SMoCo89.6585.2290.991.3987.2090.7789.52
所提方法Proposed method94.2194.7394.6995.3394.4596.2394.44
SJMMD74.8569.4077.4080.6164.3481.2074.07
DBN66.8960.2562.3163.9352.8175.9863.70
20WSAN79.6378.7880.6379.9176.2883.1279.73
SMoCo90.0886.3291.4892.5587.7391.3589.25
所提方法Proposed method95.3994.7995.6496.4495.4596.7395.07
SJMMD75.8670.4178.4581.7364.8282.9075.70
DBN66.9965.3065.6265.7454.8977.8766.07
30WSAN81.5581.4381.8281.1577.5783.6181.69
SMoCo91.4087.0792.1893.2788.5291.6090.01
所提方法Proposed method96.5596.8796.4997.5597.6597.8597.16
SJMMD76.9971.8679.9382.9565.6384.1676.42
DBN67.0166.6767.4567.1660.4679.3368.01
40WSAN82.6682.3082.9382.2277.9984.8382.49
SMoCo91.9287.6692.7094.1889.2892.0090.96
所提方法Proposed method97.5497.4997.6397.9797.9498.0097.43
SJMMD78.1573.0881.384.1567.6384.6578.16
DBN67.7564.9365.0068.6761.8880.7768.54
50WSAN84.2683.2184.4182.8978.9785.0083.46
SMoCo92.8489.5193.5495.1890.3693.1392.59
所提方法Proposed method97.9598.1298.0099.0297.8499.3498.04
), ArticleFig(id=1241049295244283929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

变工况下的准确率

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样本数量
Samples
方法
Methods
不同转速 Different speeds
A→BA→CB→CB→AC→AC→B平均Average
SJMMD73.8468.2876.2479.3763.1879.9073.80
DBN66.5359.4361.1362.4545.9774.2161.62
10WSAN78.3178.0079.5979.1575.1482.3478.76
SMoCo89.6585.2290.991.3987.2090.7789.52
所提方法Proposed method94.2194.7394.6995.3394.4596.2394.44
SJMMD74.8569.4077.4080.6164.3481.2074.07
DBN66.8960.2562.3163.9352.8175.9863.70
20WSAN79.6378.7880.6379.9176.2883.1279.73
SMoCo90.0886.3291.4892.5587.7391.3589.25
所提方法Proposed method95.3994.7995.6496.4495.4596.7395.07
SJMMD75.8670.4178.4581.7364.8282.9075.70
DBN66.9965.3065.6265.7454.8977.8766.07
30WSAN81.5581.4381.8281.1577.5783.6181.69
SMoCo91.4087.0792.1893.2788.5291.6090.01
所提方法Proposed method96.5596.8796.4997.5597.6597.8597.16
SJMMD76.9971.8679.9382.9565.6384.1676.42
DBN67.0166.6767.4567.1660.4679.3368.01
40WSAN82.6682.3082.9382.2277.9984.8382.49
SMoCo91.9287.6692.7094.1889.2892.0090.96
所提方法Proposed method97.5497.4997.6397.9797.9498.0097.43
SJMMD78.1573.0881.384.1567.6384.6578.16
DBN67.7564.9365.0068.6761.8880.7768.54
