Article(id=1241038860562518046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686153600000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-08, revisedDate=1691078400000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773816321744, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773816321744, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773816321744, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773816321744, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241038854333985467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773816320260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819065926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241050370550591873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241050370554786178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241038860839342118, articleId=1241038860562518046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Study on the mechanism of influence of internal gear ring flexibility on the bias load behavior of aeronautical planetary gear system, columnId=1228282192162390694, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Experimental Research·Testing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The planetary gear system is widely used in aircraft transmission equipment because of its small size, light weight and large load capacity,but the problem of bias load caused by various errors cannot be avoided, and a serious bias load condition will lead to under utilization of the advantages of the planetary system cannot be fully exploited. The influence mechanism of the flexible change of the inner gear ring on the bias load behavior of the system was investigated by taking a certain type of aeronautical planetary gear system as the research object. The deflection,stress and strain of the inner gear ring were measured by experiments with different number of planets and different rim thicknesses, and the mechanism of bias load was analyzed and the degree of influence of the number of planets and rim thickness on the bias load behavior of the system was evaluated. The advanced simulation calculation and analysis of a large aeronautical planetary system was completed by using a hierarchical finite element model to quantify the influence mechanism of the variation of inner gear ring flexibility on the load distribution and gear ring deflection of the system. The accuracy of the simulation results was evaluated by fitting the experimental and simulation results to the same parameter range for comparison. The research results provide targeted structural optimization guidance for the development and design of internal gear rings of large aeronautical planetary gear systems, which can greatly reduce the cost of this type of large aeronautical equipment in the design and iteration process.

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LI Ming, E-mail:
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行星齿轮系统因其体积小、质量轻、承载能力大等优点被广泛应用于航空器传动设备中,但由于各种误差造成的偏载问题无法避免,严重的偏载状态将会导致行星系统的优点无法充分发挥。以某型号航空行星齿轮系统为研究对象,探究了内齿圈柔性变化对系统偏载行为的影响机制。通过试验测量了不同的行星数以及不同轮缘厚度下内齿圈挠度、应力及应变,分析了偏载的影响机制并评估了行星数及轮缘厚度对系统偏载行为的影响程度;利用层级有限元模型完成了大型航空行星系统的高级仿真计算和分析任务,量化了内齿圈柔性变化对系统载荷分布以及齿圈偏移的影响机制。将试验与仿真计算结果在相同的参数范围内进行拟合对比,评估了仿真计算结果的准确性。研究结果为大型航空行星齿轮系统内齿圈的开发和设计提供了有针对性的结构优化指导,能够极大降低该类大型航空设备在设计和迭代过程中的成本。

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李铭,男,1986年生,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为航空齿轮传动装备疲劳强度设计与可靠性分析技术;E-mail:
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丁硕,女,2001年生,河南郑州人,本科生;主要研究方向为航空齿轮装备可靠性技术;E-mail:

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丁硕,女,2001年生,河南郑州人,本科生;主要研究方向为航空齿轮装备可靠性技术;E-mail:

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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=CN, label=图12, caption=由LVDT测量的R值在不同行星齿轮数下的变化量, figureFileSmall=RtTDNqkcGPOk+Buyatc61Q==, figureFileBig=J0yRbnKrv4IzBWB9fh1Zyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038877163573711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Node and displacement nephogram and planetary gear stress distribution nephogram, figureFileSmall=dZLkDnLnCDOKJD7AcP6Hcg==, figureFileBig=08quW85lRvLEh4fjy+XT4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038877260042712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=CN, label=图13, caption=行星齿轮节点合位移云图与应力分布云图, figureFileSmall=dZLkDnLnCDOKJD7AcP6Hcg==, figureFileBig=08quW85lRvLEh4fjy+XT4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038877465563610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Load history of target tooth, figureFileSmall=5lWEiuoXyUK6FraDTZvcew==, figureFileBig=6iAsLAw6ZEGDNwJlm822kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038877645918689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=CN, label=图14, caption=目标齿的载荷历程, figureFileSmall=5lWEiuoXyUK6FraDTZvcew==, figureFileBig=6iAsLAw6ZEGDNwJlm822kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038877725610472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Bias load analysis of a planetary gear train, figureFileSmall=CU4qWesl/GjjRS/qJpTkfA==, figureFileBig=n/u9b/Y/qBur5/jvt/hfJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038877809496557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=CN, label=图15, caption=行星齿轮系偏载分析, figureFileSmall=CU4qWesl/GjjRS/qJpTkfA==, figureFileBig=n/u9b/Y/qBur5/jvt/hfJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038877956297203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Geometric parameters of the planetary gear train