50WSAN84.2683.2184.4182.8978.9785.0083.46
SMoCo92.8489.5193.5495.1890.3693.1392.59
所提方法Proposed method97.9598.1298.0099.0297.8499.3498.04
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Ablation experiment results

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动态卷积
Dynamic convolutional
域条件特征校正
Domain condition feature correction
准确率
Accuracy/%
提升
Improvement/%
××85.98
×89.20↑3.22
×92.37↑6.39
95.45↑9.47
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消融试验结果

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动态卷积
Dynamic convolutional
域条件特征校正
Domain condition feature correction
准确率
Accuracy/%
提升
Improvement/%
××85.98
×89.20↑3.22
×92.37↑6.39
95.45↑9.47
), ArticleFig(id=1241049295672102947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Accuracy under time-varying rotational speed

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方法Methods标签样本数量 Number of label samples
1020304050
SJMMD68.1570.3273.7878.5879.45
DBN58.5459.9867.8568.7473.87
WSAN70.4073.4878.4582.6185.12
SMoCo75.2476.3080.4784.4690.68
所提方法Proposed method80.6786.1188.4691.3293.45
), ArticleFig(id=1241049295827292202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241049260704190863, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

时变转速下准确率

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方法Methods标签样本数量 Number of label samples
1020304050
SJMMD68.1570.3273.7878.5879.45
DBN58.5459.9867.8568.7473.87
WSAN70.4073.4878.4582.6185.12
SMoCo75.2476.3080.4784.4690.68
所提方法Proposed method80.6786.1188.4691.3293.45
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基于掩码对比学习的半监督齿轮箱变工况故障诊断
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张慧云 1 , 左芳君 1 , 李航 1 , 余熹 2
机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025,47(6): 72-81
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机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025, 47(6): 72-81
基于掩码对比学习的半监督齿轮箱变工况故障诊断
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张慧云1 , 左芳君1 , 李航1, 余熹2
作者信息
  • 1.成都工业学院 智能制造学院,成都 610031
  • 2.四川大学 机械工程学院,成都 610065
  • 张慧云,女,1978年生,陕西渭南人,硕士研究生,副教授;主要研究方向为机械设计与制造;E-mail:

通讯作者:

左芳君(通信作者),女,1979年生,陕西渭南人,博士研究生,副教授;主要研究方向为可靠性系统工程、寿命与可靠性;E-mail:
Semi-supervised gearbox fault diagnosis under variable working conditions based on masked contrastive learning
Huiyun ZHANG1 , Fangjun ZUO1 , Hang LI1, Xi YU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.009
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针对实际工程中变工况齿轮箱故障样本标注困难且数据分布差异显著,导致故障诊断模型精度降低的问题,提出了一种基于掩码对比学习的半监督齿轮箱变工况故障诊断方法。首先,利用随机掩码隐藏无标签数据集中部分信息,为每个无标签样本生成两个不同掩码实例;其次,采用动态卷积神经网络对掩码实例动态加权聚合,实现对不同掩码实例判别性特征建模;然后,构建对比学习框架,以最大化不同掩码实例特征间的相似性为优化目标,通过增强掩码视角实例对的特征表示一致性,降低模型对标签的依赖;最后,在微调阶段引入域条件特征校正策略生成目标域特征修正量,并根据最小化域间特征分布差异性度量对齐源域特征和目标域修正特征,显式地减少由于工况变化引起的域间分布差异。通过齿轮箱变工况故障数据集进行验证,证明了所提方法的有效性。

齿轮箱  /  变工况  /  故障诊断  /  对比学习  /  半监督

To address the problem that it is difficult to label variable working condition gearbox fault samples and the significant data distribution discrepancies in practical engineering, which result in reduced accuracy of fault diagnosis models,a semi-supervised gearbox fault diagnosis method based on masked contrastive learning is proposed. Firstly, a random mask was used to hide part of the information in the unlabeled dataset, generating two different masked instances for each unlabeled sample. Secondly, a dynamic convolutional neural network was employed to dynamically weight and aggregate the masked instances, enabling discriminative feature modeling of different masked instances. Then, a contrastive learning framework was constructed with the optimization goal of maximizing the similarity between features of different masked instances. By enhancing the consistency of feature representations of masked instance pairs, the model's dependency on labels was reduced. Finally, during the fine-tuning phase, a domain-conditioned feature correction strategy was introduced to generate target domain feature corrections. By aligning source domain features and target domain corrected features according to the metric of minimizing domain feature distribution discrepancies, the method explicitly reduces the domain distribution differences caused by varying working conditions. Validation on a variable working condition gearbox fault dataset demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Gearbox  /  Variable working condition  /  Fault diagnosis  /  Contrastive learning  /  Semi-supervised