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
太阳齿轮
Sun gear
行星齿轮
Planet gear
环形齿轮
Ring gear
模数 Module/mm5.0125.0125.012
齿数 Number of teeth8456196
齿轮数量 Number of gear151
压力角Pressure angle/(°)202020
螺旋角度Helix angle/(°)000
有效面宽
Effective width/mm
120120120
基圆直径
Base diameter/mm
394.671263.114920.899
基圈节距
Base pitch/mm
14.76114.76114.761
根角半径
Root angle radius/mm
2.7572.8702.657
轮齿表面硬度
Surface hardness/HRC
606060
齿芯硬度
Core hardness/HRC
353535
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity/MPa
2.07×1062.07×1062.07×106
), ArticleFig(id=1241038878107292152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

行星齿轮系的几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
太阳齿轮
Sun gear
行星齿轮
Planet gear
环形齿轮
Ring gear
模数 Module/mm5.0125.0125.012
齿数 Number of teeth8456196
齿轮数量 Number of gear151
压力角Pressure angle/(°)202020
螺旋角度Helix angle/(°)000
有效面宽
Effective width/mm
120120120
基圆直径
Base diameter/mm
394.671263.114920.899
基圈节距
Base pitch/mm
14.76114.76114.761
根角半径
Root angle radius/mm
2.7572.8702.657
轮齿表面硬度
Surface hardness/HRC
606060
齿芯硬度
Core hardness/HRC
353535
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity/MPa
2.07×1062.07×1062.07×106
), ArticleFig(id=1241038878241509884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Load distribution results of planetary gears

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均载状态
Uniform load status
偏载状态
Off-load status
载荷分配功率
Load distribution power P/kW
转矩
Torque T/(N·m)
载荷分配功率
Load distribution power P/kW
转矩
Torque T/(N·m)
输出轴
Output shaft
89512 74989512 748.9
行星齿轮1
Planetary gear 1
1792 549.8180.42 569.4
行星齿轮2
Planetary gear 2
1792 549.8179.72 558.9
行星齿轮3
Planetary gear 3
1792 549.8177.72 530.4
行星齿轮4
Planetary gear 4
1792 549.8178.52 541.5
行星齿轮5
Planetary gear 5
1792 549.81792 548.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241038878463808001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038860562518046, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

行星齿轮的载荷分配结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均载状态
Uniform load status
偏载状态
Off-load status
载荷分配功率
Load distribution power P/kW
转矩
Torque T/(N·m)
载荷分配功率
Load distribution power P/kW
转矩
Torque T/(N·m)
输出轴
Output shaft
89512 74989512 748.9
行星齿轮1
Planetary gear 1
1792 549.8180.42 569.4
行星齿轮2
Planetary gear 2
1792 549.8179.72 558.9
行星齿轮3
Planetary gear 3
1792 549.8177.72 530.4
行星齿轮4
Planetary gear 4
1792 549.8178.52 541.5
行星齿轮5
Planetary gear 5
1792 549.81792 548.7
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内齿圈柔性对航空行星齿轮系统偏载行为的影响机制研究
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丁硕 1 , 罗源 2 , 李铭 2 , 宁永旭 1
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(1): 76-83
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(1): 76-83
内齿圈柔性对航空行星齿轮系统偏载行为的影响机制研究
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丁硕1 , 罗源2, 李铭2 , 宁永旭1
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳航空航天大学 国际工程师学院,沈阳 110136
  • 2.沈阳航空航天大学 机电工程学院,沈阳 110136
  • 丁硕,女,2001年生,河南郑州人,本科生;主要研究方向为航空齿轮装备可靠性技术;E-mail:

通讯作者:

李铭,男,1986年生,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为航空齿轮传动装备疲劳强度设计与可靠性分析技术;E-mail:
Study on the mechanism of influence of internal gear ring flexibility on the bias load behavior of aeronautical planetary gear system
Shuo DING1 , Yuan LUO2, Ming LI2 , Yongxu NING1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of International Engineers, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
  • 2.School of Mechatronics Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.009
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行星齿轮系统因其体积小、质量轻、承载能力大等优点被广泛应用于航空器传动设备中,但由于各种误差造成的偏载问题无法避免,严重的偏载状态将会导致行星系统的优点无法充分发挥。以某型号航空行星齿轮系统为研究对象,探究了内齿圈柔性变化对系统偏载行为的影响机制。通过试验测量了不同的行星数以及不同轮缘厚度下内齿圈挠度、应力及应变,分析了偏载的影响机制并评估了行星数及轮缘厚度对系统偏载行为的影响程度;利用层级有限元模型完成了大型航空行星系统的高级仿真计算和分析任务,量化了内齿圈柔性变化对系统载荷分布以及齿圈偏移的影响机制。将试验与仿真计算结果在相同的参数范围内进行拟合对比,评估了仿真计算结果的准确性。研究结果为大型航空行星齿轮系统内齿圈的开发和设计提供了有针对性的结构优化指导,能够极大降低该类大型航空设备在设计和迭代过程中的成本。

航空行星齿轮系统  /  内齿圈柔性试验  /  偏载分析  /  仿真计算

The planetary gear system is widely used in aircraft transmission equipment because of its small size, light weight and large load capacity,but the problem of bias load caused by various errors cannot be avoided, and a serious bias load condition will lead to under utilization of the advantages of the planetary system cannot be fully exploited. The influence mechanism of the flexible change of the inner gear ring on the bias load behavior of the system was investigated by taking a certain type of aeronautical planetary gear system as the research object. The deflection,stress and strain of the inner gear ring were measured by experiments with different number of planets and different rim thicknesses, and the mechanism of bias load was analyzed and the degree of influence of the number of planets and rim thickness on the bias load behavior of the system was evaluated. The advanced simulation calculation and analysis of a large aeronautical planetary system was completed by using a hierarchical finite element model to quantify the influence mechanism of the variation of inner gear ring flexibility on the load distribution and gear ring deflection of the system. The accuracy of the simulation results was evaluated by fitting the experimental and simulation results to the same parameter range for comparison. The research results provide targeted structural optimization guidance for the development and design of internal gear rings of large aeronautical planetary gear systems, which can greatly reduce the cost of this type of large aeronautical equipment in the design and iteration process.