张慧云, 左芳君, 李航, 余熹. 基于掩码对比学习的半监督齿轮箱变工况故障诊断. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (6) : 72 -81 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.009
Huiyun ZHANG, Fangjun ZUO, Hang LI, Xi YU. Semi-supervised gearbox fault diagnosis under variable working conditions based on masked contrastive learning[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (6) : 72 -81 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.009
齿轮箱作为传递机械动力的核心部件被广泛应用于能源动力、工业生产、航空航天等关键领域,其服役可靠性直接影响整个机械系统的运行效率和安全[1]1059-1061。然而,在齿轮箱服役过程中难免出现性能衰退乃至故障,导致设备停机,甚至引发安全事故的现象。因此,对其进行故障诊断具有重要的实际意义[2]
随着人工智能技术的发展与应用,深度学习被广泛应用于故障诊断领域[3]。卷积神经网络[4]、深度置信网络[5]47-48及卷积自编码器[6]等深度学习模型通过多层非线性变换,自适应从信号中提取判别性特征,在齿轮箱故障诊断中取得了显著的研究成果。然而,为确保模型准确捕捉数据中深层特征表示并实现高精度的诊断,需要大量高质量标注且相同分布的故障样本参与训练[7]。然而,受复杂多变的运行条件影响,不同工况下齿轮箱故障样本的数据分布差异显著。此外,高质量标注样本需要专业知识和大量时间,使得大规模数据标注变得愈发困难,导致数据集中包含大量未标注数据,增加了齿轮箱变工况故障诊断难度[8]
近年来,已有学者针对标签样本不足下的变工况故障诊断问题展开了研究。李东东等[9]提出了一种基于对抗博弈机制和伪标签的半监督学习方法,在齿轮箱变工况故障任务中效果显著;邵海东等[10]构建了基于标签平滑和度量缩放的修正损失函数,通过评估故障样本间的相似性,实现了少样本条件下不同工况间的齿轮箱故障诊断;余浩帅等[11]将原型网络与自注意力机制相结合,在提取深层故障特征的同时,构建全局依赖关系,提高了齿轮箱小样本场景下的诊断精度;LEI等[12]将先验知识嵌入元学习框架中,通过自适应特征融合学习作为综合决策模块,提高了模型在标签样本稀缺场景下的泛化性;TANG等[13]将坐标注意力与原型校正网络相结合,促使模型在不同域之间能够找到提取到准确原型,提高模型泛化性能。YAN等[14]2796提出了一种信号动量对比学习(Signal Momentum Contrast, SMoCo)半监督方法,在预训练过程中通过对比正样本对和负样本对进行训练,在大量无标签数据中学习到具有良好泛化能力的特征表示,提高了模型在小样本变工况场景下的诊断性能。
上述方法为齿轮箱故障诊断提供了新的解决方案,但仍存在以下不足:①大部分方法主要聚焦于小样本的利用,未能充分挖掘大量未标记样本的潜在价值;②当前半监督对比学习方法依赖于大量的负样本进行对比学习,模型性能受到负样本选择的影响;③上述迁移方法无法准确对域间特征差异性建模,易导致模型关注到非判别性或冗余信息,导致诊断精度和泛化能力下降。
针对上述问题,本文提出了一种基于掩码对比学习的半监督齿轮箱变工况故障诊断方法。通过对比学习框架预训练的方式在无标签数据集中自动挖掘样本的内在结构特征,有效利用未标记数据的潜在信息,提升模型的特征表达能力;同时,结合掩码机制能够生成来自同一实例的不同视角实例,通过引入不同程度的扰动帮助模型学习到数据的本征特征;其次,在微调阶段通过域条件特征校正策略,显式地减少由于工况变化引起的域间分布差异。通过多组试验证明了所提方法的有效性。
所提方法主要网络结构如图1所示,主要包括预训练阶段和微调阶段,其中预训练阶段由编码器、掩码对比学习策略组成。微调阶段由编码器特征提取和域条件特征校正策略构成。
由于在无标签数据上进行预训练时缺乏标签的引导,编码器必须具备强大的特征提取能力,以便有效捕捉和区分数据中的细微差异,从而在无监督环境下实现更优的特征表示学习。因此,所提方法构建了动态卷积神经网络[15]作为编码器,其结构如图2所示。该结构通过聚合多个卷积核,在不增加网络深度和宽度的前提下,显著提升模型的表示能力。其定义为