Aerospace planetary gear system  /  Inner ring flexibility test  /  Bias load analysis  /  Simulation calculation
丁硕, 罗源, 李铭, 宁永旭. 内齿圈柔性对航空行星齿轮系统偏载行为的影响机制研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (1) : 76 -83 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.009
Shuo DING, Yuan LUO, Ming LI, Yongxu NING. Study on the mechanism of influence of internal gear ring flexibility on the bias load behavior of aeronautical planetary gear system[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (1) : 76 -83 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.009
大型运输直升机作为国家核心利益中最重要的军民通用型战略装备,不仅是国家航空科技水平的体现,更是国家综合实力的重要标志。行星机构因其结构紧凑、功率密度大、噪声低等特点,被广泛应用于重型直升机传动系统以及航空发动机体内的减速器系统[1]106606。同时它可利用多个行星轮来分担载荷,达到功率分流的目的,但这一特点得以充分发挥的重要前提是各个行星轮间载荷分配均匀。但由于各种制造误差因素的客观存在,行星系统在实际服役过程中的偏载问题无法避免,这不但限制机构功率分流特性的发挥,而且长期处于偏载状态下的机构出现过早失效的概率较高,极大地降低了行星齿轮系统的寿命与可靠性,严重时会引起机毁人亡的悲剧[2-3][4]21-38
本文以内齿圈的轮缘厚度以及行星齿轮数作为行星齿轮组设计的关键参数,探究内齿圈柔性对行星齿轮系统偏载行为的影响,以实现载荷分担均匀、噪声小和耐久性等设计目标。内齿圈轮缘越厚,其柔性表现越差,弹性变形就越小,为了最大限度地提高功率密度以及实现最小化质量要求,满足新一代的航空行星装备对轻量化的迫切需求,其中的零部件需采用更轻薄的结构设计,因此内齿圈轮缘必须要尽可能薄。对于一个典型的大型航空行星齿轮组来说,减少内齿圈的轮缘厚度能增强内齿轮柔性;内齿圈的轮缘厚度减少1 mm就可以使内齿圈的质量减少20%;同时减少内齿圈的轮缘厚度也为行星齿轮组提供了许多功能上的改进[5]1142-1149[6]。但这些优点都是基于假设或者有限的试验经验得出的,并没有建立一套基于物理学的准则来具体量化内齿圈轮缘需要多薄才能实现这些优点[4]21-38
目前国内外大量学者对行星机构内齿圈柔性进行了研究。SEAGER[7]651-656以一个中心齿轮不为中心和两个中心齿轮均为中心两种情况,给出了简单行星齿轮系统载荷的近似理论分析;LI等[8]分析了齿圈厚度对行星轮系疲劳可靠性的影响规律,提出了一种可靠性驱动的行星机构结构尺寸多目标优化设计新方法。
在过去的理论研究中主要针对内齿圈齿轮的切端,沿作用线施加一个点载荷来模拟齿轮之间的啮合力。不同的研究人员应用此相同试验原理对内齿圈的一部分进行建模,应用相同的边界条件来模拟实际条件[9-10],这些模型忽略了行星齿轮组中的其他工作齿轮,定性地描述了轮缘厚度对内齿圈弯曲应力的影响,并不能完全分析在试验中所观察到的现象。因此,基于航空行星齿轮系统的齿轮啮合力加载边界条件,还有必要进行针对内齿圈厚度、行星轮、太阳轮的应变以及行星齿轮间负载分担影响的研究。
在模拟仿真计算过程中,为了模拟齿形实际工作环境,施加边界条件来代表工况,同时假设点载荷可以完全模拟作用在行星齿轮组上的实际载荷。但基于此方法无法准确分析出内齿圈轮缘厚度对行星齿轮组整体准静态行为的影响,也无法准确预测出内齿圈的形状变化和偏载程度。影响内齿圈柔性的因素并不是单一的,而是同时与大量的其他因素相关,例如太阳轮和载体的浮动情况、行星轮和太阳轮的轮缘偏移以及齿轮的制造和装配误差等[11],这些影响因素都无法用模型[12][13]88-95来模拟。之后,ABOUSLEIMAN等[14]提出了一种行星齿轮组模型,将内齿圈的有限元模型与其他的离散参数模型相结合,研究了行星齿轮组在静态和动态条件下的行为,但该模型并未提供任何试验验证,同样没有量化行星轮数对轮缘的影响。
虽然柔性良好的内齿圈可以明显地改善行星齿轮间的载荷分担[1]106606[5]1142-1149[15]408-415,但是轮缘厚度减少到一定值以下时,会大大增加环向应力,从而造成灾难级故障[7]651-656。传统FE模型无法准确描述内齿圈轮缘厚度对齿轮应力的影响。现有的关于轮缘偏移试验[16],不足以描述对齿轮应力和载荷分担的影响结果。因此本文利用设计试验测量具有不同行星轮数以及不同内齿圈轮缘厚度的内齿圈的挠度和应变,并利用层级有限元模型[17]041701计算行星齿轮组全局弹性行为耦合作用下轮齿疲劳载荷历程,量化了不同内齿圈的轮缘厚度及行星齿轮数对齿轮应力、行星齿轮组载荷分布以及轮缘偏移的影响机制,图1为研究流程图。将试验结果与模拟仿真计算结果在相同的参数范围内进行拟合比对,验证模拟仿真计算的可行性;利用模拟仿真计算结果进一步探究内齿圈柔性对航空行星齿轮系统偏载行为的影响。
行星机构要想充分利用功率分流,前提是保证载荷能平均分配给各个行星轮。所谓行星轮间载荷分布均匀(也称载荷均衡),意味着输入的中心轮传递给其他各个行星轮的啮合作用力的大小相等,并且在运行过程中保持恒定,在理想的制造精度和齿轮柔性条件下,太阳齿轮与行星齿轮有较好的啮合状态。在啮合力的作用下,行星齿轮会偏离理想位置。如图2所示,由于啮合力的存在,行星齿轮会偏离理想位置。在笛卡儿坐标系下将偏移量的比例系数放大100倍,由图2(b)可以看出,所有行星齿轮的中心都落在同一个圆上,表明行星齿轮均有相同的偏移量。由于在该状态下,作用在太阳齿轮上的径向力会相互抵消,所以太阳轮没有偏移,太阳齿轮和内齿圈的中心始终保持重合,负载作用交替将会出现在行星轮齿的两侧。
实际服役过程中,由于不可避免的制造、安装误差以及构件工作时产生的变形,功率在分配过程中并不能达到完美的均分,这时,机构中各个行星轮受到的啮合力大小会出现差异。当行星齿轮系统处在偏载的情况时,如图3所示,行星齿轮的中心不在同一个圆周之上,此时行星齿轮的偏移量不再相等。这些因素导致齿间形成不同程度的间隙以及干涉,并最终导致了行星齿轮间不均等的载荷分布。在偏载的条件下,运行过程中每个行星齿轮的功率将随着时间的变化而产生明显的变化,不同圆周位置的行星齿轮具有不同的传动功率,其啮合的危险位置始终保持变化。但由于每个轮齿的最大根部弯曲应力差别不大,所以为了计算方便,在本文中假设内齿圈上每个轮齿的最大根部弯曲应力均相同。
本研究中使用1种特制试验台,其作用是为了实现对行星载荷分布方面的试验验证。试验中使用的大部分测试夹具和齿轮组在参考文献[17]041701中有相关描述,其中简要描述测试装置。该测试装置是基于动力循环下的类型概念,图4(a)所示为测试装置横截面。在这里,两个相同的行星齿轮组(测试齿轮组和反应齿轮组)的太阳齿轮和载体是相互连接的。为了达到试验目的,在测试齿轮组的内齿圈外侧增加11个等距的花键以保持内齿圈静止,将外部转矩Tr依次作用到反映齿轮组的内齿圈上,加载所有轮齿的啮合,形成1个封闭的动力功率流回路。如图4(a)所示,通过转矩轴对内齿圈施加大小为1 712 N·m的转矩,实现了最大的太阳齿轮转矩Ts=1 000 N·m。测试机测试夹具样图如图4(b)所示,将1个小型电动马达与主轴相连,并以所需的恒定输入功率驱动两个太阳齿轮。
设计并利用3个具有3种轮缘厚度参数(分别为薄、中、厚3种状态)的内齿圈。在不改变齿轮和花键的情况下,为了便于对试验结果的观察,选择输入部件作为载体、太阳轮作为输出部件。内齿圈运动状态保持静止,转速比设定为1∶4.577。无量纲内齿轮轮缘厚度参数L定义为轮缘厚度与齿高之比:
式中,doutdrootdminor分别表示内齿圈的外径、根径和小径。通过对该轮缘厚度参数的定义,以达到对内齿轮轮缘物理状态的描述。