其中,表示输入特征向量x对应的聚合卷积核权重和偏置矩阵,是通过多个并行卷积核权重和偏置加权平均得到,具体表达式为
式中,πk(x)为基于特征向量x计算的注意力权重,表示第k个卷积核在聚合中的重要性权重。这些卷积核和偏置通过注意力机制,根据特征向量x特征动态加权聚合,形成特定于该输入的卷积核
注意力权重πk(x)是通过对输入特征向量的全局信息进行全局平均池化、全连接层和Softmax归一化得到。通过动态调整卷积核和偏置,使模型能够更好地适应不同输入,提高表达能力。
掩码对比学习是一种自监督方法,其核心思想是通过对输入数据进行部分掩码处理,并结合对比学习机制[16]在无标签数据集中构建优化目标,促使模型学习到判别性特征表示。
首先,通过随机掩码操作对输入样本数据x进行部分掩码处理,生成两个不同掩码比例的实例xm1xm2构成正样本对。在随机的掩码位置上,将对应数据值置零,使得模型在训练过程中需要依靠其余未被掩码的部分来进行特征提取。掩码后数据表示为
式中,xm为掩码后特征向量数据;M(∙)数学表达式如式(5)所示,表示掩码操作;为掩码后数据xm的第i个元素。通过不同的掩码位置,对每个输入样本生成多个掩码实例,即同一样本不同掩码版本。
在对比学习框架中,需将掩码实例经过权重共享的编码器网络f进行特征提取,为确保两个掩码实例的特征表示在同一特征空间中,构建了由2层全连接层组成的特征映射层对编码器提取的特征进行映射,同时使用了预测层h将其中一个掩码实例分支的输出转换并与另一个实例分支的特征进行负余弦相似度匹配,计算式为
式中,p1z2分别为预测层和编码器的输出特征;D(p1z2)为p1z2间的负余弦相似度;||∙||2L2范数;通过最小化D(p1z2)使p1z2的相似度尽可能一致(即余弦相似度趋近于1)。
同时,采用对称损失函数来确保对两个掩码实例的相似性最大化。对称损失函数考虑了两个视图的特征表示,使它们相互之间的相似性最大化。同时采用梯度停止操作,阻止梯度从一个实例传播到另一个实例,避免模型陷入崩溃状态。计算式为
式中,p1p2分别为分支1和分支2的预测层输出特征;z1z2分别为分支1和分支2的编码器输出特征;stopgrad(z1)表示梯度截断操作,z1的梯度被屏蔽,仅更新其他分支的参数;z2同理。
掩码对比学习通过最大化同一样本在不同掩码实例下的相似性,促使模型学习到判别性特征表示。该方法能够有效利用未标注数据,从而提升模型的泛化能力。掩码对比学习能够捕捉到数据的潜在结构特征,通过优化掩码实例的特征一致性,减少了对大规模标注数据的依赖,降低了数据标注成本。
域条件特征校正策略主要通过寻找域不变性特征来实现减少域间分布差异[17]。其目标是在训练阶段通过利用带标签源域数据和未标注的目标数据,学习一个在目标域上具有良好泛化能力的分类器。在两域特征对齐过程中,通过域条件特征校正模块来显式减少源域和目标域之间的特征分布差异,从而提升故障诊断模型在不同工况下的泛化能力。对于模型第l层(l=1,…,Ltotal)输出的源域特征Hl(xs)和目标域特征Hl(xt),引入域条件特征校正策略对目标域特征进行修正。域条件特征校正由全连接层、ReLU激活函数和另一个全连接层组成,用以生成目标域的特征修正量。校正后的目标域特征表示为
式中,ΔHl(xt)为目标域的特征修正量。为了使目标域特征和源域特征域对齐,使用最大均值差异(Maximum Mean Discrepancy, MMD)作为特征分布差异性度量指标,其经验估计式为
式中,Hk为具有特征核k的再生核希尔伯特空间;ϕ为特征映射。通过式(11),能够在训练过程中拉近两域间的特征分布,减少工况变化的影响。
同时,为了防止域条件特征校正块过度迁移,对源数据也进行特征校正以进行正则化。通常,源域特征表示在通过特征校正块后应保持不变。然而,完全对齐源域中的每个类别,将导致ΔHl(xs)≈0,这意味着校正块在跨域特征校正学习中学习不到任何内容。因此,引入一种正则化损失来解决这个问题,对于一部分源数据的随机子集,用于适当地引导校正过程并增强校正块的对齐能力,正则化损失定义为
式中,R为源域的一个随机子集;|R|为集合大小。定义每个数据随机抽取的概率为P/CnP为一个控制因子。
在无监督域适应中,目标是通过在训练阶段探索标记的源数据和未标记的目标数据,学习一个在目标域上具有良好泛化能力的分类器。由于只有源数据是有标记的,因此可以通过最小化如下的损失函数来构建源分类器:
式中,ε(∙,∙)为交叉熵损失函数;G(∙)为学习的预测模型。然而,上述损失由于只学习了一个对源域敏感的表示映射,但存在域分布差异,源分类器可能在目标域上不能很好地泛化。且目标域是未标记的,因此合理的是采用熵最小化原则来增加学习模型的判别性。将G(∙)预测的目标域数据xt的第k类条件概率定义为G(k)(xt),则目标域交叉熵损失函数则为
因此,域条件校正整体优化目标可以表示为