这里设置轮缘厚度参数L分别为1、2、3。如图5所示,在不改变齿轮和花键齿的情况下,通过调整环形齿轮的外径获得不同的轮缘厚度。
为了量化内齿圈弹性因素对齿轮应力和径向偏移的影响,结合文献[13]88-95设计出一款测量系统,该系统包括通过一组根部和环形应变片以及线性可变差分变压器(Linear Variable Difference Transformer,LVDT)测量探头来测量和分析多通道应变和偏移。为了捕捉应变与花键相对位置的变化,选择了图6所示的测量位置。每组环形应变的变化由5个分布在两个相邻花键之间的仪器进行测量,测量值作为相对于花键位置的参数。设定箍筋应变片组(2,4,6,8,10)和(12,14,16,18,20)保持一致,通过判断数据重复性,保证箍筋应变片组的测量结果准确。同时为了避免在试验中所使用的花键出现故障,该设计方案为试验提供备用配件,以保证试验效率保持一致。根部测量仪(1,3,5,7,9)和(11,13,15,17,19)的位置与它们的变形测量仪也相对应,来反映相对测量仪位置对根部相对应力的影响。具体根部和环形应变片位置的分布如图6所示。有11个等距的环形齿轮花键,如图7所示,两个连续花键之间的角度为φ=32.7°。
该柔性试验数据收集系统分别由3套子系统组成:①挠度测量系统,由LVDT探头、定制探头放大器箱(用于调节SONY DG探头)、八通道高速计数器/计时器卡(NI-6602)组成;②应变测量系统,由多个环形和根型测量仪、若干个八通道应变/桥模块(NI SCXI-1520)、机箱(NI SCXI-1000)、接线板(NI SCXI-1413)、PC数据采集板(NI-6052)组成;③磁性传感器,当连接两个载体的小金属片穿过时会产生每转一次的转速计信号,当连接两个载体的轴穿过时就会产生一个转速计信号。金属片的位置分布满足:当行星轮通过预定的参照物时,磁性拾取器产生一个脉冲。该参考信号,结合同一时刻的应变和变形数据,用以确定每个行星轮的位置。
为了研究不同参数的综合影响,本文定义一个广泛的测试矩阵。这个测试矩阵包括60个测试条件,由不同数量的行星轮(np)、不同环形轮缘厚度参数(L=1,2,3),以及在每个测试条件下不同输入转矩大小组成。
Ts∈[200,1 000] N·m范围内,随机选取顺时针和逆时针方向上的离散值。该行星齿轮组在运行过程中太阳齿轮所产生最大的转矩约为1 200 N·m。因此这里的扭转范围代表了最典型的实际负载条件,最贴合实际运行条件。
此处利用文献[15]408-415中提出的带有单行内齿圈的行星齿轮系统的静态三维有限元模型。由于行星系统的齿轮具有复杂的形状,所以采用有限元方法进行建模能达到更好的试验效果。
为了使接触方程得到更好的控制,行星系统在负载作用下发生的形变是采用有限元和半解析技术结合起来建模的。本文利用半解析有限元技术建立行星机构的系统级仿真模型如图8所示,模型的几何参数如表1所示,本文模拟仿真计算利用该模型进行。
首先介绍四行星齿轮组的测量以及模拟仿真试验,通过改变内齿圈柔性状态得到相应的挠度和应变变化,从而反映出行星齿轮系统的偏载行为,量化模型以评估在不同影响因素下模拟仿真的准确性。预先发送LVDT探头的轮缘挠度测量,从而将最小挠度设置为零。假设内齿圈向内偏转幅值为δmax,向外偏转幅值为δmin。由于内齿圈在其齿轮系统内部有一定程度的径向浮动,并且由于其自身的质量,托架组件以及内齿圈的位置最初低于其理论旋转中心,使用LVDT探头设计,无法单独检测δmaxδmin,探头的测量误差被内齿圈的径向刚体运动抵消。为此,通过式(2)计算径向偏转的峰值振幅。
式中,δmaxδmin分别为内齿圈向内偏转幅值和向外偏转幅值。
图9(a)~图9(c)比较了带花键且内齿圈轮缘厚度不同的四行星齿轮组的LVDT测量出的径向偏转量ΔR及其对应的仿真计算预测值,以及对应的仿真计算预测量Ts=1 000 N·m。在图9中纵坐标表示径向偏转、横坐标表示表示内齿圈旋转一圈的旋转过程,将整体旋转过程平分为12个旋转进程,每个旋转进程旋转角度为30°。Ts=1 000 N·m时,轮缘挠度增加幅度超过挠度初始值5倍。图9(c)展示花键周围轮缘的弯曲影响,这个位置所预测的挠度值将被移位,使得最小的挠度为0,将其与测量值直接比较。预测齿轮组的径向内齿圈变形分别为23、48、128 μm,由于最小挠度值不参与计算,故测量值与实际值较为贴合。
图10(a)~图10(c)表示在图9的相同情况下,测量和预测的根部应变后的内齿圈最大应变(L=3)可以达到1×10-3。这种情况下,应变变化历程的主要影响因素为轮齿弯曲变形,变化历程中会产生相对较大的拉伸峰以及相对较小的压缩峰。对于中等厚度内齿圈(L=2),轮缘开始逐渐发生弯曲效应,产生较大的压应变(-4.5×10-4)和较低的拉应变(+4.5×10-4)。在图10(c)中,对于薄的内齿圈(L=1),轮缘效应影响将会加剧。当行星齿轮靠近测量仪时,体现为会产生相当大的压缩应力;当行星齿轮远离测量仪时,体现为会产生相当大的拉伸应力。
在对不同行星齿轮的数量(三行星齿轮组、四行星齿轮组、五行星齿轮组)进行相关实验时也会获得测量与预测之间近似的实验结果。为了证明这个结论,如图11所示,比较了一个五行星齿轮组在Ts=1 000 N·m时径向偏移、环向应变和根部应变的测量以及预测结果(实验中运用的五行星齿轮L=1)。由图11可以看出,径向偏移和环向应变的测量和预测值分别可以得到几乎近似的结果,而根部应力结果测量以及预测结果只是定性相似。故能证明与图9图10所示的四行星齿轮组的结果相同。
图12展示了不同行星齿轮数对输入转矩产生影响的测量数据比较。由图12可以看出,三行星齿轮组递增至六行星齿轮组所测量的ΔR值结果,内齿圈L=1、2、3在离散值Ts为400~1 000 N·m进行比较。
图12可以得出,轮缘厚度的变化在Ts范围内对以下方面产生影响:①厚内齿圈(L=2、3)的三行星齿轮载体的ΔR值为对应薄壁内齿圈(L=1)的120%~400%;②当输入转矩不变时,随着行星齿轮数量增多,ΔR值均减小,其中薄壁内齿圈(L=1)的ΔR值最小。
通过拟合柔性试验以及模拟仿真计算在相同参数范围内所得到的实验结果,可以得到实验结论。在试验与模拟仿真计算中,仿真值与测量值基本一致,模拟仿真计算与柔性试验之间的误差在合理范围内。由此证明了本文中模拟仿真计算的可行性。
在考虑内齿圈柔性变化对航空行星齿轮组偏载行为的影响机制时,首先考虑轮缘厚度对于齿轮组应力和弹性变形的影响。为了得到不同柔性的内齿圈,通过改变dout以达到改变不同L值,L值覆盖范围为1~3。使行星系统的其他参数保持不变,改变轮缘厚度参数,使其分别处于不同值(L的取值范围为1~3)。观察到行星系统行星齿轮弯曲最大应力先减小后增大,接触应力几乎没有变化(其变换对疲劳的影响可以忽略不计)。
通过层级有限元模型计算系统全局弹性行为耦合作用下的轮齿疲劳载荷历程,得到行星齿轮节点合位移云图与应力分布云图,如图13所示。基于该层级有限元模型,关于轮缘厚度对于齿轮变形的偏移计算结果分别显示于图9~图11中,将其中的仿真计算结果与实际测量值进行比较。
齿轮的根部弯曲疲劳断裂是齿轮系统中最常见的失效形式之一。在系统运行过程中,行星齿轮系统一旦被掉落的轮齿卡住,电动机就可能因过载而被烧毁,或者整个齿轮系统在瞬间发生断裂。基于此,本文将内齿圈柔性变化所引起的齿轮的根部弯曲疲劳强度变化作为行星齿轮组的偏载行为分析评价指标。对于根部弯曲应力的计算,则采用国际标准ISO 6336提供的公式[18]
使用通用有限元的方法建立高保真度的齿根应力分析次级子模型,将系统级模型中的实体模型齿轮作为3D有限元子模型的辅助建模元素。同时,为了进一步缓解计算精度与运算速度之间的矛盾,在子模型架构中,采用了一阶六面单元体,可能由于一阶单元所产生的剪切自锁和沙漏效应,会对结果产生一定影响,但不会影响轮齿根部的应力分析结果。为构建子模型,旋转大师仿真平台推荐采用经济的自适应网络密度,用以准确捕捉齿根部位的梯度应力,并能在有效的预定迭代次数内收敛。