其中,LsLe分别为源域分类损失和目标域熵损失;分别为第l层的特征对齐损失和正则化损失;αβ为权重因子。
所提出的基于掩码对比学习滚动轴承变工况故障诊断流程如图3所示。
1)对无标签样本进行随机掩码,生成两个掩码实例,并通过编码器提取不同实例的特征。
2)计算特征间的相似度构建优化目标,通过反向传播更新参数。
3)模型训练至预先设置好的轮数,保存模型,实现预训练。
4)利用少量标记源域数据和目标域数据微调模型,通过域条件校正策略生成目标域修正量,并基于最大均值差异拉进两域间特征分布,实现微调。
5)将待测数据输入进保存的模型,得到诊断结果。
试验数据采集自齿轮箱故障试验台(图4),试验台主要由电动机、联轴器、齿轮箱及磁粉制动器组成。试验台可模拟正常、点蚀、断齿、裂纹和磨损5种健康状态的齿轮,并通过加速度传感器以10 kHz的采样频率采集3种运行工况下的多组不同故障类别齿轮箱的振动信号。
齿轮箱运行工况设置为1 000 r/min(工况A)、1 200 r/min(工况B)及1 400 r/min(工况C)。为验证所提方法的有效性和优势,分别进行同工况下不同标签样本量故障诊断试验以及不同工况下小样本故障诊断试验。试验数据集划分如表1所示,其中每个样本点数为2 048。分别划分训练样本和测试集样本,其中训练样本还包括无标签数据和少量有标签数据供模型预训练阶段和微调阶段训练。
所提方法在预训练过程中使用Adam优化器,学习率设为0.000 1,采用等间距学习率优化策略,步长设置为15。迭代次数为100,批次大小为128。微调阶段使用Adam优化器,学习率固定为0.000 1,迭代次数为20轮,批次大小为8。特征提取编码器的具体参数如表2所示。试验均在深度学习框架Pytorch 1.11上进行,硬件环境为Intel Core i7-11800H CPU和NVIDIA RTX3070 GPU。同时为验证所提方法的优势性,将所提方法与文献[1]1062-1066软联合最大均值差异(Soft Joint Maximum Mean Difference,SJMMD)、文献[5]49-52深度置信网络(Deep Belief Network,DBN)、文献[14]2796SMoCo、加权子域自适应网络(Weighted Subdomain Adaptation Network,WSAN)[18]在不同诊断任务场景下进行对比。
为了验证所提出方法在故障诊断任务中的有效性,将该方法与各对比方法在相同工况但不同标签样本量的条件下进行了对比试验。试验设置了3种工况,每种工况下分别测试了5种不同的标签样本数量,具体为10、20、30、40和50。表3展示了在相同工况下各方法的分类准确率,而图5则绘制了在标签样本量为30的情况下,各方法在迭代过程中的精度变化情况(以C→C工况为例)。
表3图5可知,随着参与训练的标签样本量越少,各方法诊断精度均出现了不同程度的降低。以工况C为例,在标签样本数量为30时,DBN方法诊断精度仅为76.80%,且迭代精度曲线出现了明显的波动,难以收敛到最优值,这是由于DBN模型只学习到数据中特定样本的信息,并没有捕捉到更广泛的数据分布特征。SJMMD和WSAN方法通过适配层对特征空间进行调整,侧重于学习两个域共有的、更具泛化性的特征,而不是过分拟合源域中的少量样本特性,因此二者的准确率相比于DBN方法分别提高了8.81%和10.65%。而SMoCo和所提方法均在无标签的数据上进行预训练,能充分挖掘大量未标记样本的潜在信息,准确率均高于90%,但是SMoCo方法依赖于大量的负样本进行对比学习,模型的性能受到负样本选择的影响,导致其诊断精度低于所提方法。而所提方法一方面通过在无标签的数据上进行预训练,充分挖掘大量未标记样本的潜在结构信息,另一方面利用掩码机制,在无标签数据集中构建优化目标,促使模型学到判别性特征表示,证明了所提方法的优势性。
同时,为验证所提方法的特征提取能力,利用t-SNE特征降维方法,将C→C标签样本量为30场景下的各方法全连接层特征进行降维,并进行可视化分析,如图6所示。由图6(a)可知,原始数据特征分布混乱,各类别特征相互重叠,完全没有分离开来。在经过各方法的特征自提取后,降维后的特征均出现了分类边界,如图6(a)~图6(f)所示。然而受小样本的影响各方法在一定程度上均出现了类别重叠,只有部分类别特征能够分离。而所提方法除点蚀和磨损少量样本被混淆,这是由于该数据中点蚀模拟为“微点蚀”形式,会引起零部件的磨损甚至断裂,二者具有一定关联性。但所提方法除此类别外分离明显,未出现大量重叠的情况,进一步证明了所提方法在小样本场景下良好的特征提取能力。
为进一步验证所提方法在变工况场景不同标签样本量下故障诊断的有效性,将所提方法与对比算法在6种不同迁移任务和5种不同标签样本量下进行对比,表4为变工况下的准确率,图7所示为A→C迁移任务标签样本量为30时各方法的迭代精度。
表4可知,各方法在变工况中的诊断结果相比于同工况的诊断结果略低,这是由于不同工况下的齿轮箱故障样本数据分布差异显著,且标签样本不足,进一步增加了跨域迁移的难度。由于DBN没有适配层,不同工况所带来的分布差异进一步导致了其诊断精度的下降,以A→C迁移任务为例,标签样本数量为30时其诊断精度仅为65.30%。而SJMMD和WSAN通过适配层拉进两域间的分布差异,相比于DBN均有所提升,但其迁移策略无法准确对域间特征差异性建模,导致模型关注到非判别性或冗余信息,导致诊断精度低于所提方法。SMoCo通过对比学习框架预训练,在变工况下游任务中诊断精度高于SJMMD和WSAN,但在一定程度上受工况变化的干扰,诊断精度低于所提方法,为87.07%。而所提方法在不同迁移任务下的平均诊断精度均最高,由图7可知,所提方法收敛最快,在第10轮左右就已经稳定收敛,验证了所提方法在变工况的诊断任务中的有效性。
为验证所提方法中动态卷积和域条件校正的有效性,以迁移任务C→A、标签样本量20为例,通过消融试验移除或添加这两个组件,观察对模型性能的影响。其中移除动态卷积是指替换为标准卷积进行特征提取。结果如表5所示,分别加入动态卷积和域条件校正,准确率提高了3.22%和6.39%,同时添加这两个模块,精度提高了9.47%。这是由于动态卷积能够捕捉不同掩码实例判别性特征。此外,域条件校正策略在减少域分布差异方面起到了关键作用,从而增强了模型在不同工况下的诊断性能。
为证明所提方法能够拉进源域和目标的分布差异,以A→C迁移任务标签样本30为例,输出各方法的概率密度如图8所示。由图8(a)可知,源域和目标的原始数据差异显著,二者的概率密度图完全不一致,这从侧面反映了工况变化所引起的分布差异。各对比方法均在第一程度上减少了两域间的分布差异,然而各对比方法未能像所提方法一样通过域条件特征校正对域间差异进行建模,并显式地去调整目标域的数据分布情况;由图8(e)可知,所提方法的概率密度:图中源域和目标域的概率密度曲线重合度较好,证明了所提方法域条件特征校正的有效性。
为验证所提方法在复杂多变的实际环境中的诊断性能,将所提方法与各对比算法在时变工况下进行对比试验。齿轮箱运行状态为增速、减速、增速后减速、减速后增速4种变速状态,转速最高可达1 000 r/min,各方法诊断结果如表6图9所示。
表6可知,时变转速相比于同工况的诊断难度更大,各方法准确率均出现了明显的下降,这是因为在时变转速条件下,故障特征会随着转速的变化而发生复杂的非线性变化,使得故障特征难以稳定提取。同时,随着标签样本数量的增加,各方法在故障诊断任务中的准确率逐渐提升,而所提方法在标签样本数量增加到50时,准确率达到了93.45%,相比于其余各方法展现出更优异的诊断性能。通过图9可以看出,相比于各方法在同工况时的特征分布,时变工况的测试集特征分布更加复杂,且各方法提取到的特征类内聚集性均不如同工况的结果。同时,各方法的特征分布出现了大面积的重叠,难以展现出清晰的分类边界。而所提方法相比于其余方法有着较好的分类能力,但受时变工况的影响,还是出现部分重叠。后续可考虑通过小波变换对时变数据中的时频信息进行充分表达,进一步提高诊断性能。
针对实际工程中难以获取充足且分布一致的齿轮箱故障样本,导致故障诊断模型精度降低的问题,提出了一种基于掩码对比学习的半监督齿轮箱变工况故障诊断方法。得出如下结论:
1)通过掩码对比学习框架,增强掩码视角实例对的特征表示一致性,降低了模型对标签的依赖;
2)结合域条件特征校正策略生成目标域特征修正量,显式地减少域间分布差异;
3)所提方法使用无标签的源域数据对掩码对比学习进行预训练,通过将预训练模型的参数应用于目标域的自适应微调过程,避免了在目标域内重新训练模型,提升了模型迁移适用性。
  • 四川省自然科学基金面上项目(24NSFSC1295)
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2025年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.06.009
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
  • 修回日期:2024-11-04
基金
Sichuan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(24NSFSC1295)
四川省自然科学基金面上项目(24NSFSC1295)
作者信息
    1.成都工业学院 智能制造学院,成都 610031
    2.四川大学 机械工程学院,成都 610065

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左芳君(通信作者),女,1979年生,陕西渭南人,博士研究生,副教授;主要研究方向为可靠性系统工程、寿命与可靠性;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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