以行星轮为例运行其子模型的齿根应力分析程序,将运行条件设定为输入载荷400 N·m、轮缘厚度参数L为2的齿根应力分析程序,根据第一强度理论计算齿根最大主应力值,内齿圈弹性变形的计算结果将作为子模型建立中的输入条件。随后,根据设定的16步转动步数求解,模型系统将根据齿轮副的重合度等级,将轮齿啮入以及啮出过程分为16个转动步骤,在每个转动步骤中,子模型将进行一次有限元求解,虽然这样会使刚度分解和载荷向量反代换过程变得相对复杂(涉及在子结构层次的多次递归遍历),但这种通过适当增加程序的复杂性来显著降低计算成本是值得的。图14展示了行星轮齿在16个转动步下的齿根应力计算结果。由图14中红色曲线可知,在8~11步之间,轮齿对应的齿根应力值较高,这是由于考虑了弹性变形的边界条件。在考虑了弹性内齿圈的柔性后,将其柔性引入到系统中,减小了偏载,从而使最大齿根应力减小。如图14所示,在系统完全刚性假设条件下(未将弹性变形结果输入到有限元子模型中),从第6个载荷步开始,齿根应力仿真结果比考虑了弹性变形的仿真结果高出7.91%~24.66%。这也说明了如果忽略大型航空行星系统的柔性行为特征,会导致相应的结构强度设计方案过于保守。此次仿真计算并未事先预设行星系统的弹性变形条件,其中各构件之间的作用关系和变形是由图8所示的仿真模型自动获得的边界加载条件,而计算结果与考虑弹性变形时的实验结果保持一致。依据该结果,从某种程度上验证了在进行模拟仿真计算时,所选的载荷边界条件和其他模型参数设置的有效性。
行星齿轮系的偏载分析结果如图15所示。图15展示了放大100倍下的内齿圈的偏移量、齿轮的位置坐标和行星齿轮系的偏载状态。
在某一时刻计算出行星齿轮的负载分担结果显示在表2中(不考虑功率损失)。
以某型号大型航空行星系统为研究对象,目的在于量化内齿圈轮缘厚度对齿轮应力、行星齿轮组载荷分布以及轮缘偏移的影响机制。本文研究得到的具体结论如下:
1)通过设计使用柔性测量试验平台测量内齿圈根部以及环形应变,试验结果表明,内齿圈的轮缘挠度随着行星数量的增加而减少;柔性更好的内齿圈能缓解行星系统的偏载问题,但不能消除载荷分担不均的问题。
2)由文中试验和仿真试验数据可知,在内齿圈柔性发生变化时,在不同的测试矩阵下,两个试验结果中偏载变化趋势一致,表明模拟计算研究的可行性,至此可以进一步通过仿真试验对偏载行为的影响机制进行研究。
3)采用层级有限元模型完成了大型航空行星系统的高级仿真和分析任务,对考虑弹性变化与不考虑弹性变化的应力仿真结果进行比较,不考虑该因素的应力结果相比于考虑该因素结果高7.91%~24.66%,这说明如果忽略大型航空行星系统的柔性行为特征,会导致相应的结构强度设计方案过于保守。
  • 辽宁省教育厅高等学校基本科研项目(LJKZ0196)
  • 航空制造工艺数字化国防重点学科实验室开放基金项目(SHSYS202103)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.009
  • 接收时间:2023-06-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-08
  • 修回日期:2023-08-04
基金
Basic Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Department of Liaoning Province(LJKZ0196)
辽宁省教育厅高等学校基本科研项目(LJKZ0196)
Open Fund of National Defense Key Discipline Laboratory for Digitization of Aerospace Manufacturing Processes(SHSYS202103)
航空制造工艺数字化国防重点学科实验室开放基金项目(SHSYS202103)
作者信息
    1.沈阳航空航天大学 国际工程师学院,沈阳 110136
    2.沈阳航空航天大学 机电工程学院,沈阳 110136

通讯作者:

李铭,男,1986年生,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为航空齿轮传动装备疲劳强度设计与可靠性分析技术;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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